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361 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Abrasion
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Physical wearing and grinding of a surface through friction and impact by a material.
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Absorption •
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The process by which pesticides are taken into plants by roots or foliage (stomata, cuticle, etc.), animals (including humans), and microorganisms.
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Absorptive clay
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A special type of clay powder which can take up chemicals and hold them. It is sometimes used to clean up pesticide spills.
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Acaricide
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A pesticide used to control mites and ticks. Same as miticide.
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Accordance
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Agreement. Example: To follow directions on the pesticide label.
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Accumulate
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To build up, add to, store, or pile up.
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Acid
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A compound whose hydrogen atom is replaceable by positive ions or radicals to form salts.
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Acid equivalent (a.e.)
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The theoretical yield of parent acid from an ester of salt such as esters of 2,4-D or the amine salt of 2,4-D.
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Activated charcoal
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Very finely ground, high quality charcoal which absorbs liquids and gases very easily.
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Activator
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A material added to a pesticide to increase, either directly or indirectly, its toxicity.
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Active ingredient (a.i.)
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The chemical or chemicals in a product responsible for the desired effects. which are capable of preventing, destroying, repelling or mitigating insects, fungi, rodents, weeds, or other pests.
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Acute poisoning
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Poisoning which occurs after a single dose (or exposure) of a pesticide.
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Acute toxicity
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How poisonous a pesticide is to an animal or person after a single dose (or exposure).
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Adjuvant
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A chemical or agent added to a pesticide mixture which helps the active ingredient do a better job or increases the effectiveness of the pesticide. Examples: wetting agent, spreader, adhesive, emulsifying agent, penetrant.
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Adsorption
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The process by which materials are held or bound to the surface in such a manner that the chemical is only slowly available. Clay and high organic soils tend to adsorb pesticides in many instances.
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Aerial application
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Treatment applied with the use of an airplane or helicopter.
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Aerosol
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(1) A fine spray produced by pressurized gas that leaves very small droplets of pesticide suspended in air. (2) A chemical stored in a container under pressure.
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Aesthetic threshold
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Damage level that is unacceptable to the viewer.
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Aggregate exposure
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The sum of exposures from all sources, including residues in food and drinking water, occupational exposures, and residential and other non-occupational exposures.
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Agitation
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The process of stirring or mixing to keep a pesticide or tank mix from separating or settling in the spray tank.
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Agitator
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A paddle, air, or hydraulic action to keep a pesticide chemical mixed in the spray or loading tank.
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Agricultural commodity -
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Any plant, or part thereof, or animal, or animal product, produced by a person (including farmers, ranchers, vineyardists, plant propagators, Christmas tree growers, aquaculturists, floriculturists, orchardists, foresters, or other comparable persons) primarily for sale, consumption, propagation, or other use by man or animals. Defined by FIFRA.
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Airblast sprayer•
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A machine which can deliver high and low volumes of spray. It is used for orchards, shade trees, vegetables, and fly control.
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Amine
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• An organic compound containing hydrogen derived from ammonia by replacing one or more hydrogen atoms by as many hydrocarbon radicals.
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Amphibians
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Animals of the class Vertebrata that are intermediate between fish and reptiles. They are cold blooded and have moist skin without scales, feathers, or hair. Examples are frogs, toads, and salamanders.
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Anticoagulant
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A chemical used in a bait to destroy rodents. It destroys the walls of the small blood vessels, and keeps the blood from clotting. As a result, the animal bleeds to death.
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Antidote
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A practical immediate treatment including first aid in case of poisoning; a remedy used to counteract the effects of a poison.
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Antifoaming agent
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Type of adjuvant that eliminates or suppresses foam in the spray tank.
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Antisiphoning device
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A device attached to a filling hose to prevent water in the spray tank from draining into the water source.
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Application
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The placing of a pesticide on a plant, animal, building, or soil; or its release into the air or water to prevent damage, or destroy pests.
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Applicator
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A person or piece of equipment which applies pesticides to destroy pests or prevent damage by them.
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Aquifer
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An underground bed or layer of earth, gravel, or porous stone that yields water.
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Arthropod
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An invertebrate animal characterized by a jointed body and limbs and usually a hard body covering that is molted at intervals. Insects, mites, and crayfish are examples of invertebrates in the phylum Arthropoda.
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Artificial respiration
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First aid given to a person who has stopped breathing.
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Atomize
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To break up a liquid into fine droplets by passing it through an apparatus under pressure.
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Attractants
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Substances or devices capable of attracting insets or other pests to areas where they can be trapped or killed.
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Avicide
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A substance to control pest birds. Generally not designed to kill but to repel or to so affect a few individuals that others are frightened away.
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Back-siphoning
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Fluid or spray material siphoning from sprayer back to original source.
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Backpack sprayer
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A sprayer that can be strapped on the back and used to apply liquid pesticide chemicals. The attached hose has a nozzle at the tip that can be aimed at the spot to be treated.
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Bacteria
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Any of numerous, sometimes parasitic, unicellular organisms having various forms and often causing disease.
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Bait -
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An edible material that is attractive to the pest, which normally contains a pesticide unless used as a pre-bait.
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Band spraying
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An application to a continuous restricted area such as in or along a crop row rather than over the entire field area or around the perimeter of a building or property.
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Beneficial -
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Useful or helpful to humans. A lady beetle is beneficial because it feeds on other insects that damage plants.
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Benzene
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A colorless, flammable, liquid aromatic hydrocarbon, used as fungicide protectants.
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Bioaccumulation
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The accumulation of a substance, such as a toxic chemical, in various tissues of a living organism: the bioaccumulation of mercury in fish.
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Biological control
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Control of pests by means of predators, parasites, and disease producing organisms.
