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598 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Adenocarcinoma
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a malignant tumor of epithelial cells arranged in glandular pattterns
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Adenoma
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a benign epithelial tumor in which the cells form glandular structures or are derived from glandular epithelium
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Amelanotic
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refers to a melanoma that contains little or no pigment
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Cachexia
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a pathologic state characterized by weight loss and anorexia that accompanies some infections and neoplastic disease
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Cancer
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a group of neoplastic diseases in which there is transformation of normal cells into malignant cells
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Carcinoma
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a suffix that denotes a malignant tumor derived from epithelial cells
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Hemangio-(prefix)
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blood vessel. Hemagiosarcoma--malignant tumor of a blood vessel
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Histiocytoma
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a neoplasm composed of round histiocytic cells
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Leio-(prefix)
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smooth. Leiomyoma--a benign tumor of smooth muscle cells
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Lip(o)-(prefix)
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fat; lipid. Lipoma--a benign tumor of fat cells.
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Lymphoma
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a neoplastic disorder of lymphocytes
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Malignant
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having the properties of anaplasia, invasiveness and metastasis; tending to become progressively worse and to result in death.
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Metastatic
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a tumor that has transferred from one organ (or part) to another not directly connected to it.
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My-,Myo-(prefix)
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muscle. Leiomyosarcoma--a malignant tumor of smooth muscle cells.
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Neoplasm
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an abnormal mass of tissue with excessive, uncoordinated growth that persists even after the inciting stimulus is gone
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Papilloma
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the common wart; a benign tumor derived from epithelium
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Polyp
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a benign growth (hyperplastic or neoplastic) that protrudes from the surface of a mucous membrane
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Polypoid
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resembling a polyp
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Sarcoma
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suffix that denotes a malignant neoplasm that is derived from mesenchymal cells (bone, cartilage, connective tissue, fat)
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Teratogen
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any substance that can cause non-heritable birth defects in a developing embryo or fetus
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Tumor
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a swelling; a neoplasm
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Verruca
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a wart
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Xantho-(prefix)
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yellow. Xanthoma--a yellow tumor
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-penia (suffix)
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poverty. Thrombocytopenia--decrease in blood platelets
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-rhage,-rrhage, -rrhagia
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discharge. Hemorrhage--discharge of blood
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Anasarca
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severe, generalized edema
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Anemia
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a reduction below normal limits of the total circulating red blood cell mass
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Aneurysm
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a localized abnormal dilation in a blood vessel
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Angiogenesis
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the process of post-natal blood vessel formation; seen as part of healing and as part of neoplasia
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Ascites
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accumulation of edema fluid in the peritoneal cavity
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Cardiac tamponade
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syndrome of acute cardiac failure caused by filling of the pericardial sac with blood or fluid that prevents normal pumping of the heart
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Congestion
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accumulation of blood in the vessels of a tissue or at a site dure to impaired outflow
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Contusion
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a bruise; injury caused by blunt force that damages vessels and causes interstitial bleeding without disruption of tissue continuity
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Cor Pulmonale
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heart failure that occurs secondary to primary lung disease
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Cyanosis
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a bluish discoloration of the skin and mucous membranes due to excessive concentration of reducted hemoglobin in the blood
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DIC
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Disseminated intravascular coagulation syndrome; disease process in which wide-spread thrombosis occurs throughout the body; "Death is Coming"
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Ecchymosis
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blotchy, irregular areas of hemorrhage up to 2-3 cm in size
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Edema
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increased fluid in interstitial tissue spaces; extravasation of water across the vascular wall into the interstitial spaces
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Embolism
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the sudden blocking of an artery by a clot of material (embolus). The process of formation of an embolus.
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Embolus
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a detached intravascular solid, liquid or gaseous mass that is carried by the blood to a site distant from its origin
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emia (suffix)
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blood. Lipidemia--excess lipid in the blood.
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Epicardium
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the inner layer of serous pericardium which is in contact with the heart
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Epistaxis
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bleeding from the nose
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Erythropoiesis
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increased formation of red blood cells
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Hema-,hemato-,hemo-
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blood. Hematocrit--the volume percentage of RBCs in whole blood
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Hemarthrosis
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blood within joint spaces
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Hematoma
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extravascular blood clot that forms a mass within a tissue
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Hematopoiesis
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formation of blood cells
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Hemopericardium
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a spectrum of clinical disorders that are characterized by increased tendency for hemorrhage from usually insignificant injury
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Hemoperitoneum
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accumulation of blood in the peritoneal cavity
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Hemoptysis
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coughing up blood from the trachea and bronchi
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Hemorrhage
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extravasation of blood due to vessel rupture
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Hemostasis
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process of normal clotting of the blood
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Hemothorax
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accumulation of blood in the thoracic cavity
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Hydro-, hygro-(prefix)
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water; fluid. Hydronephrosis--distention of the renal pelvis and calices with urine
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Hydrothorax
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accumulation of edema fluid in the pleural cavity
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Hydroureter
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distention of the ureter with fluid due to obstruction
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Hyperemia
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presence of an increased amount of blood in a part of an organ due to augmented tissue inflow and arteriolar dilation
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Hypoxia
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any state of reduced oxygen availability
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Infarct
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death of tissue caused by interruption of its blood supply; ischemic necrosis
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Ischemia
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state of reduced blood flow
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Leuc-, Leuk-(prefix)
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white. Leukocyte--white blood cell. Leukopenia--reduction in number of leukocytes in the blood.
