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102 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back
SQ4R
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Question
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Review
Heirarchy of biological organization
Chemical Level > Cellular Level > Tissue > Organ > Organ System > Organism > Population > Community > Ecosystem > Biosphere
Classification of Chimp
Domain (Eukarya) > Kingdom (Animalia) > Phylum (Chordata) > Class (mammalia) > Order (Primates) > Family (Pongidae) > Genus (pan) > Species (Pan Traglodytes)
Scientific Method
Observation
Hypothesis
Prediction
Experimentation
Interpretation
4 Elements that comprise most organisms
Carbon
Hydrogen
Oxygen
Nitrogen
Atomic Mass
Expressed as AMU or Dalton
Proton + Neutron #
Superscript to left of Element letter
What electrons participate in Chemical Bonds?
The valence shell electrons
Outermost energy level
Types of Chemical Bonds from strongest to weakest
Covalent
Ionic
Hydrogen
Van der waals
Covalent Bonds
Share electrons in valence shell
(Single, Double, triple)
Polar Covalent Bonds
OH - Partial negative on Oxygen Partial positive on Hydrogen
NonPolar Covalent
CH4(methane) No partial charges
Ionic Bonds
Between cation and anion
also called a Salt
Hydrogen Bonds
Electronegative atoms (O or N) Share hydrogen.
Readily formed but easily broken
Stong in large #s (DNA)
Van Der Waals bonds
Attraction between electrically neutral, nonpolar molecules
i.e. Drop of oil
Redox Reactions
One atom loses electron
One atom gains electron
Cohesion
Water sticks to water
Adhesion
Water sticks to other polar charged substance(capillary action)
Acid
Dissociates in water to yeild H+
Base
Dissociates in water to yield OH-
Buffer
Resist change in pH
What is a “theory” in scientific terms?
Integrated explanation for a wide range of scientific observations
What are the characteristics shared by all living things
- Cells
- Grow
- Metabolic Processes
- Respond to stimuli
- Reproduce
- Evolve and adapt
What is systematics
is the study of biological diversity and its origins
3 domains
Bacteria
Archaea
Eukarya
6 kingdoms
Bacteria
Archaea
Protista
Plantae (BAPPFA)
Fungi
Animalia
Taxa
Domain
Kingdom
Phylum
Class
Order
Family (DKPCOFGS)
Genus
Species
What is a “theory” in scientific terms?
Integrated explanation for a wide range of scientific observations
What are the characteristics shared by all living things
- Cells
- Grow
- Metabolic Processes
- Respond to stimuli
- Reproduce
- Evolve and adapt
What is systematics
is the study of biological diversity and its origins
3 domains
Bacteria
Archaea
Eukarya
6 kingdoms
Bacteria
Archaea
Protista
Plantae (BAPPFA)
Fungi
Animalia
Taxa
Domain
Kingdom
Phylum
Class
Order
Family (DKPCOFGS)
Genus
Species
How to determine if Covalent or Ionic bond
Ionic = Metal and Nonmetal
Covalent = 2 Nonmetals
What is a redox reaction?
Redox reactions, or oxidation-reduction reactions, primarily involve the transfer of electrons between two chemical species. The compound that loses an electron is said to be oxidized, the one that gains an electron is said to be reduced.
What are examples of polar functional groups?
Hydroxyl
Carbonyl
Carboxyl
Sulfhydryl
What is an example of a nonpolar functional group
Phosphate
alkene
alkanes
Define monosachharides
3- 7 carbons bonded to hydroxyl except one double bonded to oxygen
(Glucose, Fructose)
Define disaccharide
2 sugars joined by glycosidic linkage
What is glycosidic linkage?
oxygen is covalent bonded between two carbons
Describe lipids
Lipids are insoluble in water. Consist mainly of carbon and hydrogen atoms with few oxygen containing functional groups. Hydrophobic due to little oxygen.
Describe the structure of phospholipids
Glycerol molecule attached at one end to two fatty acids and the other end to a phosphate group linked to an organic compound such as choline.
Describe function of phospholipids
reservoir of intracellular protein messengers
anchors to cell proteins
) Phospholipid is also an essential component of bile, where their detergent properties (amphipathic) aid in the solubilzation of cholesterol
) Act as building blocks of the biological cell membranes in virtually all organisms
Participate in the transduction of biological signals acroos the membrane
Act as efficient store of energy as with triglycerides.
)Play an important role in the transport of fat between gut and liver in mammalian digestion.
What is the basic structure of steroids?
Consist of carbon atoms arranged in four attached rings. 3 rings contain 6 carbon atms and the 4th contains 5
From what molecule are steroids derived?
. Cholesterol (carbon molecules)
What are proteins?
Macromolecules composed of amino acids
How do protiens function in the cell?
Most enzymes are protiens. Growth repair and maintenance of the cell depend on protein.
How are amino acids joined together ?
Peptide bond. Dipeptide / polypeptide
What is the basic structure of an amino acid?
? Carboxyl carbon of one molecule to the amino nitrogen of another.
What do all amino acids have in common?
Carboxyl and Amino Group
What is unique about each amino acid?
It is the SIDE GROUPS which make each amino acid different from the others.

