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102 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
SQ4R
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Survey
Question Read Recite Record Review |
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Heirarchy of biological organization
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Chemical Level > Cellular Level > Tissue > Organ > Organ System > Organism > Population > Community > Ecosystem > Biosphere
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Classification of Chimp
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Domain (Eukarya) > Kingdom (Animalia) > Phylum (Chordata) > Class (mammalia) > Order (Primates) > Family (Pongidae) > Genus (pan) > Species (Pan Traglodytes)
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Scientific Method
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Observation
Hypothesis Prediction Experimentation Interpretation |
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4 Elements that comprise most organisms
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Carbon
Hydrogen Oxygen Nitrogen |
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Atomic Mass
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Expressed as AMU or Dalton
Proton + Neutron # Superscript to left of Element letter |
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What electrons participate in Chemical Bonds?
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The valence shell electrons
Outermost energy level |
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Types of Chemical Bonds from strongest to weakest
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Covalent
Ionic Hydrogen Van der waals |
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Covalent Bonds
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Share electrons in valence shell
(Single, Double, triple) |
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Polar Covalent Bonds
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OH - Partial negative on Oxygen Partial positive on Hydrogen
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NonPolar Covalent
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CH4(methane) No partial charges
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Ionic Bonds
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Between cation and anion
also called a Salt |
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Hydrogen Bonds
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Electronegative atoms (O or N) Share hydrogen.
Readily formed but easily broken Stong in large #s (DNA) |
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Van Der Waals bonds
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Attraction between electrically neutral, nonpolar molecules
i.e. Drop of oil |
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Redox Reactions
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One atom loses electron
One atom gains electron |
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Cohesion
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Water sticks to water
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Adhesion
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Water sticks to other polar charged substance(capillary action)
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Acid
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Dissociates in water to yeild H+
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Base
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Dissociates in water to yield OH-
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Buffer
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Resist change in pH
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What is a “theory” in scientific terms?
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Integrated explanation for a wide range of scientific observations
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What are the characteristics shared by all living things
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- Cells
- Grow - Metabolic Processes - Respond to stimuli - Reproduce - Evolve and adapt |
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What is systematics
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is the study of biological diversity and its origins
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3 domains
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Bacteria
Archaea Eukarya |
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6 kingdoms
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Bacteria
Archaea Protista Plantae (BAPPFA) Fungi Animalia |
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Taxa
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Domain
Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family (DKPCOFGS) Genus Species |
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What is a “theory” in scientific terms?
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Integrated explanation for a wide range of scientific observations
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What are the characteristics shared by all living things
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- Cells
- Grow - Metabolic Processes - Respond to stimuli - Reproduce - Evolve and adapt |
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What is systematics
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is the study of biological diversity and its origins
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3 domains
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Bacteria
Archaea Eukarya |
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6 kingdoms
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Bacteria
Archaea Protista Plantae (BAPPFA) Fungi Animalia |
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Taxa
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Domain
Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family (DKPCOFGS) Genus Species |
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How to determine if Covalent or Ionic bond
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Ionic = Metal and Nonmetal
Covalent = 2 Nonmetals |
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What is a redox reaction?
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Redox reactions, or oxidation-reduction reactions, primarily involve the transfer of electrons between two chemical species. The compound that loses an electron is said to be oxidized, the one that gains an electron is said to be reduced.
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What are examples of polar functional groups?
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Hydroxyl
Carbonyl Carboxyl Sulfhydryl |
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What is an example of a nonpolar functional group
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Phosphate
alkene alkanes |
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Define monosachharides
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3- 7 carbons bonded to hydroxyl except one double bonded to oxygen
(Glucose, Fructose) |
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Define disaccharide
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2 sugars joined by glycosidic linkage
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What is glycosidic linkage?
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oxygen is covalent bonded between two carbons
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Describe lipids
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Lipids are insoluble in water. Consist mainly of carbon and hydrogen atoms with few oxygen containing functional groups. Hydrophobic due to little oxygen.
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Describe the structure of phospholipids
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Glycerol molecule attached at one end to two fatty acids and the other end to a phosphate group linked to an organic compound such as choline.