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Boom
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A section of pipe or tubing which connects several nozzles so that a pesticide can be applied over a wider area.
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Botanical pesticide
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A pesticide produced by and extracted from plants. Examples are nicotine, pyrethrum, strychnine, and rotenone.
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Brand
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The name, number, trade mark, or designation of a pesticide or device made by the manufacturer, distributor, importer, or vendor. Each pesticide differing in the ingredient statement, analysis. manufacturer, or distributor name, number or trade mark is considered as a distinct and separate brand.
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Broadcast application
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An application over an entire area.
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Broadleaf species
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Botanically, those plants classified as dicotyledoneae, morphologically those having broad, rounded or flattened leaves as opposed to the narrow blade like leaves of the grasses, sedges, and rushes.
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Broad spectrum pest icide
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One that controls a wide range of pests when applied correctly.
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Buffers
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Decrease break down of pesticides from exposure to alkaline water conditions in spray tanks.
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Calibrate/Calibration
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To properly adjust equipment; to determine the correct amount of material to be applied to the target area.
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Canceled
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A pesticide use that is no longer registered as a legal use by the EPA.
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Canister
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A metal or plastic container filled with absorbent material which filters fumes and vapors from the air before they are breathed in by an applicator.
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Carbamates
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A group of pesticides commonly used for control of insects, mites, fungi, and weeds. N-methy! carbamate insecticides, miticides, and nematicides are cholinesterase inhibitors.
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Carcinogenicity
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The term used to describe the cancer producing property of a substance or agent.
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Carrier
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The liquid or solid material added to a chemical compound to facilitate its field application. An inert material which, when used with a toxic compound, improves the physical dispersion of the toxicant.
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Cartridge•
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The part of a respirator which adsorbs fumes and vapors from the air before the applicator breathes them in.
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Caution
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(1) A warning to the user of pesticides. (2) One of four signal words. (3) Used on labels of pesticide containers which are slightly toxic pesticides, in toxicity Category III as defined by FIFRA.
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Certified applicator
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Any applicator who has satisfactorily completed the certification requirements for a commercial or private applicator in Colorado.
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Certified operator (CO )
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A licensed individual who mixes, loads, or applies any pesticide, including restricted use pesticides, under the supervision of a qualified supervisor. This designation is from the Colorado Pesticide Applicators Act.
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Chemical cartridge respirator
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Respirator using various chemical substances to purify inhaled air of certain contaminative gases or vapors.
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Chemical control
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Reduction of pest populations or prevention of pest injury by the use of materials to poison them, attract them to other devices, or repel them.
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Chemical family
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Group of compounds that share certain chemical characteristics and have a common name.
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Chemical name
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One that indicates the chemical composition andlor chemical structure of the compound being discussed.
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Chemigation
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The process where agricultural chemicals are applied to land or crops in or with water through a closed irrigation system.
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Chemtrec
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The Chemical Transportation Emergency Center. It supports a toll-free number that provides 24-hour information for chemical emergencies such as a spill , leak, fire, or accident. 1-800-424-9300.
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Chlorinated hydrocarbon
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A pesticide containing chlorine, carbon, and hydrogen. Many are persistent in the environment. DDT is a chlorinated hydrocarbon.
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Cholinesterase
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A body enzyme necessary for proper nerve function that is destroyed or damaged by organic phosphates or carbamates taken into the body by any path of entry.
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Cholinesterase inhibitor•
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Any organophosphate, carbamate, or other pesticide chemical that can interrupt the action of enzymes which inactivate the acetylcholine associated with the nervous system .
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Chronic poisoning
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Resulting from long periods of exposure to a chemical.
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Chronic toxicity
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Ability to cause injury or death from prolonged exposure.
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Classification
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The process of assigning pesticides into groups according to common characteristics, such as mode of action.
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Commercial applicator
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Any person or company who engages in the business of applying pesticides or operating a device for hire. A certified applicator (whether or not he or she is a private applicator with respect to some uses) who uses Of supervises the use of any pesticide which is classified for restricted use for any purpose on any property other than as provided by the definition of "private applicator. ~
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Common name
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(1) A well-known, simple name of a pesticide accepted by the Pesticide Regulation Division of the EPA. Examples: carbaryl, atrazine, benomyl. (2) Also used to describe a living thing. It is possible for two living things to have the same common name in different places. In addition, the same living thing may have several common names.
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Compatible
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Two compounds are said to be compatible when they can be mixed without affecting each other's properties.
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Compressed air sprayer
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Sprayer, usually 1-5 gallon capacity with extension rod, equipped with an air pump to develop pressure, often with shoulder strap for carrying. Not suitable for spraying at heights over 6-8 feet.
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Concentrate
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Pesticide having a high percentage of active ingredient; occasionally applied full -strength, but usually diluted before application.
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Concentrated emulsion (EW)
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Formulation consisting of a water-based emulsion and an active ingredient paste.
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Concentration
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The amount of a substance contained in a unit volume, i.e., 4 pounds per gallon; or the percentage of the substance, as in a 50% wettable powder.
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Contact pesticide
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A pesticide which kills when it touches or is touched by a pest.
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Containment pad
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An impermeable pad used for mixing and loading pesticides and cleaning equipment that is designed to catch spills, leaks, overflows, and wash water for reuse or disposal.
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Contaminate
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To alter or render a material unfit for a specified use, by introduction of a foreign substance (a chemical).
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Control
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To prevent from doing damage. To reduce or keep down the number of pests so that little disease, damage, or injury occurs to a crop or property.
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Corrosive
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(1) Having the power to eat away slowly. Some pesticides eat or wear away rubber hoses, nozzles, and other parts of spray machinery. (2) liquid or solid that causes visible destruction or irreversible alterations in skin tissue at the site of contact,
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Coverage
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The amount of spread of a pesticide over a surface.