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Nutmeg liver
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gross lesion of chronic passive congestion of the liver; red & tan finely mottled pattern is visible
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Pericardial effusion
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accumulation of edema fluid in the pericardial sac; hydropericardium
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Petechia
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minute 1 to 2 mm pinpoint hemorrhages
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Phleb-(prefix)
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vein. Phlebitis-inflammation of the vein
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Purpura
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larger hemorrhages (>3mm) scattered on many body surfaces
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Shock
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syndrome of cardiovascular collapse; final common pathway of many potentially lethal clinical events (hemorrhage, burns, massive trauma)
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Syncope
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a temporary loss of consciousness due to insufficient cerebral blood flow (fainting)
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Thromboembolus
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a clot of material that breaks free from a primary site, is transported in the bloodstream and becomes lodged at a secondary site
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Thrombosis
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inappropriate activation of normal hemostatic processes; intravascular coagulation that produces a thrombus; pathological clotting
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Transudate
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fluid with a low protein content and a specific gravity < 1.012; an ultrafiltrate of plasma
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-uria (suffix)
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urine. Proteinuria--protein in the urine
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"schisis"
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falure to close; palatoschisis
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A-, An (prefix)
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without. Aplasia--without or lack of formation
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Achalasia
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failure of a sphincter to relax
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Agenesis
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absence, failure of formation and primordium is absent
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Aplasia
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defective development or congenital absence of an organ or tissue
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Arythrogryposis
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a congenital angular deformity of joints that is caused by abnormal development of tendons and subsequent contracture
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Atresia (adj. atretic)
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closed; absence of a normal opening or normally patent lumen
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Brachygnathia
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protrusion of the upper jaw due to shortening of the lower jaw
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cheiloschisis
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cleft lip; failure of fusion of the upper lip or philtrum
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Congenital
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existing at birth; may be due to hereditary factors or some influence occuring during gestation
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Dysgenesis
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defective embryonic development
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Dysplasia
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abnormal tissue development; failure of a tissue to form properly; abnormal organization of cells
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Dystopia
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displacement
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Ectopia
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tissue forms at the wrong site
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Exencephaly
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defect in which the brain is abnormally formed and it protrudes through the skull
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Freckle
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small tan-red or light brown macules that occur on lightly pigmented skin; ephelis
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Goiter
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an enlarged, hyperplastic thyroid gland
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Hamartoma
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tumor-like malformation in a tissue
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Hereditary
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transmitted from parent to offspring
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Malocclusion
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a failure of the upper and lower incisors to interdigitate properly
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Malposition
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faulty or abnormal position of a part of the body
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Palatoschisis
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cleft palate; lateral palatine processes fail to fuse
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Polydactyly
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having more digits than normal
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Prognathia
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an abnormal protrusion of the lower jaw
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Sclero-(prefix)
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hard. Scleroderma--a hardened patch of skin or mucous membrane
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Syndactyly
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fusion of digits
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Urolith
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a stone the forms in the urinary tract
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-lysis (suffix)
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to dissolve. Autolysis--self-dissolution.
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-malacia (suffix)
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softening. Osteomalacia--softening of bone.
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-megaly (suffix)
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great, large. Splenomegaly--enlargement of the spleen.
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-oid (suffix)
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like; resembling. Leukemoid--like leukemia.
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-ologous (suffix)
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relating to. Homologous--of similar structure.
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-oma (suffix)
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tumor. Osteoma--tumor of bone.
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-opathy (suffix)
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disease. Nephropathy--any disease of the kidney.
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-orrhea (suffix)
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flow; discharge. Leukorrhea--white discharge.
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-oscopy (suffix)
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view. Endoscopy--to view the inside; specifically, the intestine.
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-osis (suffix)
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a prccess, especially a morbid one. Diverticulosis--involvement with diverticula.
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-ostomy (suffix)
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mouth. Gastrostomy--creation of an artificial gastric fistula.
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-otomy (suffix)
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cut. Cholecystotomy-incision into the gall bladder.
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-phage (suffix)
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eat; devour. Macrophage-a cell that devours
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-plasia (suffix)
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to form. Hyperplasia--an increase in the number of cells in a tissue or organ
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-pnea (suffix)
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breath. Dysnea--labored or difficult breathing
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-ptosis (suffix)
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falling. Ptosis--drooping of the eyelid
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-rrhea (suffix)
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abnormal or excessive flow. Steatorrhea--excessive lipid in the feces
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-stasis (suffix)
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standing still. Hemostasis--arrest of blood circulation
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-trophy (suffix)
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nourish. Dystrophy--defective or faulty nutrition
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Adeno- (prefix)
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gland. Adenitis-inflammation of a gland
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Anis-, aniso (prefix)
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unequal, dissimilar. Anisokaryosis--inequality in size of nuclei of cells
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Ante- (prefix)
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before in time or space. Antemortem--before death
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Anti- (prefix)
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against; counteracting. Antitoxin--an antibody to a toxin
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Arthr(o)- (prefix)
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joint; articulation. Arthrolith--a calculus deposit within a joint
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Atrophy
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a decrease in size of cells or decrease in size of a tissue or organ that was once normal in size; adaptation to a decreased work load or decreased nutritional stimulation
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Auto- (prefix)
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self. Autolysis--self-dissolution, the postmortem enzymatic degredation of cells
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Autophagy
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process by which a cell sequesters and digests its own cytoplasm and organelles; lysosomal digestion of the cell's own components
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Bilateral
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affecting both sides
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Biopsy
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the removal of a tissue sample from a living animal for diagnostic purposes
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Botryoid
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shaped like a bunch of grapes
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Caseation necrosis
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a vairant of coagulation necrosis in which dead tissue has a firm, dry, cheesy texture (dead tissue looks like cottage cheese)
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Caseous
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having a consistency like that of cottage cheese
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Catarrh
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inflammation of a mucous membrane with free discharge
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cele (suffix)
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tumor or herniation. Meningocoele-hernial protrusion of meninges
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centesis (suffix)
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puncture. Thoracocentesis--puncture of the pleural cavity
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Chemotaxis
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locomotion of leukocytes that is oriented along a chemical gradient
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Chol-(prefix)
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bile. Cholelith--gallstone, bile stone
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Cirrhosis
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progressive loss of hepatic lobular structure with fibrous connective tissue. The liver is subdivided into nodules of proliferating hepatocytes surrounded by scar tissue.
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Contralateral
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affecting or pertaining to the opposite side
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Corrugated
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having a ripple-like distortion
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Cyst
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an abnormal sac filled with gas, fluid, or semi-solid material that is lined by a membrane
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Cyst(o)- (prefix)
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bladder. Cystitis--inflammation of the bladder
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Cyt(o)- (prefix)
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cell. Cytomegaly--marked enlargement of cells
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Death
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the irreversible cessation of activity in the heart, lungs or brain
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Dia-(prefix)
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through; between. Diarrhea--fecal matter flowing through the bowel
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Diffuse
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not definitely localized or limited; spread widely through a tissue or substance
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Disseminated
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describes lesion distribution when an entire organ or structure contains many randomly distributed lesions throughout it
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Dys-(prefix)
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difficult, bad, abnormal. Dysplasia--abnormal formation. Dyspnea--difficult breathing ; dysphagia--difficult swallowing
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ectomy (suffix)
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excision. Cholecystectomy--excision of the gallbladder.
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Em-, en-, in (prefix)
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into. Encyst--to enclose in a cyst or sac
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emesis (suffix)
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vomit. Hematemesis--vomiting blood.
