General Biology Ii - Chapter 30 & 42

Front 1

Reproduction Development: Angiosperms represent an evolutionary innovation with their production of _____ and_____!

Back 1

flowers and fruits

Front 2

Flower Structure: Calyx =

Back 2

Consists of flattened sepals

Front 3

Flower Structure: Corolla =

Back 3

Consists of fused petals

Front 4

Flower Structure: Androecium =

Back 4

Collective term for stamens

Front 5

Flower Structure: Gynoecium =

Back 5

Collective term for carpels

Front 6

A stamen consists of a____ and an_____

Back 6

filament and anther

Front 7

A carpel consists (4) of an...

Back 7

ovule, ovary, style, and stigma

Front 8

Flower Structure: Floral organs are thought to have evolved from_____

Back 8

leaves

Front 9

A complete flower has four whorls

Back 9

Calyx, corolla, androecium, and gynoecium

Front 10

An incomplete flower lacks one or more of these ____

Back 10

whorls

Front 11

Two Trend in Floral Evolution: Which are...

Back 11

Floral specialization and Floral Symmetry

Front 12

Floral specialization: Name two new features.

Back 12

1. Separate floral parts have grouped together or fused 2. Floral parts have been lost or reduced

Front 13

Floral symmetry: Feature symmetry of Primitive and advance flowers are...

Back 13

Primitive flowers are radially symmetrical. Advanced flowers are bilaterally symmetrical

Front 14

Gamete Production: Plant sexual life cycles are characterized by an _____

Back 14

alternation of generations

Front 15

Alternation of Generation is...
In angiosperms, the _____ generation is very small and is completely enclosed within the tissues of the parent_____!
Male gametophyte = is...Female gametophyte = is...

Back 15

Diploid sporophyte goes to a haploid gametophyte. gametophyte. sporophyte. Pollen grains. Embryo sac

Front 16

Gamete Production: _____ are produced in separate, specialized structures of the flower.

Back 16

Gametes

Front 17

Reproductive organs of _____ differ from those of animals in two ways:

Back 17

angiosperms. 1. Both male and female structures usually occur together in the same individual 2. Reproductive structures are not permanent parts of the adult individual

Front 18

Pollen Formation: ____ contain # _____ which produce _____ mother cells (2n) Each microspore mother cell produces # _____ (n) _____ through meiosis. Each _____ develops by_____ into a pollen grain (_____) The generative cell in the pollen grain will later divide to form # _____ cells

Back 18

Anthers. 4. microsporangia. microspore. 4. haploid. microspores. microspore. mitosis. microgametophyte. sperm

Front 19

Embryo Sac Formation: Within each _____, a _____ _____ mother cell undergoes _____ to produce ____ ____ _____. Usually only ____ survives

Back 19

ovule. diploid. megaspore. meiosis. 4 haploid megaspores. one. mitotic. 8 haploid. embryo sac

Front 20

Angiosperm Life Cycle: The embryo sac has ____ arranged in # groups of #. A nucleus from each group migrate toward the ____ center and become nuclei. _____ form round remaining # nuclei. At the _____ end,___ cell functions as the____, and the other___ are ____. At the other end, ____ cells are _____. They eventually break down

Back 20

8 haploid nuclei. 2, 4. ovule’s. Polar. Cell wall. 3. micropyle. one. egg. two. synergids. Three. Antipodals

Front 21

Double fertilization is...

Back 21

Specifically = when the two sperm nuclei fuse, one 1) with the egg and 2) the other with the two polar nuclei

Front 22

Pollen … comes from the ____

Back 22

anthers

Front 23

recall that mature pollen is_____ – which is very important for all of double fertilization process….

Back 23

binucleate

Front 24

______ is the mechanical transfer of pollen from anther to stigma. _____ develop a pollen tube that is guided down the_____ to the _____. ____of the_____ pollen grain cells lags behind. This generative cell divides to produce ____ ____ cells. When pollen tube reaches the, ____ it enters one of the _____ and releases the ____ _____ cells

Back 24

Pollination. Pollen grains. style. embryo sac. One of the two. two sperm. ovule. synergids. two sperm.

Front 25

Then a double fertilization occurs....

Back 25

One sperm unites with egg to form the diploid (2n) zygote. Other sperm unites with the two polar nuclei to form the triploid (3n)endosperm. It then Provides nutrients to embryo

Front 26

Plants go through developmental changes leading to reproductive maturity by adding structures to existing ones with _____

Back 26

meristems

Front 27

A ______ seed becomes a vegetative plant through _____

Back 27

germination. morphogenesis

Front 28

Before flowers can form, plants must undergo a ______ (subtle or obvious) to prepare a plant to respond to _____ and _____ signals

Back 28

phase change. internal and external.