Of the 20 amino acids used to make proteins, there are three groups.
These three groups are:

Ionic
Polar, and
Non-polar.
Describe Primary secondary tertiary and quaternary structures of protiens
Primary - String of beads
Secondary - Alpha helix and beta pleated sheets (hydrogen bonds between amino acids)
Tertiary - globular shape
Quaternary - 3D Structure formed from 2 or more polypeptide chains (hemoglobin)
Name 3 components of nucleotide
1) 5 carbon sugar (deoxyribose or ribose)
2) One or more phosphate group
3) Nitrogenous base (double ring purine or single ring pyrimidine)
How are purines and pyrimidines different?
a purine is a nitrogenous base which has two carbon-nitrogen rings(adenine and guanine) and have higher melting points.

pyrimidine has one carbon - nitrogen ring (thymine and cytosine)
how are structures of DNA and RNA different?
RNA is composed of one nucleotide chain while DNA has two held by hydrogen bonds and entwined in a double helix.
Give examples of nucleotides other than DNA and RNA
. ATP is the primary energy currency of all cells. GTP holds a role in cell signaling. cAMP is important in cell signaling. Along with cGMP.
What is the purpose of the plasma membrane
Structure that surrounds the cell. Allows the chemical makeup of the interior of the cell to be different from the outside. Selective barrier
how are prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells different?
Prokaryotes are smaller (1/10) DNA is not enclosed in a nucleas but in a nucleoid which has no membrane. Many have flagella. Ribosomes are smaller. Contain storage granules that hold glycogen, lipid or phosphate compounds.
how are plant cells and animal cells different
Plant cells have vacuoules , chloroplasts, cell wall vs nucleus
What are the structures of the cell nucleus?and their functions
Contains most of the DNA. Controls Protein synthesis by transcribing mRNA. Nuclear envelope surrounds the nuclear contents from the cytoplasm. Nuclear pores alow the passage of material between the nucleoplasm and cytoplasm. Nuclear lamina forms the inner lining and supports the nuclear membrane. Mutations = muscular dystrophy and premature aging.
What is the function of smooth ER, rough ER, Golgi, and lysosome?
Smooth ER : Lipid synthesis drug detox calcium ion storage
Rough ER: Manufactures protiens
Golgi: modifies protiens , mackages secreted protiens, sorts other protiens and organelles
What three types of fibers make up the cytoskeleton? Describe the structure and function of each.
Microtubules – hollow cylinders composed of alpha and beta tubulin . tracks for motor protiens