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encephalo-(prefix)
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brain
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Encephalomalacia
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softening of the brain; implies necrosis
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Endo-(prefix)
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within. Endocardium--the inner lining of the heart. Endometrium--the mucous membrane lining the uterus.
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Enter(o)-(prefix)
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intestine. Enteritis--inflammation of the intestine
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Epi-(prefix)
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upon. Eipbulbar--situated on the eyeball
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Erosion
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a partial loss of epithelial cells that does not extend through the basement membrane
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Etiology
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the study of the cause of disease
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Euchromatin
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dispersed, lightly-stained chromatin seen in the nucleus of a cell
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Ex(o)-(prefix)
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out of; away from; outside of. Exophytic--projecting out from a surface
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Fistula
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an abnormal opening or connection from one tissue or organ to another
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Flocculent
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having downy or flaky shreds
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Focal
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a lesion that occurs as a single, clearly defined focus
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Friable
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breaks apart or crumbles easily
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Gangrene
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a severe form of coagulation necrosis; dry and moist types
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genesis (suffix)
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origin. Spermatogenesis--formation of sperm
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Grey matter
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the grey nervous tissue of the brain and spinal cord consisting of the cell bodies and dendrites of nerve cells rather than the myelinated axons
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Grumose
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lumpy or clotted
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Hemosiderin
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golden yellow to brown pigment derived from the breakdown of hemoglobin in red blood cells
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Hernia
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a weakness or defect in the wall of a body cavity the permits protrusion of a serosa-lined sac, usually the abdominal cavity, umbilical and inguinal
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Hetero-(prefix)
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dissimilar. Heterocellular--composed of more than one type of cell
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Heterochromatin
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condensed, basophilic chromatin seen in the nucleus of the cell
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Heterophagy
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phagocytosis; process of lysosomal digestion of materials ingested from the extracellular environment
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Homeo-, homo-(prefix)
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similar; same. Homeotypical--resembling the normal or usual type
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Hyper-(prefix)
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above and beyond; excessive. Hyperacidity--excessive acidity
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Hyperplasia
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an increase in size due to cellular division & increased number of cells in a tissue
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Hypertrophy
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an increase in the size of a cell, or increased size of a tissue or organ caused by cellular enlargement
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Hypoplasia
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underdevelopment of a tissue or organ due to a decrease in the number of cells
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iasis (suffix)
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a process, especially a morbid one. Amebiasis--the state of being infected with amebae.
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Idiopathic
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occurring without known cause
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Imperforate
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atretic; closed.
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Incision
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an opening in the skin or an organ made by a sharp cutting object, such as a knife
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Indurated
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abnormally hard
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Infra-(prefix)
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beneath. Infraorbital--beneath the eye.
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Inter-(prefix)
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between. Intercellular--between two cells.
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Intra-(prefix)
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within. Intracellular--within cells.
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Ipsilateral
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affecting or pertaining to the same side
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Jaundice
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generalized yellow discoloration of tissue produced by accumulation of bilirubin in the blood; icterus.
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Laceration
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an irregular tear in the skin produced by over-stretching
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Lesion
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an abnormal structural and/or functional change in the body; a pathological change.
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Lith-(prefix)
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stone. Lithotomy--removal of a stone.
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Macro-(prefix)
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large. Macrophage--a large, mononuclear, phagocytic blood cell.
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Malacia
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liquifactive necrosis in the central nervous system
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Mega-(prefix)
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great. Megakaryocyte--a giant cell of the bone marrow that has a lobulated nucleus & gives rise to platelets.
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Melan-(prefix)
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black. Melanin--black pigment of the hair, skin, choroid, retina and certain nerve cells.
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Mesothelium
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the layer of simple squamous epithelium that covers the serous membranes of the body
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Metaplasia
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a reversible change in which one adult cell type is replaced by another adult cell type; represents an adaptive response of a tissue to stress
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Micro-(prefix)
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small. Microhepatia--a small liver.
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Morphologic diagnosis
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the interpretation of the abnormalities in terms of severity, time, lesion and anatomic site.
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Mucous (adj.)
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relating to or resembling mucous.
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Mucus (n.)
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the glandular, free slime of the mucous membranes.
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Multifocal
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a lesion that occurs as several focal areas
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Myelo-(prefix)
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spinal cord
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Myelomalacia
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softening of the spinal cord; implies necrosis
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Myx-(prefix)
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mucus. Myxedema--mucinous edema
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Necr-(prefix)
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death. Necrosis--the morphologic changes indicative of cell death, indicated by characteristic nuclear and cytoplasmic changes.
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Necropsy
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examination of an animal body after death
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Necrosis
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death of cells and tissues in the living animal
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Nephr-(prefix)
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kidney. Nephrectomy--surgical removal of the kidney.
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Nodule
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an elevated, spherical lesion that is usually greater than 5 mm across
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Oligo-(prefix)
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few; scanty.
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Papillary
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having small, nipple-shaped projections
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Papillary necrosis
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focal areas of necrosis in the renal medulla, often at the cortico-medullary junction
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Para-(prefix)
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beside. Parauterine--beside the uterus.
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Parenchyma
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the essential or functional elements of an organ.
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Patent
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open, exposed or unobstructed.
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Pathogenesis
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the sequence of events that leads to a disease or morbid process.
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Pathognomonic
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specially or decisively characteristic of a disease; sign that indicates with certainty that a specific disease/agent is present
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Pathology
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the science and study of disease, especially the causes and development of abnormal conditions both gross and microscopic.
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Pedunculated
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elevated, as on a stem (pedicle)
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Peri-(prefix)
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around. Peribronchial--around the bronchus
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Phago- (prefix)
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eat; devour. Phagocyte--any cell that ingests foreign material, other cells or microorganisms
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Pinna
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the projecting part of the ear
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Prognosis
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a prediction of the outcome of a pathological process or disease
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Regeneration
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growth of cells and tissues to replace lost structures
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Reniform
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shaped like a kidney
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Resilient
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having the ability to return to an original shape after having been compressed or deformed
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Saponification
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the hydrolysis of a fat by alkali with the formation of a soap and glycerol
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Serosa
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any serous membrane
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Serpiginous
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having a wavy border
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Serrated
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having a saw-like edge
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Sessile
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attached by a broad base
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Stea- (prefix)
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lipid. Steatorrhea--excessive lipid in the feces
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Stenosis
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a stricture of any canal
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Stoma-(prefix)
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mouth.