Front 29

Reproduction Development: Flowering is the _____

Back 29

default state

Front 30

The juvenile-to-adult transition can be induced by overexpressing a flowering gene called....

Back 30

LEAFY (LFY)

Front 31

_____ of LFY in aspen, causes______ to occur in weeks instead of years

Back 31

Overexpression. flowering

Front 32

Flower production: Four genetically regulated pathways to flowering have been identified....Plants can rely primarily on ____ pathway, but all ____ pathways can be present

Back 32

1. The light-dependent pathway. 2. The temperature-dependent pathway. 3. The gibberellin-dependent pathway. 4. The autonomous pathway. one. four

Front 33

Light Dependent pathway: Also termed the _____ pathway. Sensitive to the amount of darkness a plant receives in each 24-hour period. _____ plants flower when daylight becomes shorter than a critical length. _____ plants flower when daylight becomes longer. _____ plants flower when mature regardless of day length (tropical species)

Back 33

photoperiodic. Short-day. Long-day. Day-neutral

Front 34

In _____ or ____ plants there is a sharp distinction between____ and ___ nights, respectively. In facultative long- or short-day plants, the _____ requirement is not absolute. ____ occurs more ___ or _____ depending on the length of day

Back 34

obligate long- or short-day. short and long. photoperiodic. Flowering. rapidly. slowly.

Front 35

Using _____ allows plants to flower when environmental conditions are favorable

Back 35

light as cue

Front 36

______ in greenhouses ensures that short-day poinsettias flower in time for the winter holidays

Back 36

Manipulation of photoperiod

Front 37

Flowering is regulated by a conformational change in: _____ (red light receptors) and______ (blue light receptor).

Back 37

phytochromes. cryptochrome.

Front 38

Phytochromes regulate _____ transcription. CO _____ low at night & increase at daybreak

Back 38

CO. mRNA

Front 39

Cryptochrome modulates _____ _____ _____. Stabilizes ____ and _____ it from _____ degradation in the day

Back 39

CO Protein level. CO and protects. proteasome.

Front 40

CO is a transcription factor that turns on other ____, resulting in the expression of ____ and recall, ____ is a key gene that “tells” a meristem to switch over to flowering.

Back 40

genes. LFY. LFY.

Front 41

Temperature-Dependant Pathway: Some plants require a period of _____ before flowering called _____. It is necessary for some seeds or plants in later stages of development

Back 41

chilling. vernalization.

Front 42

Analysis of plant mutants reveals that _____ is a separate flowering pathway

Back 42

vernalization.

Front 43

_____ binds to the promoter of LFY. Enhances its expression, thereby _____ flowering. In Arabidopsis and other species, decreased levels of ____ delay flowering

Back 43

Gibberellin. promoting. gibberellins.

Front 44

Autonomous Pathway: The autonomous pathway does not depend on _____ cues except for ____ ____. It allows _____ plants to “____” nodes and “_____” node location. -i.e. Tobacco plants produce a uniform number of nodes before flowering & Upper axillary buds of flowering tobacco remember their position if rooted or grafted

Back 44

external. basic nutrition. day-neutral. count remember.

Front 45

Experiments using bottomless pots have shown that it is the ________, and ______, that inhibits flowering

Back 45

addition of roots. not the loss of leaves

Front 46

A balance between floral_____ and _____ signals may regulate flowering

Back 46

Floral. promoting and inhibiting

Front 47

Model for Flowering: The ____ flowering pathways lead to an adult _____ becoming a ____ meristem. They ____ or ____ the inhibition of _____ _____ identity genes. Key genes: LFY and ____ (APETALA1) These two genes turn on ____ organ identity genes. Define the four concentric whorls

Back 47

four. meristem. floral. activate. repress. floral meristem. AP1. floral

Front 48

_____ is the process by which pollen is placed on the stigma

Back 48

Pollination

Front 49

_____ = Pollen from a flower’s anther pollinates stigma of the same flower

Back 49

self-pollination

Front 50

______ = Pollen from anther of one flower pollinates another flower’s stigma. Also termed _____

Back 50

Cross-pollination. outcrossing

Front 51

Successful pollination in many angiosperms depends on regular attraction of _____. Flowers & animal pollinators have coevolved resulting in specialized relationships

