General Biology Ii - Chapter 36

Front 1

A vascular plant consists of:

Back 1

Root system and Shoot system

Front 2

The Root system in the vascular plants...

Back 2

Anchors the plant, used to absorb water and minerals

Front 3

The Shoot System consists of...

Back 3

supporting stems, photosynthetic leaves and reproductive flowers.

Front 4

Each systems has an_____ that extends growth

Back 4

apex

Front 5

Plants cell walls consist of _____

Back 5

Cellulose

Front 6

____ cell wall: All cells have; with cellulose fibers parallel to microtubules

Back 6

Primary

Front 7

_____cell wall: In some cells, additional layers of cellulose and lignin; gives mechanical strength to wall

Back 7

Secondary

Front 8

Plant Organization: Roots, shoots and leaves contain three basic tissue systems:

Back 8

Dermal Tissue, Ground Tissue, Vascular Tissue

Front 9

Dermal tissue

Back 9

For protection: Wax and bark

Front 10

Ground tissue

Back 10

For storage, photosynthesis and secretion

Front 11

Vascular tissue

Back 11

For conduction: Xylem – Water and dissolved minerals and Phloem – Nutrient-containing solution

Front 12

Plant Organization: _____ are clumps of small cells with dense _____ and _____. They act as stem cells do in _____. One cell divides producing a _____ cell and another that remains _____.

Back 12

Meristems, cytoplasm and large nuclei, animals, differentiating, meristematic

Front 13

Plant Organization: _____meristems are located at the tips of stems and roots. It Give rise to _____ tissues which are collectively called the_____ plant body

Back 13

Apical, primary, primary

Front 14

Three primary meristems:

Back 14

1). Protoderm = Epidermis
2). Procambium = 1o vascular tissue
3). Ground meristem = Ground tissue

Front 15

Plant Organization: _____ meristems are found in plants that exhibit secondary growth. Give rise to _____ tissues which are collectively called the_____ plant body

Back 15

Lateral, secondary, secondary

Front 16

Lateral Meristem: Woody plants have two types:

Back 16

1). Cork cambium = Outer bark
2). Vascular cambium = 2o vascular tissue

Front 17

Dermal Tissue: Forms the_____, which is usually ____ cell layer thick

Back 17

epidermis, one

Front 18

Dermal Tissue: Covered with a _____ constituting the _____

Back 18

fatty cutin layer, cuticle

Front 19

Dermal Tissue: Contains special cells, including _____, _____ and ____

Back 19

guard cells, trichomes and root hairs.

Front 20

_____ are paired sausage-shaped cells. Flank a _____, which is the passageway for______ and _____

Back 20

Guard cells, stoma, oxygen and carbon dioxide

Front 21

Guard cell formation is the result of an______ cell division that produces: A_____ cell and A_____ cell

Back 21

asymmetrical, guard cell and subsidiary cell

Front 22

A subsidiary cell aids in what?

Back 22

Aids in stoma opening and closing

Front 23

______are tubular extensions of individual epidermal cells

Back 23

Roots hairs

Front 24

Greatly increase the root’s surface area and efficiency of absorption

Back 24

Root Hair

Front 25

Dermal Tissue: ______ are cellular or multicellular hairlike outgrowths of the epidermis

Back 25

Trichomes

Front 26

Trichomes keep leaf surfaces ______ and _____ evaporation by covering ______ openings

Back 26

cool and reduce, stomatal

Front 27

Some are _____, secreting substances that deter herbivory

Back 27

glandular

Front 28

Trichome patterning is under ______

Back 28

genetic control

Front 29

Ground Tissue: Consist of three types of cells....

Back 29

Parenchyma, Collenchyma, Sclerenchyma

Front 30

Parenchyma cells are the most common type of plant cell. May live for many years, ______ in storage, _____ and _____. Some contain
chloroplasts and are called ______.

Back 30

functioning, photosynthesis and secretion. chlorenchyma

Front 31

Collenchyma cells provide_____ for _____, allowing _____ but not _____. Have living _____ and may live for many years

Back 31

support, plant organs, bending, breaking, protoplasts

Front 32

Sclerenchyma cells have tough thick walls. _____ at maturity. Two general types _____: Long, slender cells that are usually in strands and _____: Variable
shape; branched; may
occur singly or in groups. Both _____ tissues.

