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36 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is the function of a capsid?
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To protect the genetic material and to allows viruses to infect their host cell.
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What is an envelope?
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A membrane with embedded proteins.
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How do viruses reproduce?
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They must infect a host cell.
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What happens when a cell lyses?
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The cell disintegrates, releasing its contents.
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What is a bacteriophage?
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A virus that infects bacteria.
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What are the two cycles that can be followed by phages?
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Lytic and lysogenic.
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What is a lytic cycle?
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A cycle where the viral material is replicated and directs the replication of new phages within the cell. The phages are released when the cell lyses.
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What is a lysogenic cycle?
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A cycle where the viral material is integrated into the cell's chromosome. At a later time the virus may be signaled to enter a lytic cycle.
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What is a temperate phage?
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A virus that usually follows a lysogenic cycle.
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What is a prophage?
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A phage that is integrated into a cell's chromosome.
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What is a nucleoid?
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A small region of a bacterial cell where the chromosome is stored.
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What are the three modes of genetic transfer among bacteria?
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Transformation, transduction, and conjugation.
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What is transformation?
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DNA from a dead bacterium is taken up by a live bacterium and integrated into its DNA.
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What is transduction?
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DNA inadvertently taken by a phage and repackaged for distribution.
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What is conjugation?
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A direct physical transfer of DNAs between cells.
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What is gene regulation?
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The ability of a cell to permit or deny a gene to express its content under certain conditions.
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What is an operon?
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A component that allows a cell to perform gene regulation.
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What is an operator site?
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The location on the gene where an operon binds.
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What is the difference between inducer and repressor operons?
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Inducers require a chemical be present to bind with the operon to begin mRNA synthesis. Repressors require a chemical be present to bind with the operon to halt mRNA synthesis.
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How does cell differentiation occur?
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Only a small fraction of the total genome is expressed in any one cell type.
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What are the levels of chromatin packing?
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Histone beads, 30nm chromatin fiber, looped domains, and metaphase chromosomes.
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What is euchromatin?
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Chromatin condensed to histone beads and 30nm chromatin fiber.
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What is heterochromatin?
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Chromatin condensed to looped domains and metaphase chromosomes.
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What is a gene family?
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A group of genes derived from the same ancestral gene, differing by generational mutations.
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What role do transcription factors and enhancers play?
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They will bind to promote transcription of a gene.
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What is methylation?
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The attachment of methyl groups to bases. This process usually inhibits transcription.
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What is acetylation?
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The attachment of acetyl groups to bases. This process usually promotes transcription.
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What is a proteosome?
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A large protein that consumes degraded proteins.
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What is ubiquitine?
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A substance used to tag decaying proteins for consumption.
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What is a proto-oncogene?
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A gene that can be converted into an oncogene.
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What is an oncogene?
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A gene that can lead to uncontrolled cell growth.
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What is the function of a tumor-suppressor gene?
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To prevent uncontrolled cellular growth.
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What is biotechnology?
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The use of microbes, plants, or animals for the benefit of humans.
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What is genetic engineering?
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The molecular manipulation of DNA to create new DNA segments.
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What are restriction enzymes?
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Enzymes that cut DNA at specific sequences.
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What is DNA ligase used for?
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DNA ligase covalently attaches complementary DNA ends to each other, which is stronger than the hydrogen bonds that form.
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