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Umbilicated
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marked by depressed spots resembling the umbilicus
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Unilateral
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affecting only one side
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Verrucous
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rough; wart-like
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Viscous
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thick; coagulated; sticky or gummy
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Abrasion
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a scrape of the skin; injury in which superficial epidermis is torn off by friction or force
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Anaphylaxis
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shock syndrome caused by a generalized IgE-mediated hypersensitivity response that results in widespread vasodilation & increased vascular permeability
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Histiocyte
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a large, phagocytic cell of the reticuloendothelial system, a macrophage
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Opsonization
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the process of coating a particle to target it for phagocytosis
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Wheal
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itchy, transparent, elevated lesion with variable blanching and erythema formed as the result of dermal edema
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-itis (suffix)
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inflammation. Appendicitis--inflammation of the appendix.
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Abscess
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a localized collection of pus caused by infection in a tissue, organ or confined space
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Amyloid
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a pathologic proteinaceous substance deposited between cells in tissues
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Amyloidosis
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disease process resulting from the deposition of amyloid in tissues. It results from abnormal folding of proteins which are deposited as fibrils in extracellular tissues and disrupts normal functions.
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Angio (suffix)
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vessel. Lymphangitis--inflammation of a lymph vessel
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Arteritis
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inflammation of an artery
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Blister
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a fluid-filled raised lesion; also called a vessicle or a bulla
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Cellulitis
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a diffuse inflammatory process within solid tissues characterized by edema, redness, pain and interference with function. Cellulitis often occurs in the loose tissues beneath the skin.
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Derma-, dermat(o)-
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skin. Dermatitis--inflammation of the skin
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Diptheritic membrane
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a thin coating on the surface of an epithelial lined organ that is composed on necrotic cellular debris, inflammatory cells and fibrin
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ectasis (suffix)
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to stretch; dilate. Bronchiectasis--dilatation of bronchi. The noun form is ectasia.
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Empyema
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pus in a body cavity
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Exudate
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an inflammatory extravascular fluid that has a high protein concentration, cellular debris and a specific gravity > 1.020
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Fibrin
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a filamentous protein formed from the precursor fibrinogen by the enzyme thrombin
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Fibrinoid
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having an appearance similar to fibrin
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Fibrosis
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abnormal deposition of connective tissue; usually occurs in response to defective attempts to repair an injured area of tissue
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Gastroenteritis
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inflammation of the lining of the stomach and intestine
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Granuloma
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a focus of chronic inflammation consisting of aggregations of macrophages bordered by mononuclear leukocytes surrounded by a rim of fibroblasts or connective tissue
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Granulomatous
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composed of granulomas
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Hypotonia
|
abnormally decreased tonicity, tension or strength
|
|
Inflammation
|
vascular and interstitial tissue changes that develop in response to tissue injury in an attempt to sequester, dilute & destroy the inciting agent
|
|
Intussusception
|
the telescoping of one segment of bowel into an outer sheath formed by another adjacent segment of bowel;
|
|
Leukoencephalitis
|
inflammation of the white matter of the brain
|
|
Lymphadenitis
|
inflammation of a lymph node
|
|
Lymphangectasia
|
dilation of the lymphatic vessels
|
|
Macule
|
a circumscribed lesion up to 5mm diameter characterized by flatness & distinguished from surrounding tissue by its color
|
|
Meninges
|
the three membranes covering the brain and spinal cord--dura mater, arachnoid and pia mater.
|
|
Meningitis
|
inflammation of the meninges
|
|
Meningo-(prefix)
|
membrane; meninges. Meningoencephalitis--inflammation of the brain and meninges.
|
|
Myelin
|
the lipid substance forming a sheath around the axons of certain nerve fibers.
|
|
Osteo-(prefix)
|
bone. Osteomyelitis--inflammation of bone.
|
|
Osteoid
|
resembling bone.
|
|
Panniculitis
|
an inflammatory condition involving subcutaneous fat
|
|
Papule
|
a small, circumscribed, solid, elevated lesion of the skin
|
|
Plaque
|
an elevated, flat-topped lesion, usually greater than 5 mm across, may be caused by coalescent papules
|
|
Pleuropneumonia
|
inflammation of the lungs and pleura
|
|
Pneumonia
|
inflammation of the lung
|
|
Pus
|
an inflammatory exudate rich in leukocytes and dead cell debris
|
|
Pustule
|
a discreet, raised, pus-filled lesion
|
|
Pyelonephritis
|
inflammation of the kidney and renal pelvis often caused by an ascending bacterial infection
|
|
Pyo-(prefix)
|
pus. Pyometra--an accumulation of pus within the uterus
|
|
Pyothorax
|
accumulation of pus or purulent exudate in the thoracic cavity
|
|
Rodent ulcer
|
oral eosinophilic granuloma
|
|
Scale
|
dry, horny, platelike shedding of skin; flaky
|
|
Stomatitis
|
inflammation of the mucosa of the mouth
|
|
Suppurative
|
containing pus; suppuration = the process of pus formation
|
|
Torsion
|
a rotation of a tubular organ along its long axis; a twist about the long axis of a viscus (spleen, lung lobe, liver lobe, umbilical cord, gut)
|
|
Tympany
|
overdistention of an organ or structure with gas
|
|
Ulcer
|
an epithelial or a mucosal defect in which the entire epithelial thickness, down to or through the basement membrane, has been lost
|
|
Ulcerated
|
having a local defect or excavation of the epithelium of an organ or tissue through the basement membrane
|
|
Volvulus
|
a twist across the long axis of the gut
|
|
Adenocarcinoma
|
a malignant tumor of epithelial cells arranged in glandular pattterns
|
|
Adenoma
|
a benign epithelial tumor in which the cells form glandular structures or are derived from glandular epithelium
|
|
Amelanotic
|
refers to a melanoma that contains little or no pigment
|
|
Cachexia
|
a pathologic state characterized by weight loss and anorexia that accompanies some infections and neoplastic disease
|
|
Cancer
|
a group of neoplastic diseases in which there is transformation of normal cells into malignant cells
|
|
Carcinoma
|
a suffix that denotes a malignant tumor derived from epithelial cells
|
|
Hemangio-(prefix)
|
blood vessel. Hemagiosarcoma--malignant tumor of a blood vessel
|
|
Histiocytoma
|
a neoplasm composed of round histiocytic cells
|
|
Leio-(prefix)
|
smooth. Leiomyoma--a benign tumor of smooth muscle cells
|
|
Lip(o)-(prefix)
|
fat; lipid. Lipoma--a benign tumor of fat cells.