Back 32

Lack living walls, Fibers, Sclereids, strengthen

Front 33

Vascular Tissue: Xylem does what? The ____ in xylem: Continuous tubes of dead cylindrical cells arranged end-to-end. The _____ in xylem: Dead cells that taper at the end and overlap one another. Vessels are _____ than tracheids (And conduct water ______)

Back 33

Constitutes the main water- and mineral-conducting tissue. Vessels. Tracheids. shorter & wider. more efficiently

Front 34

Xylem: Also conducts _____ such as nitrates, and _____ the plant body. Typically includes _____ in horizontal rows called_____. _____ Function in lateral conduction and food storage. Note: The diffusion of water vapor from a plant is termed______

Back 34

inorganic ions, supports, parenchyma cells, rays, rays, transpiration

Front 35

Phloem does what? Phloem contains two types of elongated cells: _____ cells and ____ tube members. 1st - Living cells that contain clusters of pores called _____ areas or _____ plates. _____-tube members are more specialized, they are Associated with _____ cells

Back 35

Constitutes the main food-conducting tissue in vascular plants. sieve, sieve, sieve, sieve, Sieve, companion

Front 36

____ have a simpler pattern of
organization and development
than stems

Back 36

Roots

Front 37

Roots have Four regions are recognized:

Back 37

Root cap, Zone of cell division, Zone of elongation, and Zone of maturation

Front 38

_____: Contains two types of cells that are formed continuously by the root apical meristem. The two are ____: Inner and _____ cells: Outer and lateral. Their Functions mainly in ____ of the delicate tissues behind it. Also in the perception of _____.

Back 38

Root cap, Columella cells, Root cap, protection, gravity

Front 39

In Zone of elongation...

Back 39

Roots lengthen because cells become several times longer than wide. No further increase occurs above this zone

Front 40

In Zone of maturation...

Back 40

The elongated cells become differentiated into specific cell types.

Front 41

Zone of Maturation: _____ cells: Have very ____, Include _____ and _____ cells

Back 41

Epidermal, thin cuticle, root hair and nonhair

Front 42

Zone of Maturation: _____: Interior to the epidermis, ______ cells used for storage.

Back 42

Cortex, Parenchyma

Front 43

Zone of maturation: ______: Single-layered cylinder Impregnated with bands of_____ (=waxy substance) called the ______.

Back 43

Endodermis, suberin, Casparian strips, Stele, Pericycle, lateral

Front 44

Zone of cell division...Derived from rapid divisions of the root _____. ______ cells divide very infrequently. _____ daughter cells soon subdivide into the three_____ tissues.

Back 44

Contains mostly cuboidal cells, with small vacuoles and large central nuclei. apical meristem. Quiescent center. Apical meristem. primary

Front 45

Most plants produce either/or:
______: Single large root with small branch roots. ______: Many small roots of similar diameter.

Back 45

Taproot system, Fibrous root system

Front 46

Some plants, however, produce _____ with specific functions

Back 46

modified roots

Front 47

______ arise from any place other than the plant’s root

Back 47

Adventitious roots

Front 48

Prop roots:

Back 48

Keep the plant upright

Front 49

Aerial roots:

Back 49

Obtain water from the air

Front 50

Pneumatophores roots:

Back 50

Facilitate oxygen uptake

Front 51

Buttress roots:

Back 51

Provide considerable stability

Front 52

Water storage roots:

Back 52

Weigh 50 or more kg

Front 53

Food storage roots:

Back 53

Store carbohydrates

Front 54

Parasitic roots:

Back 54

Penetrate host plants

Front 55

Contractile roots:

Back 55

Pull plant deeper into soil

Front 56

Like roots, stems contain the three types of plant tissue. Also undergo growth from cell division in____ and_____ stems. Shoot _____ initiates stem tissue and intermittently produces _____. Develop into leaves, other shoots and even flowers.

Back 56

apical and lateral, apical meristem, primordia

Front 57

Leaves may be arranged in one of three ways

Back 57

Opposite, Alternative, and Whorl

Front 58

Leaf: The spiral (____) arrangement is the most common. Sequential leaves tend to be placed 137.5o apart. This is termed_____. May optimize the exposure of leaves to the sun.

Back 58

alternate, phyllotaxy

Front 59

External Stem Structure: Node =

Back 59

Point of attachment of leaf to stem

Front 60

External Stem Structure: Internode =

Back 60

Area of stem between two nodes

Front 61

External Stem Structure: Blade =

Back 61

Flattened part of leaf

Front 62

External Stem Structure: Axil =

Back 62

Angle between petiole/blade and stem

Front 63

External Stem Structure: Petiole =

Back 63

Stalk of leaf

Front 64

External Stem Structure: Axillary bud =

Back 64

Can develop into branches with leaves or flowers, as needed.

Front 65

External Stem Structure: Terminal bud =

Back 65

Extends the shoot system during the growing season

Front 66

Internal Stem Structure: _____ vascular tissue is arranged in a ring with internal ground tissue (pith) and external ground tissue (cortex). _____ vascular bundles are usually scattered throughout ground tissue system

Back 66

Eudicot and Monocot

Front 67

Vascular tissue arrangement is directly related to the stem’s ability for _____.

Back 67

secondary growth

Front 68

In _____, there a ______ develops between the_____ xylem and phloem and connects the ring of_____ vascular bundles

Back 68

eudicots, vascular cambium, primary, primary

Front 69

In monocots, there is no ______, therefore, no _____.