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Crop
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Cultivated plants or agricultural produce, such as grain, vegetables, or fruit, growing where it is desired for use by humans.
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Cross contamination
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When one pesticide gets into or mixes with another pesticide, in a container or in a poorly cleaned sprayer.
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Cultural control
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Control measures including modifications of the planting, growing, cultivating , and harvesting of crops aimed at prevention of pest damage.
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Cumulative effect
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The result of some poisons which build up or are stored in the body so that small amounts eaten or contacted over a period of time can sicken or kill an animal or person. Examples of chemicals which accumulate are: anticoagulant rodenticides, and mercury compounds.
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Cumulative exposure
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The sum of exposures to different pesticides with a common mode of action
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Danger
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(1) Risk, hazard. A warning to the user of pesticides. (2) One of four signal words. (3) Used on labels of pesticide containers which are highly toxic pesticides, in toxicity Category 1 as defined by FIFRA.
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Danger-Poison
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(1) A warning to the user of pesticides. (2) One of four signal words. (3) Used on labels of pesticide containers which are very highly toxic pesticides on the basis of oral, inhalation, or dermal toxicity (as distinct from skin and eye effects), in toxicity Category 1 as defined by FIFRA.
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Decontaminate
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To remove or degrade a chemical residue from the skin or a surface.
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Defoliant
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A chemical that initiates the premature drop of leaves, often as an aid in harvesting a crop.
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Degradation
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Breakdown of a complex chemical by the action of microbes, water, air, sunlight or other agents.
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Degrade
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Decompose or breakdown.
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Deposit
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The amount of pesticide laid down immediately following an application.
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Dermal
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of or pertaining to the skin.
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Dermal toxicity
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The ability of a pesticide to cause injury to a human or animal when absorbed through the skin.
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Desiccant
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(1) A compound that promotes drying or removal of moisture from plant tissues. (2) A chemical that removes water from arthropods or destroys the waxy covering that protects these organisms from water loss.
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Detergent
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A chemical (not soap) having the ability to remove soil and grime. Detergents can be used as surfactants in some pesticide sprays.
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Device
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Any instrument or contrivance intended for trapping, destroying, repelling, or mitigating any pest. Examples: water filters, black light traps, and ultrasonic rodent or insect repellents.
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Diluent
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A material, liquid or solid, serving to dilute the technical toxicant to field strength for adequate plant coverage, maximum effectiveness and economy.
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Dilute
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To make less concentrated. To mix a pesticide chemical with water, oil, or other materials before it can be safely and correctly used.
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Dilution rate
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The amount of formulated product to be mixed with a given amount of water or other carrier to make the final mix that is applied.
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Disinfectant
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(1) A chemical or other agent that kills or inactivates disease-producing microorganisms in animals, seeds, or other plant parts. (2) Commonly refers to chemicals used to clean or surface-sterilize inanimate objects.
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Dispersing agent
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A material that reduces the cohesive attraction between like particles. Dispersing and suspending agents are added during the preparation of wettable powders to facilitate wetting and suspension of the active ingredient.
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Disposal
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The process of discarding or throwing away unused spray material, surplus pesticides, and pesticide containers.
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Dissolve
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Usually refers to getting solids into suspension and/or solution which is necessary for uniform application results.
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Dormant
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(1) Inactive. Not growing. (2) In the case of plants, it is after the leaves fall or growth stops and before the buds open in the spring. (3) The period when seeds fail to sprout due to internal controls.
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Dosage
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The amount of medicine in a dose. Used in connection with pesticides it refers in general to rate of application.
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Dose
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(1) Amount or quantity of a pesticide which is applied to a target site or pest. (2) A measure of exposure used in animal testing to determine acute toxicities; usually expressed in milligrams per kilogram of body weight.
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Drift
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The physical movement of pesticide through the air at the time of pesticide application or soon thereafter from the target site to any non- or off-target site. Pesticide drift must not include movement of pesticides to non- or off-target sites caused by erosion, migration, volatility, or windblown soil particles that occurs after application unless specifically addressed on the pesticide product label with respect to drift control requirements.
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Dry flowable (DF)
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Formulation made of finely ground pesticide particles, compressed into granules that can be suspended readily in water for application.
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Dust (D)
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A finely ground, dry pesticide formulation containing a small amount of active ingredient and a large amount of inert carrier or diluent such as clay or talc.
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Dusters
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Hand applicators that blow fine particles of pesticide dusts onto target surfaces.
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Economic threshold
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That point of pest infestation where application of a control measure would return more money than the cost of the control procedure.
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Efficacy
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The effectiveness of a given pesticide or pest control method at controlling a particular pest species under a given set of conditions.
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Emergence
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The action of a young plant breaking through the surface of the soil, or of an insect coming out of an egg or pupa.
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Emulsifiable concentrate (EC or E)
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A pesticide formulation that usually contains a liquid active ingredient, one or more petroleum based solvents, and an agent that allows the formulation to be mixed with water to form an emulsion.
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Emulsion
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A mixture in which one liquid is suspended as minute globules in another liquid, e.g., oil in water.
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Endangered species
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Animals, birds, fish, plants, or other living organisms threatened with extinction by human caused or natural changes in their environment. Requirements for declaring a species endangered are contained in the Endangered Species Act.
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Endocrine disrupter
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Chemicals in the environment that have the ability to mimic hormones, or disrupt the endocrine glands.
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Endocrine system
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The system of glands that secrete (produce) hormones.
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Environment
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Water, air, land, all plants. humans, and other animals living therein, and the interrelationships which exist among them.
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EPA establishment number
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A number assigned to each pesticide production plant by EPA. The number indicates the plant at which the pesticide product was produced and must appear on all labels produced at that plant.