Back 51

pollinators

Front 52

_____ are the most common insect pollinators

Back 52

bees

Front 53

Some angiosperms are still _____. e.g. oaks, birch, cottonwood, grass, sedges, nettles. A characteristic of early seed plants. Flowers of these plants are ____, ____, and ____, with ____ or ____ ____. Often grouped and hanging down in tassels. _____ and _____ containing flowers are usually separated between individuals i.e. maize has pollen-producing tassels at top, with female flowers below. Strategy that greatly promotes _____

Back 53

wind-pollinated. small, green. and odorless, with reduce or absent corollas. Stamen and carple. outcrossing

Front 54

Bees typically visit ____ or ____ flowers. ____ flowers are marked in distinctive ways that are normally invisible to us

Back 54

yellow. blue. yellow.

Front 55

Flowers that are visited regularly by butterflies often have flat “_____." Flowers that are visited regularly by moths are often white, or pale in color. They often have long floral tubes with nectar. They also tend to be heavily scented

Back 55

landing platforms

Front 56

Flowers that are visited regularly by _____ often have a red color; produce a lot of nectar. ____ is usually inconspicuous to insects. Hummingbirds obtain nectar from flowers that match the length and shape of their beaks.

Back 56

birds. red

Front 57

Other animals, including bats and small rodents, may aid in_____. The signals here are also species-specific. Monkeys are attracted to orange and yellow. They can thus disperse fruits of this color in their habitat

Back 57

pollination

Front 58

_____ plants usually have small, relatively inconspicuous flowers that shed pollen directly into the stigma

Back 58

Self-pollinating

Front 59

_____ is favored in stable environments. (2)

Back 59

Self-pollination. 1. Plants do not need to be visited by animals to produce seed 2. Offspring are more uniform and probably better adapted to their environment

Front 60

Several evolutionary strategies promote_____ (2)

Back 60

outcrossing. 1. Separation of male and female structures in space 2. Separation of male and female structures in time

Front 61

Separation of male and female structures in space. ____ and ____ and what are they?

Back 61

Dioecious plants produce only ovule or only pollen. Monoecious plants produce male and female flowers on the same plant

Front 62

Separation of male and female structures in time. Even if functional stamens and pistils are both found in the same flower, they may reach ____ at different times. Plants in which this occurs are called _____.

Back 62

maturity. dichogamous

Front 63

what is Self-incompatibility, Gametophytic self-incompatibility, and Sporophytic self-incompatibility

Back 63

Pollen and stigma recognize each other as self (genetically related) and so the pollen tube is blocked at the S locus. Block is after pollen tube germination e.g. petunias. The pollen tube fails to germinate

Front 64

Asexual Reproduction: Produces genetically identical individuals because only ____ occurs. Far more common in ____ environments where there is little leeway for variation. _____ refers to the asexual development or cloning of a diploid embryo in the ovule

Back 64

mitosis. harsh. Apoximis

Front 65

In vegetative reproduction new plant individuals are cloned from parts of adults. Comes in many and varied forms (4)

Back 65

Runners or stolons (above ground), Rhizomes (below), Suckers (sprouts; e.g. apples, cherries), Adventitious plantlets (right)

Front 66

Whole plants can be cloned by regenerating plant cells or tissues on nutrient medium.
A_____ is a plant cell enclosed only by a plasma membrane. When single plant ____ are cultured, cell wall ____ takes place. Cell division follows to form a _____, an undifferentiated mass of cells, Whole plants are then produced

Back 66

protoplast. protoplasts. regeneration. callus

Front 67

Plants Life Span: Once established, plants live for _____ periods of time, depending on the species. Woody plants, which have extensive secondary growth, typically live longer than herbaceous plants, which don’t

Back 67

variable

Front 68

Plant Life Span: _____ plants are able to flower and produce seeds and fruit for an indefinite number of growing seasons. May be ____ or _____. In _____ plants all the leaves fall, and the tree is bare, at a particular time of year. In _____ plants, the leaves drop throughout the year, and so the plant is never completely bare

Back 68

Perennial. herbaceous. woody. deciduous. evergreen

Front 69

Plant Life Span: _____ plants grow, flower, and form fruits and seeds, and typically die within one growing season. Are usually_____ The process that leads to the death of the plant is called _____.

Back 69

Annual. herbaceous. senescence

Front 70

_____plants have two-year life cycles. They store ____ the first year and _____ the second year

Back 70

Biennial. energy. flower.