|
|
Lymphoma
|
a neoplastic disorder of lymphocytes
|
|
Malignant
|
having the properties of anaplasia, invasiveness and metastasis; tending to become progressively worse and to result in death.
|
|
Metastatic
|
a tumor that has transferred from one organ (or part) to another not directly connected to it.
|
|
My-,Myo-(prefix)
|
muscle. Leiomyosarcoma--a malignant tumor of smooth muscle cells.
|
|
Neoplasm
|
an abnormal mass of tissue with excessive, uncoordinated growth that persists even after the inciting stimulus is gone
|
|
Papilloma
|
the common wart; a benign tumor derived from epithelium
|
|
Polyp
|
a benign growth (hyperplastic or neoplastic) that protrudes from the surface of a mucous membrane
|
|
Polypoid
|
resembling a polyp
|
|
Sarcoma
|
suffix that denotes a malignant neoplasm that is derived from mesenchymal cells (bone, cartilage, connective tissue, fat)
|
|
Teratogen
|
any substance that can cause non-heritable birth defects in a developing embryo or fetus
|
|
Tumor
|
a swelling; a neoplasm
|
|
Verruca
|
a wart
|
|
Xantho-(prefix)
|
yellow. Xanthoma--a yellow tumor
|
|
|
|
|
-penia (suffix)
|
poverty. Thrombocytopenia--decrease in blood platelets
|
|
-rhage,-rrhage, -rrhagia
|
discharge. Hemorrhage--discharge of blood
|
|
Anasarca
|
severe, generalized edema
|
|
Anemia
|
a reduction below normal limits of the total circulating red blood cell mass
|
|
Aneurysm
|
a localized abnormal dilation in a blood vessel
|
|
Angiogenesis
|
the process of post-natal blood vessel formation; seen as part of healing and as part of neoplasia
|
|
Ascites
|
accumulation of edema fluid in the peritoneal cavity
|
|
Cardiac tamponade
|
syndrome of acute cardiac failure caused by filling of the pericardial sac with blood or fluid that prevents normal pumping of the heart
|
|
Congestion
|
accumulation of blood in the vessels of a tissue or at a site dure to impaired outflow
|
|
Contusion
|
a bruise; injury caused by blunt force that damages vessels and causes interstitial bleeding without disruption of tissue continuity
|
|
Cor Pulmonale
|
heart failure that occurs secondary to primary lung disease
|
|
Cyanosis
|
a bluish discoloration of the skin and mucous membranes due to excessive concentration of reducted hemoglobin in the blood
|
|
DIC
|
Disseminated intravascular coagulation syndrome; disease process in which wide-spread thrombosis occurs throughout the body; "Death is Coming"
|
|
Ecchymosis
|
blotchy, irregular areas of hemorrhage up to 2-3 cm in size
|
|
Edema
|
increased fluid in interstitial tissue spaces; extravasation of water across the vascular wall into the interstitial spaces
|
|
Embolism
|
the sudden blocking of an artery by a clot of material (embolus). The process of formation of an embolus.
|
|
Embolus
|
a detached intravascular solid, liquid or gaseous mass that is carried by the blood to a site distant from its origin
|
|
emia (suffix)
|
blood. Lipidemia--excess lipid in the blood.
|
|
Epicardium
|
the inner layer of serous pericardium which is in contact with the heart
|
|
Epistaxis
|
bleeding from the nose
|
|
Erythropoiesis
|
increased formation of red blood cells
|
|
Hema-,hemato-,hemo-
|
blood. Hematocrit--the volume percentage of RBCs in whole blood
|
|
Hemarthrosis
|
blood within joint spaces
|
|
Hematoma
|
extravascular blood clot that forms a mass within a tissue
|
|
Hematopoiesis
|
formation of blood cells
|
|
Hemopericardium
|
a spectrum of clinical disorders that are characterized by increased tendency for hemorrhage from usually insignificant injury
|
|
Hemoperitoneum
|
accumulation of blood in the peritoneal cavity
|
|
Hemoptysis
|
coughing up blood from the trachea and bronchi
|
|
Hemorrhage
|
extravasation of blood due to vessel rupture
|
|
Hemostasis
|
process of normal clotting of the blood
|
|
Hemothorax
|
accumulation of blood in the thoracic cavity
|
|
Hydro-, hygro-(prefix)
|
water; fluid. Hydronephrosis--distention of the renal pelvis and calices with urine
|
|
Hydrothorax
|
accumulation of edema fluid in the pleural cavity
|
|
Hydroureter
|
distention of the ureter with fluid due to obstruction
|
|
Hyperemia
|
presence of an increased amount of blood in a part of an organ due to augmented tissue inflow and arteriolar dilation
|
|
Hypoxia
|
any state of reduced oxygen availability
|
|
Infarct
|
death of tissue caused by interruption of its blood supply; ischemic necrosis
|
|
Ischemia
|
state of reduced blood flow
|
|
Leuc-, Leuk-(prefix)
|
white. Leukocyte--white blood cell. Leukopenia--reduction in number of leukocytes in the blood.