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Describe function of phospholipids
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reservoir of intracellular protein messengers
anchors to cell proteins ) Phospholipid is also an essential component of bile, where their detergent properties (amphipathic) aid in the solubilzation of cholesterol ) Act as building blocks of the biological cell membranes in virtually all organisms Participate in the transduction of biological signals acroos the membrane Act as efficient store of energy as with triglycerides. )Play an important role in the transport of fat between gut and liver in mammalian digestion. |
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What is the basic structure of steroids?
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Consist of carbon atoms arranged in four attached rings. 3 rings contain 6 carbon atms and the 4th contains 5
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From what molecule are steroids derived?
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. Cholesterol (carbon molecules)
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What are proteins?
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Macromolecules composed of amino acids
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How do protiens function in the cell?
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Most enzymes are protiens. Growth repair and maintenance of the cell depend on protein.
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How are amino acids joined together ?
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Peptide bond. Dipeptide / polypeptide
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What is the basic structure of an amino acid?
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? Carboxyl carbon of one molecule to the amino nitrogen of another.
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What do all amino acids have in common?
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Carboxyl and Amino Group
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What is unique about each amino acid?
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It is the SIDE GROUPS which make each amino acid different from the others.
Of the 20 amino acids used to make proteins, there are three groups. These three groups are: Ionic Polar, and Non-polar. |
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Describe Primary secondary tertiary and quaternary structures of protiens
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Primary - String of beads
Secondary - Alpha helix and beta pleated sheets (hydrogen bonds between amino acids) Tertiary - globular shape Quaternary - 3D Structure formed from 2 or more polypeptide chains (hemoglobin) |
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Name 3 components of nucleotide
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1) 5 carbon sugar (deoxyribose or ribose)
2) One or more phosphate group 3) Nitrogenous base (double ring purine or single ring pyrimidine) |
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How are purines and pyrimidines different?
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a purine is a nitrogenous base which has two carbon-nitrogen rings(adenine and guanine) and have higher melting points.
pyrimidine has one carbon - nitrogen ring (thymine and cytosine) |
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how are structures of DNA and RNA different?
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RNA is composed of one nucleotide chain while DNA has two held by hydrogen bonds and entwined in a double helix.
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Give examples of nucleotides other than DNA and RNA
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. ATP is the primary energy currency of all cells. GTP holds a role in cell signaling. cAMP is important in cell signaling. Along with cGMP.
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What is the purpose of the plasma membrane
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Structure that surrounds the cell. Allows the chemical makeup of the interior of the cell to be different from the outside. Selective barrier
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how are prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells different?
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Prokaryotes are smaller (1/10) DNA is not enclosed in a nucleas but in a nucleoid which has no membrane. Many have flagella. Ribosomes are smaller. Contain storage granules that hold glycogen, lipid or phosphate compounds.
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how are plant cells and animal cells different
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Plant cells have vacuoules , chloroplasts, cell wall vs nucleus
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What are the structures of the cell nucleus?and their functions
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Contains most of the DNA. Controls Protein synthesis by transcribing mRNA. Nuclear envelope surrounds the nuclear contents from the cytoplasm. Nuclear pores alow the passage of material between the nucleoplasm and cytoplasm. Nuclear lamina forms the inner lining and supports the nuclear membrane. Mutations = muscular dystrophy and premature aging.
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What is the function of smooth ER, rough ER, Golgi, and lysosome?
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Smooth ER : Lipid synthesis drug detox calcium ion storage
Rough ER: Manufactures protiens Golgi: modifies protiens , mackages secreted protiens, sorts other protiens and organelles |
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What three types of fibers make up the cytoskeleton? Describe the structure and function of each.
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Microtubules – hollow cylinders composed of alpha and beta tubulin . tracks for motor protiens
microfilaments – flexible solid fibers form bundles of fibers for mechanical support in various cell structures. 7 nm intermediate filaments- tough flexible fibers that stabilize the cell. 10 nm. |
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Describe the structure and function of the centrosome.
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Organized mitotic spindle used in the process of cell division
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Describe the structure and function of cilia and flagella
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Cilia short sweep side to side remove mucous from lungs many per cell
Flagella one long whip motion for motility |
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Define the terms “glycocalyx,” “extracellular matrix,” and “cell wall.” Know what kinds of organisms produce each.