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EPA registration number
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An identification number assigned to a pesticide product when the product is registered by the EPA for use. The number must appear on all labels for a particular product.
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Eradicant
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A type of fungicide that kills a disease after it appears on or in the plant.
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Ester
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A compound formed by the union of an organic acid and an organic base (an alcohol). An example is 2,4-0 and isoctyl alcohol to form the isoclyl ester of 2,4-0.
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Evaporation
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The process of a solid or liquid turning into a gas.
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Exposure
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When contact occurs with a pesticide through skin (dermal), mouth (oral), lungs (inhalation/respiratory), or eyes (ocular).
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Face shield
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A transparent piece of protective equipment used by a pesticide applicator to protect his/her face from exposure to pesticides.
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Fit check
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On-the-spot check to ensure that a respirator is working correctly.
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Fit test
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Checking to see that a respirator fits properly to provide protection against pesticide exposure.
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First aid
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The first effort to help a victim while medical help is on the way.
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Flowable pesticide (F)
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Very finely ground solid material which may be suspended in a liquid or may be a dry powder or pellet and usually contains a high concentration or large amount of the active ingredient and must be mixed with water when applied.
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Fog
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Particles between 0.1 and 50 microns in diameter which make a fine mist.
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Fogger
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An aerosol generator. A piece of pesticide equipment that breaks some pesticides into very fine droplets (aerosols or smokes) and blows or drifts the "fog" onto the target area.
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Formulation
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The pesticide product containing the active ingredient, the carrier and other additives required to make it ready for sale.
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Fumes
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A smoke, vapor, or gas.
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Fumigant
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A pesticide that forms gases or vapors toxic to plants, animals, and microorganisms.
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Fungi
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Small, often microscopic plants without chlorophyll (green coloring). Fungi produce tiny thread like growths. They grow from seed like spores. Some fungi can infect and cause disease in plants or animals: other fungi can attack and destroy nonliving things.
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Fungicide
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A chemical used to kill fungi; a compound used to destroy or inhibit fungi (usually plant diseases).
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Gas mask
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A device which filters out chemicals in the spray dust or gas from air breathed by the wearer. A full face gas mask must be worn to protect from gases; il should be equipped with adequate canisters of absorbent materials (or with oxygen supply).
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Gels
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Semi-liquid emulsifiable concentrates that are used with water soluble packaging.
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General use pesticide (GUP)
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A pesticide which can be purchased and used without undue hazards to the applicator and the environment as long as the instructions on the label are followed carefully.
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Granular pesticide (G)
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A pesticide mixed with or coating small pellets or a sand like material. They are applied with seeders, spreaders, or special equipment.
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Granule
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A type of formulation in which the active ingredient is mixed with, adsorbed, absorbed, or pressed on an inert carrier forming a small pellet.
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Groundwater
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Water that flows in aquifers underground rather than in rivers, streams, and lakes on the surface. Groundwater is generally accessed via wells and is frequently used for drinking.
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Growth regulator
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A chemical that alters the growth processes of a plant or animal.
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Hand sprayer
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Small, portable, pesticide sprayers that can be carried and operated by a single individual.
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Habitat
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The places where a plant or animal lives, feeds, and breeds.
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Hard water
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Water with minerals such as calcium, iron, and magnesium dissolved in it. Some pesticides added to hard water will curdle or settle out.
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Hazard
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(1) The probability that injury will result from use of a substance in a proposed quantity and manner. (2) The sum of the toxicity plus the exposure to a pesticide. (3) Sometimes referred to as negative effects.
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Hazardous
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Dangerous, risky. Pesticide chemicals that may cause injury or death if not used as directed on the label.
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Hazardous waste
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Substances, including pesticides, that are potentially damaging to the environment and harmful to humans and other living organisms.
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Herbicide
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A pesticide used for killing or inhibiting plant growth. A weed or grass killer.
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High pressure sprayer
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A machine which applies pesticides by using water at high pressure and volume to deliver the pesticide to the target.
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Highly toxic chemicals
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Chemicals which are poisonous in extremely small doses.
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Hormone
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A naturally occurring substance in plants or animals that controls growth or other physiological processes. It is used with reference to certain man made or synthetic chemicals that regulate or affect growth activity.
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Host
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The living plant or animal a pest depends on for survival. The term "host" means any plant or animal in which another lives for nourishment, development, or protection.
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Humidity
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Refers to the dampness or amount of moisture in the air.
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Hydrated
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The addition of water. (Chemically combined).
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Hydraulic
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Pertaining to water or other liquids.
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Hydraulic sprayer
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A machine which applies pesticides by using water at high pressure and volume to deliver the pesticide to the target.
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Illegal residue
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Residue that is in excess of a pre-established government enforced safe level.
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Impermeable
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Not capable of being penetrated. Semipermeable means permeable to some substances but not to others.
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Incompatible
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Two or more materials that cannot be mixed or used together.
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Inert ingredient
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An ingredient in a formulation which has no pesticidal action, although some inert ingredients may be toxic or hazardous to humans. Also known as other ingredients.
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Infection
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The development and establishment of a pathogen (e.g., a bacterium) in its host which will produce a disease.
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Infestation•
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Pests that are found in an area or location where they are not wanted.
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Ingested
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Taken into the digestive system.
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Inhalation
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To take air into the lungs; to breathe in.
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Inhalation toxicity
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The property of a pesticide to be poisonous to humans or animals when breathed in through the nose and mouth into the lungs.
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Inject
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To force a pesticide chemical into a plant, animal, building or other enclosure, or the soil.
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Inorganic pesticide
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Chemical compounds which do not contain carbon.
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Insect
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Arthropods characterized by a body composed of three segments and three pairs of legs.
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Insecticide
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A pesticide used to control insects.