|
|
Nutmeg liver
|
gross lesion of chronic passive congestion of the liver; red & tan finely mottled pattern is visible
|
|
Pericardial effusion
|
accumulation of edema fluid in the pericardial sac; hydropericardium
|
|
Petechia
|
minute 1 to 2 mm pinpoint hemorrhages
|
|
Phleb-(prefix)
|
vein. Phlebitis-inflammation of the vein
|
|
Purpura
|
larger hemorrhages (>3mm) scattered on many body surfaces
|
|
Shock
|
syndrome of cardiovascular collapse; final common pathway of many potentially lethal clinical events (hemorrhage, burns, massive trauma)
|
|
Syncope
|
a temporary loss of consciousness due to insufficient cerebral blood flow (fainting)
|
|
Thromboembolus
|
a clot of material that breaks free from a primary site, is transported in the bloodstream and becomes lodged at a secondary site
|
|
Thrombosis
|
inappropriate activation of normal hemostatic processes; intravascular coagulation that produces a thrombus; pathological clotting
|
|
Transudate
|
fluid with a low protein content and a specific gravity < 1.012; an ultrafiltrate of plasma
|
|
|
|
|
-uria (suffix)
|
urine. Proteinuria--protein in the urine
|
|
"schisis"
|
falure to close; palatoschisis
|
|
A-, An (prefix)
|
without. Aplasia--without or lack of formation
|
|
Achalasia
|
failure of a sphincter to relax
|
|
Agenesis
|
absence, failure of formation and primordium is absent
|
|
Aplasia
|
defective development or congenital absence of an organ or tissue
|
|
Arythrogryposis
|
a congenital angular deformity of joints that is caused by abnormal development of tendons and subsequent contracture
|
|
Atresia (adj. atretic)
|
closed; absence of a normal opening or normally patent lumen
|
|
Brachygnathia
|
protrusion of the upper jaw due to shortening of the lower jaw
|
|
cheiloschisis
|
cleft lip; failure of fusion of the upper lip or philtrum
|
|
Congenital
|
existing at birth; may be due to hereditary factors or some influence occuring during gestation
|
|
Dysgenesis
|
defective embryonic development
|
|
Dysplasia
|
abnormal tissue development; failure of a tissue to form properly; abnormal organization of cells
|
|
Dystopia
|
displacement
|
|
Ectopia
|
tissue forms at the wrong site
|
|
Exencephaly
|
defect in which the brain is abnormally formed and it protrudes through the skull
|
|
Freckle
|
small tan-red or light brown macules that occur on lightly pigmented skin; ephelis
|
|
Goiter
|
an enlarged, hyperplastic thyroid gland
|
|
Hamartoma
|
tumor-like malformation in a tissue
|
|
Hereditary
|
transmitted from parent to offspring
|
|
Malocclusion
|
a failure of the upper and lower incisors to interdigitate properly
|
|
Malposition
|
faulty or abnormal position of a part of the body
|
|
Palatoschisis
|
cleft palate; lateral palatine processes fail to fuse
|
|
Polydactyly
|
having more digits than normal
|
|
Prognathia
|
an abnormal protrusion of the lower jaw
|
|
Sclero-(prefix)
|
hard. Scleroderma--a hardened patch of skin or mucous membrane
|
|
Syndactyly
|
fusion of digits
|
|
Urolith
|
a stone the forms in the urinary tract
|
|
|
|
|
-lysis (suffix)
|
to dissolve. Autolysis--self-dissolution.
|
|
-malacia (suffix)
|
softening. Osteomalacia--softening of bone.
|
|
-megaly (suffix)
|
great, large. Splenomegaly--enlargement of the spleen.
|
|
-oid (suffix)
|
like; resembling. Leukemoid--like leukemia.
|
|
-ologous (suffix)
|
relating to. Homologous--of similar structure.
|
|
-oma (suffix)
|
tumor. Osteoma--tumor of bone.
|
|
-opathy (suffix)
|
disease. Nephropathy--any disease of the kidney.
|
|
-orrhea (suffix)
|
flow; discharge. Leukorrhea--white discharge.
|
|
-oscopy (suffix)
|
view. Endoscopy--to view the inside; specifically, the intestine.
|
|
-osis (suffix)
|
a prccess, especially a morbid one. Diverticulosis--involvement with diverticula.
|
|
-ostomy (suffix)
|
mouth. Gastrostomy--creation of an artificial gastric fistula.
|
|
-otomy (suffix)
|
cut. Cholecystotomy-incision into the gall bladder.
|
|
-phage (suffix)
|
eat; devour. Macrophage-a cell that devours
|
|
-plasia (suffix)
|
to form. Hyperplasia--an increase in the number of cells in a tissue or organ
|
|
-pnea (suffix)
|
breath. Dysnea--labored or difficult breathing
|
|
-ptosis (suffix)
|
falling. Ptosis--drooping of the eyelid
|
|
-rrhea (suffix)
|
abnormal or excessive flow. Steatorrhea--excessive lipid in the feces
|
|
-stasis (suffix)
|
standing still. Hemostasis--arrest of blood circulation
|
|
-trophy (suffix)
|
nourish. Dystrophy--defective or faulty nutrition
|
|
Adeno- (prefix)
|
gland. Adenitis-inflammation of a gland
|
|
Anis-, aniso (prefix)
|
unequal, dissimilar. Anisokaryosis--inequality in size of nuclei of cells
|
|
Ante- (prefix)
|
before in time or space. Antemortem--before death
|
|
Anti- (prefix)
|
against; counteracting. Antitoxin--an antibody to a toxin
|
|
Arthr(o)- (prefix)
|
joint; articulation. Arthrolith--a calculus deposit within a joint
|
|
Atrophy
|
a decrease in size of cells or decrease in size of a tissue or organ that was once normal in size; adaptation to a decreased work load or decreased nutritional stimulation
|
|
Auto- (prefix)
|
self. Autolysis--self-dissolution, the postmortem enzymatic degredation of cells
|
|
Autophagy
|
process by which a cell sequesters and digests its own cytoplasm and organelles; lysosomal digestion of the cell's own components
|
|
Bilateral
|
affecting both sides
|
|
Biopsy
|
the removal of a tissue sample from a living animal for diagnostic purposes
|
|
Botryoid
|
shaped like a bunch of grapes
|
|
Caseation necrosis
|
a vairant of coagulation necrosis in which dead tissue has a firm, dry, cheesy texture (dead tissue looks like cottage cheese)
|
|
Caseous
|
having a consistency like that of cottage cheese
|
|
Catarrh
|
inflammation of a mucous membrane with free discharge
|
|
cele (suffix)
|
tumor or herniation. Meningocoele-hernial protrusion of meninges
|
|
centesis (suffix)
|
puncture. Thoracocentesis--puncture of the pleural cavity
|
|
Chemotaxis
|
locomotion of leukocytes that is oriented along a chemical gradient
|
|
Chol-(prefix)
|
bile. Cholelith--gallstone, bile stone
|
|
Cirrhosis
|
progressive loss of hepatic lobular structure with fibrous connective tissue. The liver is subdivided into nodules of proliferating hepatocytes surrounded by scar tissue.
|
|
Contralateral
|
affecting or pertaining to the opposite side
|
|
Corrugated
|
having a ripple-like distortion
|
|
Cyst
|
an abnormal sac filled with gas, fluid, or semi-solid material that is lined by a membrane
|
|
Cyst(o)- (prefix)
|
bladder. Cystitis--inflammation of the bladder
|
|
Cyt(o)- (prefix)
|
cell. Cytomegaly--marked enlargement of cells
|
|
Death
|
the irreversible cessation of activity in the heart, lungs or brain
|
|
Dia-(prefix)
|
through; between. Diarrhea--fecal matter flowing through the bowel
|
|
Diffuse
|
not definitely localized or limited; spread widely through a tissue or substance
|
|
Disseminated
|
describes lesion distribution when an entire organ or structure contains many randomly distributed lesions throughout it
|
|
Dys-(prefix)
|
difficult, bad, abnormal. Dysplasia--abnormal formation. Dyspnea--difficult breathing ; dysphagia--difficult swallowing
|
|
ectomy (suffix)
|
excision. Cholecystectomy--excision of the gallbladder.
