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62 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
The spinal cord lies within what?
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Neural Canal
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What protects the spinal cord?
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Spine
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What are the bones of the spinal cord called?
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vertebrae
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How many vertebrae, pairs of nerves, and muscles are in the back?
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33 Vertebrae
31 Pairs of nerves 40 Muscles |
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What are discs?
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Fibrous elastic cartilage between the vertebrae
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what are the 3 menengies of the spinal cord?
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Dura Mater
Arachnoid Pia Mater |
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What is the foramen magnum?
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entrance to brain
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What is the conus medullaris?
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terminal end of the spinal cord
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Spinal nerves are what kind of nerves?
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Mixed
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What are the sections of the spinal cord?
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Cervical
Thoracic Lumbar Sacral Coccygeal |
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What is the cuada equina
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Horses tail, spinal nerves that continue after spinal cord terminates
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What is the intervertebral foramen
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Where the spinal nerves exit the spinal column
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What are proprioceptors?
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Receptors which are sensitive to the position and movement of the body.
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What type of nerve is the dorsal root?
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Pure sensory
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What type of nerve is the ventral root?
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Pure motor
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What has white matter outside and grey matter inside?
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Spinal cord
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The spinal cord is filled with what?
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CSF in small canal which is continuous with 4th ventrical
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What are the 2 pairs of arteries that supply blood to the brain?
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Internal Carotid
Vertebral Arteries |
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What is Ischemia?
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Low O2 due to obstruction of arterial blood supply
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What is Thrombosis?
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collection of blood factors that forms a clot at the point of formation
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What is an Embolism?
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Sudden blockage of artery by a clot which has been brought from another site by the blood current
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What is a Hemorrage?
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rupture of blood vessel
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What is an Aneurysm?
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sac formed by dilation of the wall of an artery or vein
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The labrynthine artery supplies blood where?
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To the inner ear
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What is the Circle of Willis?
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Ring of arteries at the base of the cerebrum that allow for anasmotosis to occur
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What arteries are included in the Circle of Willis?
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2 Anterior Cerebral Arteries
Anterior Communicating Artery 2 Internal Carotid Arteries 2 Posterior Communicating arteries 2 Posterior Cerebral Arteries |
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What does the Venous system do?
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Bring blood supply back to the heart
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What is atherosclerosis?
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stiffening of the veins and arteries
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What are the 4 ventricles of the brain?
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2 Lateral
3rd ventricle 4th ventricle |
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Where is CSF produced?
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choroid plexus in the 4th ventricle
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What is the intraventricular foramina?
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allows lateral ventricle and 3rd ventricle to communicate
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What is the cerebral aqueduct?
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allows for communcation between 3rd and 4th ventricle
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What is the lateral recess?
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allows for communcation between 4th ventricle and subarachnoid space
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What are the subarachnoid villi?
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cells that absorb CSF
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What is hydrocephalus?
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Occurs when rate of production and absorbtion of CSF are not equal and can lad to hearing loss
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What is the clinical significnce of the blood brain barrier?
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Prevents drugs like antibiotics from entering the brain
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The internal carotid artery branches into what?
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Middle cerebral artery and anterior cerebral artery that do not anasmotose
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The vertebral arteries form what artery?
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Basliar Artery
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What is the resting poential of a cell?
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About -70 mV
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What is perturbation?
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When mechanical or chemical events affect the neuron's plasma membrane. This either excites or inhibits the cell
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What is an EPSP
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Excitatory Post Synaptic Potential (Cell becomes more positive Depolarization)
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What is an IPSP
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Inhibitory Post Synaptic Potential (cell becomes more negative Hyperpolarization)
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Are EPSPs and IPSPs graded potentials?
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yes, can go back and forth
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What are the nodes of Ranvier?
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gaps in the myelin sheath around an axon
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What is the threshold required to iniciate an action poential?
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+15 mV
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Synapses generating IPSPs are usually concentrated where?
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At the base of large dendrites and on the soma
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Where does the action potential occur?
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On the post synaptic neuron
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What is the all or none phenomenon?
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At any given time, there is either an action potential or a resting potential- there is no in between state
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What is the depolarizing neurotransmitter of the inner hair cells?
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Potasium
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What are the receptors of neurotransmitters?
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Proteins
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What is Glutamate?
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Excitatory neurotransmitter found in auditory system
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What is an agonist?
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mimics the chemical you're trying to produce
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What is an antagonist?
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opposit of the chemical trying to produce
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What is GABA
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Gamma-aminobutyric acid
Inhibitory neurotransmitter of nervous system |
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What are the 5 basic characteristics of a neurotransmitter?
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1. Synthesized by neurons of hair cells
2. Present in pre-synaptic terminal 3. Released at terminal as result of electrical activity (acton potential) 4. Bind to specific receptor on post synaptic cell 5. Specific mechanisms of inactivation at synaps (re-uptake neurotransmitters) |
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What are the 2 classes of receptors of neurotransmitters on post synaptic cells?
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Ligand gated ion channel receptors
G-protein linked receptors |
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How do ligand gated ion channel receptors work?
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Neurotransmitter binds directly yo receptor and generates local current in post synaptic cell
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How does and action potential move?
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1. Activates terminal bouton
2. Synaptic vessels activated and release into synapse 3. Post synaptic membrane activates 4. Ion channels open allowing neurotransmitter to enter 5. Signal reaches next neuron |
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What is Glycine?
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Inhibitory neurotransmitter of the PNS
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What is Acytlcholine?
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Both excitatory and inhibitory
Auditory- inhibitory Vestibular- excitatory |
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What is the Autonomic System?
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Involuntary division of the NS that regulates physiologica functions such as cardiovascular, digestive systems, temperature, and reproduction
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What is the Limbic System?
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Contributes to emotions and people are irrational with limbic problems
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