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Integrated Pest Management (IPM)
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The use of pest and environmental information in conjunction with available pest control technologies to prevent unacceptable levels of pest damage by the most economical means and with the least possible hazard to persons, property, and the environment.
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Inversion
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When temperature increases with elevation from the ground, an inversion condition exists.
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Invertebrate
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A class of animals that lack backbones. Insects, spiders, nematodes, and snails and slugs are examples.
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Label
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All written, printed, or graphic matter on or attached to the pesticide product, or the immediate container thereof, and the outside container or wrapper to the retail package of the pesticide product.
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Labeling
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All information and other written, printed, or graphic matter upon the pesticide product or device or any of its accompanying containers or wrappers to which reference is made on the label or in supplemental literature accompanying the pesticide product or device.
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Larva
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The worm like or grub like immature or growing stage of an insect. It hatches from an egg and later goes into a resting stage called the pupa. The larva looks very different from the adult. Many insects cause most or all or their damage as larvae. Example: caterpillar.
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LC50
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The concentration of a pesticide, usually in air or water, that can kill 50 percent of a test population of animals. LC50 is usually expressed in parts per million (ppm). The lower the LC50 value, the more acutely toxic the chemical.
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LD50
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The dose or amount of a pesticide that can kill 50 percent of the test animals when eaten or absorbed through the skin. LD50 is expressed in milligrams of chemical per kilogram of body weight of the test animal (mg/kg). The lower the LD50 value, the more acutely toxic the chemical.
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Leaching
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Movement of a substance downward or out of the soil as the result of water movement.
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Lethal
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Fatal or deadly.
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Life cycle
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The complete succession of developmental stages in the life of an organism.
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Limited commercial applicator
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Any person
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Low pressure sprayer
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A machine which can deliver low to moderate volumes of pesticide at pressures of 0-60 PSI. The sprayers are most often used for field and forage crops, pastures, and rights of ways.
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Low volatile
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A liquid or solid that does not evaporate quickly at normal temperatures.
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Mammals
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Warm blooded animals that nourish their young with milk; their skin is more or less covered with hair.
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Material safety data sheet (MSDS)
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A safety data sheet available from the manufacturer that provides information on chemical properties, toxicity, first aid, hazards, personal protective equipment, and emergency procedures to be followed in the event of a spill, leak, fire, or transportation crisis.
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Mechanical control
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Control of pests by physical means such as the use of barriers and mulching.
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Metamorphosis
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A change in the shape, size, and/or form of animals as they develop from eggs through adults.
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Mg/kg
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Used to express the amount of pesticide in milligrams per kilogram of animal body weight to produce a desired effect. 1,000,000 milligrams = 1 kilogram = 2.2 pounds.
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Microencapsulated pesticides
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Active ingredients that are contained in a microscopic polyurea shell. The shell extends the life of the pesticide by slowing the rate at which the pesticide vapors escape.
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Mist blower
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Spray equipment in which hydraulic atomization of the liquid at the nozzle is aided by an air blast past the source of spray.
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Mite
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Tiny, eight-legged arthropod with a body divided into two parts. It has no antennae. During the nymphal stage it has six legs.
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Miticide
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A chemical used to control mites (arachnids).
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Mode of action
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The way in which a pesticide exerts a toxic effect on the target plant, animal, or microorganism.
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Moderately toxic chemicals
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Chemicals which are poisonous in medium doses.
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Molting
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The process of shedding the exoskeleton.
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Molluscicide
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A compound used to control slugs and snails which are intermediate hosts of parasites of medical importance to man or damaging plants.
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Mutagenicity
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Capable of producing genetic change.
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Mycoplasma like organisms
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Organisms recently discovered to be the cause of many plant diseases formerly attributed to viruses; organisms smaller than bacteria and larger than viruses.
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Natural control
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The suppression of pest populations by naturally occurring biological and environmental agents.
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Natural enemies
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The predators, parasites, and pathogens in the environment which attack pest species.
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Nematicide
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A material, often a soil fumigant used to control nematodes that infest roots of crop plants.
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Nematode
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Microscopic, colorless, worm-like animals that live as saprophytes or parasites. Many cause diseases of plants or animals.
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Neoprene
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A synthetic rubber often used to make gloves and boots which offer protection against most pesticides.
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Nervous system
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All nerve cells and tissues in animals, including the brain, spinal cord, ganglia, nerves, and nerve centers.
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Neutralize
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To destroy the effect of or to counteract the properties of something.
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Nonselective pesticide
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A pesticide that is toxic to most plants or animals.
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Nontarget
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A plant or animal other than the one against which the pesticide is applied.
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Nontoxic
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Not poisonous.
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Noxious weed
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An alien plant or parts of an alien plant that have been designated by rule as being noxious or has been declared a noxious weed by a local weed advisory board, and meets one or more of the following criteria: (a) Aggressively invades or is detrimental to economic crops or native plant communities; (b) Is poisonous to livestock; (c) Is a carrier of detrimental insects, diseases, or parasites; (d) The direct or indirect effect of the presence of this plant is detrimental to the environmentally sound management of natural or agricultural ecosystems.
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Nozzles
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Devices which control drop size, rate, uniformity, thoroughness, and safety of a pesticide application. The nozzle type determines the spray pattern and is a factor in the safety of a pesticide application.
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Nymph
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The early stage in the development stage of insects which have no larva stage. It is the stage between egg and adult during which growth occurs in such insects as cockroaches, grasshoppers, aphids, and termites.
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Ocular exposure
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Pesticide gets in the eye.
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Oils
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Usually refers to aromatic paraffinic oils used as diluents in formulating products as carriers of pesticides or for direct use.
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Oncogenicity
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The property to produce tumors (not necessarily cancerous) in living tissues.
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Oral exposure
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To swallow or ingest a pesticide.