|
|
Em-, en-, in (prefix)
|
into. Encyst--to enclose in a cyst or sac
|
|
emesis (suffix)
|
vomit. Hematemesis--vomiting blood.
|
|
encephalo-(prefix)
|
brain
|
|
Encephalomalacia
|
softening of the brain; implies necrosis
|
|
Endo-(prefix)
|
within. Endocardium--the inner lining of the heart. Endometrium--the mucous membrane lining the uterus.
|
|
Enter(o)-(prefix)
|
intestine. Enteritis--inflammation of the intestine
|
|
Epi-(prefix)
|
upon. Eipbulbar--situated on the eyeball
|
|
Erosion
|
a partial loss of epithelial cells that does not extend through the basement membrane
|
|
Etiology
|
the study of the cause of disease
|
|
Euchromatin
|
dispersed, lightly-stained chromatin seen in the nucleus of a cell
|
|
Ex(o)-(prefix)
|
out of; away from; outside of. Exophytic--projecting out from a surface
|
|
Fistula
|
an abnormal opening or connection from one tissue or organ to another
|
|
Flocculent
|
having downy or flaky shreds
|
|
Focal
|
a lesion that occurs as a single, clearly defined focus
|
|
Friable
|
breaks apart or crumbles easily
|
|
Gangrene
|
a severe form of coagulation necrosis; dry and moist types
|
|
genesis (suffix)
|
origin. Spermatogenesis--formation of sperm
|
|
Grey matter
|
the grey nervous tissue of the brain and spinal cord consisting of the cell bodies and dendrites of nerve cells rather than the myelinated axons
|
|
Grumose
|
lumpy or clotted
|
|
Hemosiderin
|
golden yellow to brown pigment derived from the breakdown of hemoglobin in red blood cells
|
|
Hernia
|
a weakness or defect in the wall of a body cavity the permits protrusion of a serosa-lined sac, usually the abdominal cavity, umbilical and inguinal
|
|
Hetero-(prefix)
|
dissimilar. Heterocellular--composed of more than one type of cell
|
|
Heterochromatin
|
condensed, basophilic chromatin seen in the nucleus of the cell
|
|
Heterophagy
|
phagocytosis; process of lysosomal digestion of materials ingested from the extracellular environment
|
|
Homeo-, homo-(prefix)
|
similar; same. Homeotypical--resembling the normal or usual type
|
|
Hyper-(prefix)
|
above and beyond; excessive. Hyperacidity--excessive acidity
|
|
Hyperplasia
|
an increase in size due to cellular division & increased number of cells in a tissue
|
|
Hypertrophy
|
an increase in the size of a cell, or increased size of a tissue or organ caused by cellular enlargement
|
|
Hypoplasia
|
underdevelopment of a tissue or organ due to a decrease in the number of cells
|
|
iasis (suffix)
|
a process, especially a morbid one. Amebiasis--the state of being infected with amebae.
|
|
Idiopathic
|
occurring without known cause
|
|
Imperforate
|
atretic; closed.
|
|
Incision
|
an opening in the skin or an organ made by a sharp cutting object, such as a knife
|
|
Indurated
|
abnormally hard
|
|
Infra-(prefix)
|
beneath. Infraorbital--beneath the eye.
|
|
Inter-(prefix)
|
between. Intercellular--between two cells.
|
|
Intra-(prefix)
|
within. Intracellular--within cells.
|
|
Ipsilateral
|
affecting or pertaining to the same side
|
|
Jaundice
|
generalized yellow discoloration of tissue produced by accumulation of bilirubin in the blood; icterus.
|
|
Laceration
|
an irregular tear in the skin produced by over-stretching
|
|
Lesion
|
an abnormal structural and/or functional change in the body; a pathological change.
|
|
Lith-(prefix)
|
stone. Lithotomy--removal of a stone.
|
|
Macro-(prefix)
|
large. Macrophage--a large, mononuclear, phagocytic blood cell.
|
|
Malacia
|
liquifactive necrosis in the central nervous system
|
|
Mega-(prefix)
|
great. Megakaryocyte--a giant cell of the bone marrow that has a lobulated nucleus & gives rise to platelets.
|
|
Melan-(prefix)
|
black. Melanin--black pigment of the hair, skin, choroid, retina and certain nerve cells.
|
|
Mesothelium
|
the layer of simple squamous epithelium that covers the serous membranes of the body
|
|
Metaplasia
|
a reversible change in which one adult cell type is replaced by another adult cell type; represents an adaptive response of a tissue to stress
|
|
Micro-(prefix)
|
small. Microhepatia--a small liver.
|
|
Morphologic diagnosis
|
the interpretation of the abnormalities in terms of severity, time, lesion and anatomic site.
|
|
Mucous (adj.)
|
relating to or resembling mucous.
|
|
Mucus (n.)
|
the glandular, free slime of the mucous membranes.
|
|
Multifocal
|
a lesion that occurs as several focal areas
|
|
Myelo-(prefix)
|
spinal cord
|
|
Myelomalacia
|
softening of the spinal cord; implies necrosis
|
|
Myx-(prefix)
|
mucus. Myxedema--mucinous edema
|
|
Necr-(prefix)
|
death. Necrosis--the morphologic changes indicative of cell death, indicated by characteristic nuclear and cytoplasmic changes.
|
|
Necropsy
|
examination of an animal body after death
|
|
Necrosis
|
death of cells and tissues in the living animal
|
|
Nephr-(prefix)
|
kidney. Nephrectomy--surgical removal of the kidney.
|
|
Nodule
|
an elevated, spherical lesion that is usually greater than 5 mm across
|
|
Oligo-(prefix)
|
few; scanty.
|
|
Papillary
|
having small, nipple-shaped projections
|
|
Papillary necrosis
|
focal areas of necrosis in the renal medulla, often at the cortico-medullary junction
|
|
Para-(prefix)
|
beside. Parauterine--beside the uterus.
|
|
Parenchyma
|
the essential or functional elements of an organ.
|
|
Patent
|
open, exposed or unobstructed.
|
|
Pathogenesis
|
the sequence of events that leads to a disease or morbid process.
