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62 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back
The spinal cord lies within what?
Neural Canal
What protects the spinal cord?
Spine
What are the bones of the spinal cord called?
vertebrae
How many vertebrae, pairs of nerves, and muscles are in the back?
33 Vertebrae
31 Pairs of nerves
40 Muscles
What are discs?
Fibrous elastic cartilage between the vertebrae
what are the 3 menengies of the spinal cord?
Dura Mater
Arachnoid
Pia Mater
What is the foramen magnum?
entrance to brain
What is the conus medullaris?
terminal end of the spinal cord
Spinal nerves are what kind of nerves?
Mixed
What are the sections of the spinal cord?
Cervical
Thoracic
Lumbar
Sacral
Coccygeal
What is the cuada equina
Horses tail, spinal nerves that continue after spinal cord terminates
What is the intervertebral foramen
Where the spinal nerves exit the spinal column
What are proprioceptors?
Receptors which are sensitive to the position and movement of the body.
What type of nerve is the dorsal root?
Pure sensory
What type of nerve is the ventral root?
Pure motor
What has white matter outside and grey matter inside?
Spinal cord
The spinal cord is filled with what?
CSF in small canal which is continuous with 4th ventrical
What are the 2 pairs of arteries that supply blood to the brain?
Internal Carotid
Vertebral Arteries
What is Ischemia?
Low O2 due to obstruction of arterial blood supply
What is Thrombosis?
collection of blood factors that forms a clot at the point of formation
What is an Embolism?
Sudden blockage of artery by a clot which has been brought from another site by the blood current
What is a Hemorrage?
rupture of blood vessel
What is an Aneurysm?
sac formed by dilation of the wall of an artery or vein
The labrynthine artery supplies blood where?
To the inner ear
What is the Circle of Willis?
Ring of arteries at the base of the cerebrum that allow for anasmotosis to occur
What arteries are included in the Circle of Willis?
2 Anterior Cerebral Arteries
Anterior Communicating Artery
2 Internal Carotid Arteries
2 Posterior Communicating arteries
2 Posterior Cerebral Arteries
What does the Venous system do?
Bring blood supply back to the heart
What is atherosclerosis?
stiffening of the veins and arteries
What are the 4 ventricles of the brain?
2 Lateral
3rd ventricle
4th ventricle
Where is CSF produced?
choroid plexus in the 4th ventricle
What is the intraventricular foramina?
allows lateral ventricle and 3rd ventricle to communicate
What is the cerebral aqueduct?
allows for communcation between 3rd and 4th ventricle
What is the lateral recess?
allows for communcation between 4th ventricle and subarachnoid space
What are the subarachnoid villi?
cells that absorb CSF
What is hydrocephalus?
Occurs when rate of production and absorbtion of CSF are not equal and can lad to hearing loss
What is the clinical significnce of the blood brain barrier?
Prevents drugs like antibiotics from entering the brain
The internal carotid artery branches into what?
Middle cerebral artery and anterior cerebral artery that do not anasmotose
The vertebral arteries form what artery?
Basliar Artery
What is the resting poential of a cell?
About -70 mV
What is perturbation?
When mechanical or chemical events affect the neuron's plasma membrane. This either excites or inhibits the cell
What is an EPSP
Excitatory Post Synaptic Potential (Cell becomes more positive Depolarization)
What is an IPSP
Inhibitory Post Synaptic Potential (cell becomes more negative Hyperpolarization)
Are EPSPs and IPSPs graded potentials?
yes, can go back and forth
What are the nodes of Ranvier?
gaps in the myelin sheath around an axon
What is the threshold required to iniciate an action poential?
+15 mV
Synapses generating IPSPs are usually concentrated where?
At the base of large dendrites and on the soma
Where does the action potential occur?
On the post synaptic neuron
What is the all or none phenomenon?
At any given time, there is either an action potential or a resting potential- there is no in between state
What is the depolarizing neurotransmitter of the inner hair cells?
Potasium
What are the receptors of neurotransmitters?
Proteins
What is Glutamate?
Excitatory neurotransmitter found in auditory system
What is an agonist?
mimics the chemical you're trying to produce
What is an antagonist?
opposit of the chemical trying to produce
What is GABA
Gamma-aminobutyric acid
Inhibitory neurotransmitter of nervous system
What are the 5 basic characteristics of a neurotransmitter?
1. Synthesized by neurons of hair cells
2. Present in pre-synaptic terminal
3. Released at terminal as result of electrical activity (acton potential)
4. Bind to specific receptor on post synaptic cell
5. Specific mechanisms of inactivation at synaps (re-uptake neurotransmitters)
What are the 2 classes of receptors of neurotransmitters on post synaptic cells?
Ligand gated ion channel receptors
G-protein linked receptors
How do ligand gated ion channel receptors work?
Neurotransmitter binds directly yo receptor and generates local current in post synaptic cell
How does and action potential move?
1. Activates terminal bouton
2. Synaptic vessels activated and release into synapse
3. Post synaptic membrane activates
4. Ion channels open allowing neurotransmitter to enter
5. Signal reaches next neuron
What is Glycine?
Inhibitory neurotransmitter of the PNS
What is Acytlcholine?
Both excitatory and inhibitory
Auditory- inhibitory
Vestibular- excitatory
What is the Autonomic System?
Involuntary division of the NS that regulates physiologica functions such as cardiovascular, digestive systems, temperature, and reproduction
What is the Limbic System?
Contributes to emotions and people are irrational with limbic problems