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Oral toxicity
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The occurrence of injury when a pesticide is taken by mouth.
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Organic pesticide
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(1) A pesticide that is an organic chemical, meaning that the molecule consists mainly of a carbon skeleton plus other elements such as hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, sulfur, phosphorus or chlorine. (2) A pesticide which is not produced synthetically, but is a naturally-occurring compound derived from plant or animal sources.
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Organism
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Any living thing; plant, animal, fungus, bacteria, insect, etc.
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Organophosphate
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A synthetic organicvpesticide containing carbon, hydrogen and phosphorus. Examples: parathion and malathion.
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Orifice
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The opening or hote in a nozzle through which liquid material is forced out and broken up into a spray.
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Original container
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The package (can, bag, or bottle, etc.) in which a company sells a pesticide chemical. A package with a label telling what the pesticide is and how to use it correctly and safely.
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Other ingredients
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Another term for inert ingredients.
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Parasite
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An organism that lives and feeds on or in an organism of another species, which it usually injures.
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Pathogen
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Any microorganism which can cause disease.
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Pellet
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A pesticide formulation consisting of dry active and inert ingredients pressed into a uniformly sized and shaped ready-to-use material; larger than granules.
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Penetrant
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Wetting agents that enhance the ability of a liquid to enter into pores of a substrate, to penetrate the surface.
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Percent by weight
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A percentage which expresses the active ingredient weight as a part of the total weight of the formulation. Example: one pound of active ingredient added to and mixed with three pounds of inert materials results in a formulation which is 25% pesticide by weight.
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Percent concentration
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The weight or volume of a given compound in the final mixture expressed as a percentage.
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Persistent pesticide
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A pesticide chemical (or the metabolites) that remains active in the environment more than one growing season.
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Personal protective equipment (PPE)
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Devices and clothing worn to protect the body from exposure to pesticides or pesticide residues. Includes such items as long-sleeved shirts, long pants, coveralls, hats, chemical resistant gloves, shoes, respirators, and other safety items as specified on the label.
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Pest
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Any insect, rodent, nematode, fungus, weed, or other form of terrestrial or aquatic plant or animal life or virus, bacteria, or other microorganism (except viruses, bacteria. Or other microorganisms on or in living man or in other living animals) which the commissioner of agriculture or the administrator of the EPA declares to be a pest.
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Pest resurgence
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The rapid reappearance of a pest population in injurious numbers, usually brought about after the application of a broad-spectrum pesticide has killed the natural enemies which normally keep a pest in check.
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Pesticide
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Any substance or mixture of substances intended for preventing, destroying , repelling, or mitigating any insects, rodents, nematodes, fungi, or weeds, or any other forms of life declared to be pests; and any substance or mixture of substances intended for use as a plant regulator, defoliant, or desiccant.
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pH value
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A measure of acidity/alkalinity; acid below pH 7, basic or alkaline above pH 7.
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Phenoxy
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Herbicide family affecting actively growing plant tissues. Examples: 2,4-D and MCPA.
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Phytotoxic
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Injurious to plants.
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Piscicide
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A pesticide used to control fish.
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Placards
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Public notices. US DOT placards are diamond-shaped warning signs placed on all vehicles that transport certain types and quantities of hazardous materials.
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Plant growth regulator (PGR)
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A substance that alters the growth of plants. The term does not include substances intended solely for use as plant nutrients or fertilizers.
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Poison
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A chemical causing a deleterious effect when absorbed by a living organism (biocide).
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Poison control center
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An agency which has current information as to the proper first aid techniques and antidotes for all poisoning emergencies. The Rocky Mountain Poison and Drug Center's telephone number is 1-800-222- 1222.
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Pollinators
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Bees, flies, and other insects which visit flowers and carry pollen from flower to flower in order for many plants to produce fruit, vegetables, buds, and seeds.
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Pollutant
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A harmful chemical or waste material discharged into the water, soil, or atmosphere.
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Post-emergence
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After the appearance of a specified weed or crop.
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Precipitate
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To settle out. A solid substance that forms in a liquid and sinks to the bottom of the container.
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Predator
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An insect or other animals that attacks, feeds on, and destroys other insects or animals. Predators help to reduce the number of pests which cause disease, damage, and destruction.
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Pre-emergence
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Prior to emergence of the specified weed or crop.
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Preharvest
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The time just prior to the picking, cutting, or digging up of a crop.
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Preharvest Interval (PHI)
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Restrictions that indicate the amount of time that must elapse between the last application and harvest.
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Premix•
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A pesticide product formulated by the manufacturer with more than one active ingredient.
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Pre-plant
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Application of a pesticide prior to planting a crop.
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Private applicator
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A certified applicator who uses or supervises the use of any restricted use pesticide for purposes of producing any agricultural commodity on property owned or rented by him/her or his/her employer or (if applied without compensation other than trading of personal services between producers of agricultural commodities) on the property of another person. In Colorado, EPA issues the certification.
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Product
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A term used to describe a pesticide as it is sold . It usually contains the pesticide chemical plus other ingredients.
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Protectant
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A chemical applied to the plant or animal surface in advance of the pest (or pathogen) to prevent infection or injury by the pest.
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Protective equipment
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Equipment intended to protect a person from exposure during the handling and application of pesticides.
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Public applicator
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Any agency of the state, any county, city and county, or municipality, or any other local governmental entity or political subdivision which applies pesticides as defined by the Colorado Pesticide Applicators Act.
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Pupa
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The developmental stage of some insects between larva and adult.
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Pyrethroids
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Synthetic compounds produced for their insecticidal similarity to natural pyrethrins.