microfilaments – flexible solid fibers form bundles of fibers for mechanical support in various cell structures. 7 nm
intermediate filaments- tough flexible fibers that stabilize the cell. 10 nm.
Describe the structure and function of the centrosome.
Organized mitotic spindle used in the process of cell division
Describe the structure and function of cilia and flagella
Cilia short sweep side to side remove mucous from lungs many per cell
Flagella one long whip motion for motility
Define the terms “glycocalyx,” “extracellular matrix,” and “cell wall.” Know what kinds of organisms produce each.
Glycocalyx – cell coat. Polysaccharides extending from the cell wall . bacteria some skin cells
ECM - Animal cells. Cell attachment and signaling
Cell Wall – Plants fungi bacteria and archaea. Structural support and protection.
What are the functions of the plasma membrane?
Maintains the cellular internal environment. Controls the passage of materials into and out of the cell.
Know the positioning of integral, transmembrane, and peripheral proteins relative to the lipid bilayer.
Integral are bound to the membrane.
Transmembrane extend completely through
Peripheral are bound to integral by noncovalent interaction on inside or outside of membrane
Describe seven functions of membrane proteins.
Anchoring
Passive transport
Active transport
Enzymatic activity
Signal transduction
Cell recognition
Intercellular junction
What is the difference between simple and facilitated diffusion?
Molecules move down their concentration gradient. Facilitated is when a transport mechanism is in place allowing a concentration gradient transport of a molecule while moving another molecule up its gradient.
What is osmosis?
The movement of water down its concentration gradient.
Describe and give examples of active membrane transport and indirect active transport
Active – pump against concentration gradient
Indirect active – movement of one solute down concentration gradient provides energy to move another up its.
. What are the 3 types of endocytosis?
Exo – cell ejects waste. Plasma membrane grows larger
Endo – Phagocytosis, pinocytosis, receptor mediated endocytosis.
What are the functions of desmosomes, adherens junctions, tight junctions, gap junctions, and plant plasmodesmata?
Dsmosomes – points of attachment between cells (spot weld)
Adherens junctions – cement cells together. Cadherins form continuous adhesion belt around each cell
Tight junctions – tight connections between membrans of adjacent cells. Seal off body cavities. Intestines.
Gap junctions – bridges the space between cells. Allow particles and ions between adjacent cells. Provide rapid communication between cells.
Plant plasmodesmata – connect the cytoplasm of adjacent cells. Desmotubules run through channels connecting adjacent plant cell ER’s
Transport Vesicles
Move glycoprotiens from ER to Golgi and then to cell surface
Lysosomes
Enzymes break down protiens nucleic acids carbs and lipids
Vacuoles
store material in plant cells
peroxisomes
break down h2o2. (catalase)

digestion of lipids
Mitochondria structure
Double membrane
inner membrane folded (cristae)
matrix (inner compartment)
Function of mitochondria
Aerobic respiration (ATP)
Apoptosis
Chloroplasts
Plants and algae
carry out photosynthesis
CO2 to Carbs
Centrosomes
Microtuble organizing center
contains two centrioles (9x3)
organizes mitotic spindle (cell division)
Intermediate filaments
give mechanical strength to cell
made of protofilaments(protien subunits)
Carbon vs Silicon
Larger
cannot form as many bonds
bonds less stable
Enantiomers
mirror images
Isomers
Cis
Trans
Enantiomers
hydrocarbons
Hydrogen /carbons
nonpolar
hydrophobic
Polar and ionic functional groups
partial charges on an atom
at opposite ends of a bond
hydrophilic
hydroxyl and carbonyl groups
polar vs ionic
great difference in EN = Ionic Bond
Moderate difference = Polar covalent
small difference = nonpolar covalent
Acidic groups
release H
Carboxyl
Phosphate
Basic groups
accepts H
amino groups
Hydroxyl
Polar because O in OH attracts covalent bonds
Carbonyl
O=C-H
polar
Amino
weak basic can accept h
h-n-h
Phosphate
weakly acidic gives up h
sulfhydryl
helps stabalize structure of protiens
SH
Monosacchride
simple sugar
Glucose, fructose, ribose
Disaccharide
2 Monosacchrides
joined by glycosidic linkage
maltose , sucrose
Storage of polysacchrides
starch in plants
glycogen in animals
structural - cellulose in plants
Lipids
mainly hydrocarbons
insoluable in water
Triacyglycerol
main storage fat in animals
glycerol + 3 fatty acids
Phospholipids
Structure
glycerol
2 fatty acids
phosphate linker
polar head group
Function
cell membrane component
Function of polypeptides
enzymes
structural components
cell regulators
Amino Acid structure
Amino group and carboxyl group