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22 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Interaction with the environment
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phenotypic effect of a particular gene depends on the environment
variables influence expression of a gene (nature and nurture) |
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phenocopy
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non-hereditary modifications to phenotype produced by environmental agents
exposure in the womb |
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temperature-dependent alleles
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function of gene product influenced by temperature
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sex-limiting characters
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characters only expressed in one sex, controlled by autosomal genes present in both sexes
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sex-influenced characters
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characters expressed differently between the sexes, controlled by autosomal genes present in both sexes
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multifactorial characters
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polygenic characters also influenced by environmental interactions
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incomplete penetrance
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% of individuals with a dominant allele that have phenotype associated with genotype measured at the population level
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non penetrant
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individuals who do not express the phenotype
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expressivity
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the degree to which the genotype is expressed in the phenotype measured at the individual level
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variable expressivity
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incompletely penetrant individuals that exhibit variation in how fully the genotype is expressed
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pleiotropy
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one gene affects multiple characters
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epigenetic effects
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inherited differences in phenotype or gene expression caused by mechanisms other than changes in the underlying DNA sequence of the individual with the phenotype
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maternal effects
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the phenotype on the offspring is determined by the genotype of the mother
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genomic imprinting
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gene expression is based on the parent from whom the gene wa inherited
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maternal imprinting
paternal imprinting |
maternal allele silenced, paternal expressed
paternal allele silences, maternal expressed |
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cytoplasmic inheritance
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phenotype determined by genes located in organelles
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organellar genomes
haplotype |
small circular chromosomes, cytoplasmic inheritance, each cell may have hundreds of mitochondria or chloroplasts with multiple copies of chromosome
alleles associated with cytoplasmic genes, single haplotype per organelle |
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uniparental inheritance
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only on parent donates genes
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maternal inheritance
paternal inheritance |
mitochondria and chloroplasts usually donated by mother in the egg
chloroplasts donated by fater |
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heteroplasmy
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single cell has organelles with different haplotypes (different alleles)
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replicative segregation
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organellar genomes inherited randomly
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homoplasmic
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single haplotype individual
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