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Qualified supervisor (QS) •
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Any licensed individual who, without supervision, evaluates pest problems, or recommends pest controls using pesticides or devices, or mixes or loads, or applies any pesticide, or sells application services, or operates devices, or supervises others in any of these functions. Defined by the Colorado Pesticide Applicators Act.
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Quarantine
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Regulation forbidding sale or shipment of plants or plant parts, usually to prevent disease, insect, nematode, or weed invasion of an area.
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Rate
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Rate refers to the amount of active ingredient or acid equivalent of a pesticide applied per unit area (such as 1 acre). Rate is preferred to the occasionally used terms, dosage and application.
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Ready-to•use formulations (RTU)
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Formulations, usually solutions in petroleum based solvents, containing small amounts (often 1 percent or less) of active ingredient per gallon. No further dilution is required before application.
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Recharge
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The replacement of water to an aquifer.
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Recommendation
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Suggestion or advice from a County Agent, Extension Specialist, Certified Crop Adviser, or other pesticide authority.
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Registered pesticides
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Pesticides approved by the U.S. EPA and COA for use as stated on the label of the container.
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Reptile
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Any of various cold-blooded, usually egg laying vertebrates having an external covering of scales or horny plates and breathing by means of lungs. Example: snakes and turtles.
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Residual pesticide
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A pesticide that can destroy pests or prevent them from causing disease, damage, or destruction for more than a few hours after it is applied.
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Residual soil herbicide•
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A chemical that prevents the growth of plants, microorganisms, etc., when present in soil.
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Residue
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The amount of chemical which remains on the harvested crop or other surfaces contacted during the application.
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Resistance
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The ability of an organism to suppress or retard the injurious effects of a pesticide.
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Respirator
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A face mask used to filter out poisonous gases and dust particles from the air so that a person can breath and work safely. A person using the most toxic pesticides must use a respirator as directed on the pesticide label.
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Restricted entry interval (REI)
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The length of time between the pesticide application and entry into the field to conduct hand labor.
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Restricted use pesticide (RUP)
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A pesticide that is classified for restricted use under the provisions of FIFRA. A pesticide that can be sold to or used by only certified applicators.
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Restrictions
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limitations.
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Rinsate
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Pesticide-containing water (or another liquid) that results from rinsing a pesticide container, pesticide equipment, or other pesticide-containing materials.
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Risk
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The likelihood that an adverse effect will occur.
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Rodent
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All animals of the order Rodentia, such as rats, mice, gophers, woodchucks or squirrels.
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Rodenticide
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A substance or mixture of substances intended to prevent, destroy, repel or mitigate rodents.
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Runoff
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The movement of water and associated materials on the soil surface. Runoff usually travels to bodies of surface water.
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Scientific name
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The one name used throughout the world by scientists for each animal and plant. These names are made up of two words based on the Greek and Latin languages and are called the genus and species.
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Secondary pest
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A pest that resurges following disruption of control by a natural enemy.
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Selective pesticide
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A chemical that is more toxic to some species (plant, insect, animal, microorganisms) than to others.
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Service container
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Any container holding pesticide, whether in a concentrated or diluted form. other than the pesticide's original container, that is of a size and capacity that permits it to be carried or moved by only one individual, unaided by any tool or apparatus. Defined by CDA.
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Shelf life
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The maximum period of time that a pesticide concentrate can remain in storage before losing some of its effectiveness.
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Sign
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(1) Some evidence of exposure to a dangerous pesticide. (2) An outward signal of a disease or poisoning in a plant or animal, including people.
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Signal words
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Words which must appear on pesticide labels to denote the relative acute toxicity of the product. The signal words are ‘Danger-Poison’ and ‘Danger’ (for highly toxic), ‘Warning’ (for moderately toxic), and ‘caution’ (for low order toxicity).
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Site
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An area, location, building, structure, plant, animal, or other organism to be treated with a pesticide to protect it from or to control the target pest.
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Slightly toxic chemicals
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Chemicals which are poisonous in small doses.
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Soil fumigant
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A pesticide that will evaporate quickly. When added to the soil the gas formed kills pests in the soil. Usually a tarpaulin, plastic sheet, or layer of water is used to trap the gas in the soil until it does the job.
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Soil injection
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Mechanical placement of the pesticide beneath the soil surface.
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Solubility
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The ability of a chemical to dissolve in another chemical or solvent; a measure of the amount of substance that will dissolve in a given amount of another substance.
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Soluble powder (SP or S)
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A powder formulation that dissolves and forms a solution in water.
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Solution
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A preparation made by dissolving a solid, liquid, or gaseous substance into another substance usually a liquid without a chemical change taking place. Example: Sugar in water.
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Solvent
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A liquid which will dissolve a substance forming a true solution (liquid in molecular dispersion).
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Species
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A group of living organisms which are very nearly alike, are called by the same common name, and interbreed successfully.
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Spiders
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Small arthropods closely related to insects: they have eight legs, two body regions, no antennae. and no wings.
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Spot treatment
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A treatment directed at specific plants or areas rather than a general application.
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Spray drift
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The movement of airborne spray particles from the intended area of application.
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Spreader
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A substance which increases the area that a given volume of liquid will cover on a solid or on another liquid.
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State Lead Agency (SLA)
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The agency within a state or territory designated by the EPA as having the authority for carrying out the provisions of FIFRA.
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State restricted use pesticides
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Pesticides designated by the state of Colorado as restricted.
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Sterilize
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Treat with a chemical or other agent to kill every living thing in a certain area.
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Sticker
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A material added to a pesticide to increase adherence rather than to increase initial deposit.
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Stomach poison
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Pesticide that must be eaten by an insect or other animal in order to kill the animal.
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Structural pests
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Pests which attack and destroy buildings and other structures, clothing, stored food, and manufactured and processed goods. Examples: termites, cockroaches, clothes moths, rats, and dry rot fungi.