|
|
Pathognomonic
|
specially or decisively characteristic of a disease; sign that indicates with certainty that a specific disease/agent is present
|
|
Pathology
|
the science and study of disease, especially the causes and development of abnormal conditions both gross and microscopic.
|
|
Pedunculated
|
elevated, as on a stem (pedicle)
|
|
Peri-(prefix)
|
around. Peribronchial--around the bronchus
|
|
Phago- (prefix)
|
eat; devour. Phagocyte--any cell that ingests foreign material, other cells or microorganisms
|
|
Pinna
|
the projecting part of the ear
|
|
Prognosis
|
a prediction of the outcome of a pathological process or disease
|
|
Regeneration
|
growth of cells and tissues to replace lost structures
|
|
Reniform
|
shaped like a kidney
|
|
Resilient
|
having the ability to return to an original shape after having been compressed or deformed
|
|
Saponification
|
the hydrolysis of a fat by alkali with the formation of a soap and glycerol
|
|
Serosa
|
any serous membrane
|
|
Serpiginous
|
having a wavy border
|
|
Serrated
|
having a saw-like edge
|
|
Sessile
|
attached by a broad base
|
|
Stea- (prefix)
|
lipid. Steatorrhea--excessive lipid in the feces
|
|
Stenosis
|
a stricture of any canal
|
|
Stoma-(prefix)
|
mouth.
|
|
Umbilicated
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marked by depressed spots resembling the umbilicus
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Unilateral
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affecting only one side
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Verrucous
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rough; wart-like
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Viscous
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thick; coagulated; sticky or gummy
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Abrasion
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a scrape of the skin; injury in which superficial epidermis is torn off by friction or force
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Anaphylaxis
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shock syndrome caused by a generalized IgE-mediated hypersensitivity response that results in widespread vasodilation & increased vascular permeability
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Histiocyte
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a large, phagocytic cell of the reticuloendothelial system, a macrophage
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Opsonization
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the process of coating a particle to target it for phagocytosis
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Wheal
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itchy, transparent, elevated lesion with variable blanching and erythema formed as the result of dermal edema
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-itis (suffix)
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inflammation. Appendicitis--inflammation of the appendix.
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Abscess
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a localized collection of pus caused by infection in a tissue, organ or confined space
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Amyloid
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a pathologic proteinaceous substance deposited between cells in tissues
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Amyloidosis
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disease process resulting from the deposition of amyloid in tissues. It results from abnormal folding of proteins which are deposited as fibrils in extracellular tissues and disrupts normal functions.
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Angio (suffix)
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vessel. Lymphangitis--inflammation of a lymph vessel
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Arteritis
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inflammation of an artery
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Blister
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a fluid-filled raised lesion; also called a vessicle or a bulla
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Cellulitis
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a diffuse inflammatory process within solid tissues characterized by edema, redness, pain and interference with function. Cellulitis often occurs in the loose tissues beneath the skin.
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Derma-, dermat(o)-
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skin. Dermatitis--inflammation of the skin
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Diptheritic membrane
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a thin coating on the surface of an epithelial lined organ that is composed on necrotic cellular debris, inflammatory cells and fibrin
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ectasis (suffix)
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to stretch; dilate. Bronchiectasis--dilatation of bronchi. The noun form is ectasia.
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Empyema
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pus in a body cavity
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Exudate
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an inflammatory extravascular fluid that has a high protein concentration, cellular debris and a specific gravity > 1.020
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Fibrin
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a filamentous protein formed from the precursor fibrinogen by the enzyme thrombin
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Fibrinoid
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having an appearance similar to fibrin
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Fibrosis
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abnormal deposition of connective tissue; usually occurs in response to defective attempts to repair an injured area of tissue
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Gastroenteritis
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inflammation of the lining of the stomach and intestine
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Granuloma
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a focus of chronic inflammation consisting of aggregations of macrophages bordered by mononuclear leukocytes surrounded by a rim of fibroblasts or connective tissue
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Granulomatous
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composed of granulomas
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Hypotonia
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abnormally decreased tonicity, tension or strength
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Inflammation
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vascular and interstitial tissue changes that develop in response to tissue injury in an attempt to sequester, dilute & destroy the inciting agent
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Intussusception
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the telescoping of one segment of bowel into an outer sheath formed by another adjacent segment of bowel;
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Leukoencephalitis
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inflammation of the white matter of the brain
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Lymphadenitis
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inflammation of a lymph node
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Lymphangectasia
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dilation of the lymphatic vessels
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Macule
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a circumscribed lesion up to 5mm diameter characterized by flatness & distinguished from surrounding tissue by its color
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Meninges
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the three membranes covering the brain and spinal cord--dura mater, arachnoid and pia mater.
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Meningitis
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inflammation of the meninges
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Meningo-(prefix)
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membrane; meninges. Meningoencephalitis--inflammation of the brain and meninges.
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Myelin
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the lipid substance forming a sheath around the axons of certain nerve fibers.
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Osteo-(prefix)
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bone. Osteomyelitis--inflammation of bone.
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Osteoid
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resembling bone.
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Panniculitis
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an inflammatory condition involving subcutaneous fat
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Papule
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a small, circumscribed, solid, elevated lesion of the skin
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Plaque
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an elevated, flat-topped lesion, usually greater than 5 mm across, may be caused by coalescent papules
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Pleuropneumonia
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inflammation of the lungs and pleura
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Pneumonia
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inflammation of the lung
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Pus
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an inflammatory exudate rich in leukocytes and dead cell debris
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Pustule
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a discreet, raised, pus-filled lesion
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Pyelonephritis
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inflammation of the kidney and renal pelvis often caused by an ascending bacterial infection
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Pyo-(prefix)
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pus. Pyometra--an accumulation of pus within the uterus
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Pyothorax
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accumulation of pus or purulent exudate in the thoracic cavity
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Rodent ulcer
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oral eosinophilic granuloma
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Scale
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dry, horny, platelike shedding of skin; flaky
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Stomatitis
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inflammation of the mucosa of the mouth
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Suppurative
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containing pus; suppuration = the process of pus formation
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Torsion
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a rotation of a tubular organ along its long axis; a twist about the long axis of a viscus (spleen, lung lobe, liver lobe, umbilical cord, gut)
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Tympany
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overdistention of an organ or structure with gas
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Ulcer
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an epithelial or a mucosal defect in which the entire epithelial thickness, down to or through the basement membrane, has been lost
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Ulcerated
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having a local defect or excavation of the epithelium of an organ or tissue through the basement membrane
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Volvulus
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a twist across the long axis of the gut
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