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Glycocalyx – cell coat. Polysaccharides extending from the cell wall . bacteria some skin cells
ECM - Animal cells. Cell attachment and signaling Cell Wall – Plants fungi bacteria and archaea. Structural support and protection. |
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What are the functions of the plasma membrane?
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Maintains the cellular internal environment. Controls the passage of materials into and out of the cell.
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Know the positioning of integral, transmembrane, and peripheral proteins relative to the lipid bilayer.
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Integral are bound to the membrane.
Transmembrane extend completely through Peripheral are bound to integral by noncovalent interaction on inside or outside of membrane |
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Describe seven functions of membrane proteins.
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Anchoring
Passive transport Active transport Enzymatic activity Signal transduction Cell recognition Intercellular junction |
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What is the difference between simple and facilitated diffusion?
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Molecules move down their concentration gradient. Facilitated is when a transport mechanism is in place allowing a concentration gradient transport of a molecule while moving another molecule up its gradient.
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What is osmosis?
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The movement of water down its concentration gradient.
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Describe and give examples of active membrane transport and indirect active transport
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Active – pump against concentration gradient
Indirect active – movement of one solute down concentration gradient provides energy to move another up its. |
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. What are the 3 types of endocytosis?
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Exo – cell ejects waste. Plasma membrane grows larger
Endo – Phagocytosis, pinocytosis, receptor mediated endocytosis. |
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What are the functions of desmosomes, adherens junctions, tight junctions, gap junctions, and plant plasmodesmata?
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Dsmosomes – points of attachment between cells (spot weld)
Adherens junctions – cement cells together. Cadherins form continuous adhesion belt around each cell Tight junctions – tight connections between membrans of adjacent cells. Seal off body cavities. Intestines. Gap junctions – bridges the space between cells. Allow particles and ions between adjacent cells. Provide rapid communication between cells. Plant plasmodesmata – connect the cytoplasm of adjacent cells. Desmotubules run through channels connecting adjacent plant cell ER’s |
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Transport Vesicles
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Move glycoprotiens from ER to Golgi and then to cell surface
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Lysosomes
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Enzymes break down protiens nucleic acids carbs and lipids
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Vacuoles
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store material in plant cells
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peroxisomes
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break down h2o2. (catalase)
digestion of lipids |
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Mitochondria structure
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Double membrane
inner membrane folded (cristae) matrix (inner compartment) |
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Function of mitochondria
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Aerobic respiration (ATP)
Apoptosis |
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Chloroplasts
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Plants and algae
carry out photosynthesis CO2 to Carbs |
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Centrosomes
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Microtuble organizing center
contains two centrioles (9x3) organizes mitotic spindle (cell division) |
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Intermediate filaments
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give mechanical strength to cell
made of protofilaments(protien subunits) |
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Carbon vs Silicon
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Larger
cannot form as many bonds bonds less stable |
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Enantiomers
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mirror images
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Isomers
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Cis
Trans Enantiomers |
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hydrocarbons
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Hydrogen /carbons
nonpolar hydrophobic |
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Polar and ionic functional groups
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partial charges on an atom
at opposite ends of a bond hydrophilic hydroxyl and carbonyl groups |
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polar vs ionic
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great difference in EN = Ionic Bond
Moderate difference = Polar covalent small difference = nonpolar covalent |
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Acidic groups
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release H
Carboxyl Phosphate |
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Basic groups
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accepts H
amino groups |
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Hydroxyl
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Polar because O in OH attracts covalent bonds
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Carbonyl
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O=C-H
polar |
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Amino
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weak basic can accept h
h-n-h |
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Phosphate
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weakly acidic gives up h
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sulfhydryl
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helps stabalize structure of protiens
SH |
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Monosacchride
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simple sugar
Glucose, fructose, ribose |
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Disaccharide
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2 Monosacchrides
joined by glycosidic linkage maltose , sucrose |
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Storage of polysacchrides
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starch in plants
glycogen in animals structural - cellulose in plants |
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Lipids
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mainly hydrocarbons
insoluable in water |
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Triacyglycerol
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main storage fat in animals
glycerol + 3 fatty acids |
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Phospholipids
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Structure
glycerol 2 fatty acids phosphate linker polar head group Function cell membrane component |
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Function of polypeptides
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enzymes
structural components cell regulators |
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Amino Acid structure
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Amino group and carboxyl group
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