Back 69

vascular cambium, secondary growth

Front 70

Rings in the stump of a tree reveal annual patterns of ______. Cell size depends on _____. In woody eudicots and_____, the _____ in the outer cortex. Produces boxlike cork cells on outside and _____ cells on inside. Collectively called the _____.

Back 70

vascular cambium growth, growth conditions, gymnosperms, cork cambium arises, parenchyma-like phelloderm, periderm

Front 71

Internal Stem Structure: _____ cells get _____ with ____ shortly after they are formed. They then die and constitute the outer bark.

Back 71

Cork tissue, impregnated, suberin

Front 72

Internal Stem Structure: The _____ also produces unsuberized cells called_____. Permit gas exchange to continue

Back 72

cork cambium, lenticels

Front 73

Modified Stems: Bulbs =

Back 73

Swollen underground stems, consisting of fleshy leaves

Front 74

Modified Stems: Corms =

Back 74

Superficially resemble bulbs, but have no fleshy leaves

Front 75

Modified Stems: Runners and stolons =

Back 75

Horizontal stems with long internodes that grow along the surface of the ground

Front 76

Modified Stems: Rhizomes =

Back 76

Horizontal underground stems, with adventitious roots

Front 77

Modified Stems: Tubers =

Back 77

Swollen tips of rhizomes that contain carbohydrates supports and aid in climbing

Front 78

Modified Stems: Tendrils =

Back 78

Twine around supports and aid in climbing

Front 79

Modified Stems: Cladophylls =

Back 79

Flattened photosynthetic stems resembling leaves

Front 80

Leaves are the main site of_____. They are determinate structures whose ____ stops at maturity

Back 80

photosynthesis. growth

Front 81

Megaphylls =

Back 81

Have several to many veins

Front 82

Microphyll = ____. AlsoFound mainly in the phylum _____

Back 82

Have one vein which does not extend the full length of the leaf. Lycophyta

Front 83

Exist in two morphologies

Back 83

Megaphylls and Microphylls

Front 84

Leaves: The _____ of the leaf blade reflects a shift from____ to dorsal-ventral symmetry. It_____ the photosynthetic surface

Back 84

flattening, radial, increases

Front 85

Leaves: Veins consist of both _____ and_____ and are distributed throughout the leaf blades

Back 85

Xylem and Phloem

Front 86

Leaves: In monocot leaves has...Eudicot leaves has...

Back 86

Monocot leaves have parallel veins. Eudicot leaves have netted or reticulate veins

Front 87

Leaf blades come in a variety of forms (4)

Back 87

Simple leaves, Compound leaves, Pinnate, and Palmate = Leaflets

Front 88

Simple leaves...

Back 88

contain undivided blades, May have teeth, indentations or lobes

Front 89

Compound leaves have...

Back 89

blades that are divided into leaflets

Front 90

Pinnate = Leaflets....

Back 90

in pairs along an axis

Front 91

Palmate = Leaflets...

Back 91

radiate out from a common point

Front 92

Leaf: The leaf’s surface is covered by transparent _____ cells, most having no_____

Back 92

epidermal, chloroplasts

Front 93

Leaf: ____ has a waxy ______. The lower _____ contains numerous mouth-shaped stomata flanked by guard cells

Back 93

Epidermis, cuticle, epidermis

Front 94

Leaf: The_____ is the tissue between the upper and lower epidermis

Back 94

mesophyll

Front 95

Leaf: Most eudicot leaves have two types

Back 95

Palisade mesophyll and Spongy mesophyll

Front 96

Palisade mesophyll =

Back 96

Usually two rows of tightly packed chlorenchyma cells

Front 97

Spongy mesophyll =

Back 97

Loosely arranged cells with many air spaces in between

Front 98

Monocot leaves;_____ is usually not differentiated into _____ layers

Back 98

mesophyll, palisade/spongy

Front 99

Modified Leaves: Floral leaves (bracts) =

Back 99

Surround true flowers and behave as showy petals

Front 100

Modified Leaves: Spines =

Back 100

Reduce water loss and may deter predators

Front 101

Modified Leaves: Reproductive leaves =

Back 101

Plantlets capable of growing independently into full-sized plant

Front 102

Modified Leaves: Window leaves =

Back 102

Succulent, cone-shaped leaves that allow photosynthesis underground

Front 103

Modified Leaves: Shade leaves =

Back 103

Larger in surface area but with less mesophyll than sun-lit leaves

Front 104

Modified Leaves: Insectivorous leaves =

Back 104

Trap insects

Front 105

Three insectivorous leaves are/ functions

Back 105

Pitcher plants have cone-shaped leaves that accumulate rainwater. Sundews have glands that secrete sticky mucilage. Venus flytrap have hinged leaves that snap shut