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Sulfonylurea
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Herbicide family translocated through uptake by leaves and roots. Examples: chlorsulfuron and metsulfuron.
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Sump
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A tank that resembles a pit or reservoir, usually below ground level and made of concrete. Sumps may have troughs or trenches to collect waste. Sumps are used as secondary containment in areas where hazardous materials are stored and can also be found outside, with access through a manhole cover or grate.
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Surface water
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Rivers, lakes, ponds, streams, etc., which are located above ground.
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Surfactant
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A chemical which increases the emulsifying, dispersing, spreading, and wetting properties of a pesticide product. Surface active agent.
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Susceptible
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Capable of being injured, diseased, or poisoned by a pesticide; not immune.
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Suspended
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(1) A pesticide use that is no longer legal and the remaining stocks cannot be used. This order is more severe than Cancelled. (2) Describes particles that are dispersed (or held) in a liquid.
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Suspension
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A system consisting of very finely divided solid particles dispersed in a liquid.
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Swath
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The width of a treated area.
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Symptom
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(1) A warning that something is wrong that can be detected by a person who has been poisoned, such as nausea or headache. (2) Any indication of disease or poisoning in a plant or animal. This information is used to figure out what insect, fungus, other pest or pesticide is causing the disease, damage, or destruction.
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Synergism
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When the effect of two or more pesticides applied together is greater than the sum of the individual pesticides applied separately.
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Systemic pesticide
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A pesticide that is taken into the blood of an animal or sap of a plant. It kills the pest without harming the host.
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Tank mix
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The mixture of two or more compatible pesticides in a spray tank in order to apply them simultaneously.
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Target
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The plants, animals, structures, areas, or pests to be treated with a pesticide application.
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Technician
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Any individual who uses a device under the supervision of a qualified supervisor; mixes or applies general use pesticides under the supervision of a qualified supervisor, mixes or loads Restricted Use Pesticides under the supervision of a qualified supervisor, or applies restricted use pesticides under the on-site supervision of a qualified supervisor; or evaluates pest problems, recommends products or treatments for pest problems, or sells application services under the supervision of a qualified supervisor. Defined by the Colorado Pesticide Applicators Act. A technician must be verifiably trained.
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Teratogenicity•
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Structural abnormalities of prenatal origin, present at birth or manifested shortly thereafter.
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Ticks
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Tiny animals closely related to insects: they have eight jointed legs, two body regions, no antennae, and no wings.
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Tolerance
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(1) By law, a regulation that establishes the maximum amount of a pesticide that may remain on a raw agricultural commodity. (2) The ability of a living thing to withstand adverse conditions, such as pest attacks, weather extremes, or pesticides.
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Toxic
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Poisonous; injurious to animals and plants through ingestion, contact, or systemic action.
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Toxicant
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An agent capable of being toxic; a poison.
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Toxicity
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• The natural capacity of a substance to produce injury. Toxicity is measured by oral, dermal and inhalation studies on test animals.
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Trade name
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• Same as Brand Name.
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Translocated pesticide
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One that is moved within the plant or animal from the site of entry. Systemic pesticides are translocated.
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Treated area
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A building, field, forest, garden, or other place where a pesticide has been applied.
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Triple rinse
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Rinsing a pesticide container three times in order to ensure that it is legally empty.
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True liquid/solution (L)
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When the active ingredient is mixed with water, the water remains clear.
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Ultra-low-volume concentrates (ULV)
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Undiluted formulations applied at very low rates.
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Unclassified pesticides
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Pesticides that are commonly referred to as general use pesticides. They can be bought and used by the general public without special permits or restrictions.
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Use
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All aspects of the handling of pesticides, including but not limited to the mixing, loading, application or administration, spill control, and disposal of a pesticide or its container.
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Vapor
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Gas steam, mist, fog, or fume.
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Vertebrate
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An animal with a bony spinal column. Examples: mammals, fish, birds, snakes, frogs, toads.
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Virus
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A sub microscopic pathogen that requires living cells for growth and is capable of causing disease in plants or animals. Plant viruses are often spread by insects.
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Volatile
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A compound is said to be volatile when it evaporates (changes from a liquid to a gas) at ordinary temperatures on exposure to air.
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Volatility
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• The ability of a solid or liquid to evaporate quickly at ordinary temperatures when exposed to the air.
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Volatilization
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The chemical process of passing from a liquid state to a vapor or gas, such as when vapors are released from a liquid pesticide.
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Warning
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• (1) Beware. A warning to the user of pesticides. (2) One of four signal words. (3) Used on labels of pesticide containers which are moderately toxic pesticides, in toxicity Category II as defined by FIFRA.
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Water dispersible granules (WDG)
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A pesticide formulation in which finely-divided powders are formulated into concentrated, dustless granules which form a suspension in water.
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Water soluble packet (WSP)
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A package for wettable powders, soluble powders, and gels. The package dissolves in water.
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Water table
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The dividing line between the unsaturated zone and the saturated zone. Water below the water table is groundwater.
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Weathering
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The wearing away of pesticides from the surfaces they were applied to because of rain. snow, ice, and heat.
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Weed
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A plant that is undesirable due to certain characteristics or its presence in certain areas. A plant growing in a place where it is not wanted.
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Weed control
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The process of inhabiting weed growth and limiting weed infestations so that crops can be grown profitably or other operations can be conducted efficiently.
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Wettable powder (WP)
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A solid (powder) formulation which, when added to water, forms a suspension used for spraying. It is prepared by adding water soluble agents to the formulation.
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Wetting agent
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A compound which reduces surface tension and causes a liquid to contact plant surfaces more thoroughly.
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Wildlife
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All living things that are not human or domesticated, nor pests, as used here, including birds, mammals, and aquatic life.
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