Gender In America Exam #2

Front 1

Gender Socialization

Back 1

the process of teaching members of a society the values, expectations, and practices of the larger culture
a series of complex and interconnected processes
We don’t just learn gender once – we learn to do gender over time in nearly every social interaction we experience

Front 2

Case of Androgynous Names

Back 2

Androgynous names have a positive value for girls but negative for boys

Front 3

Parental Socialization

Back 3

A study by Rubin et al. 1974 found that parents describe their daughters as softer, finer-featured, and littler than sons. Because the infants were physically very similar, the researchers concluded that parents were not reacting to real differences between children as much as they were applying gender stereotypes that could possibly result in differential treatment of their male and female children

Front 4

Pink Brain, Blue Brain

Back 4

Eliot's theory is that the differences between men's and women's brains actually stem from very tiny differences present in infancy, which are magnified by parental treatment. Since the parents are assumely seeing their child through a gender- tinted lens.

Front 5

“No Way My Boys are Going to Be Like That”

Back 5

Sociologist Emily Kane found:
Parents were consciously aware that gender was something they needed to create, especially with their sons.

Front 6

Hegemonic Masculinity

Back 6

Epitomized by qualities of aggression, limited emotionality, and heterosexuality

Front 7

Barrie Thorne’s Gender Play

Back 7

Looks at how children play an active role in socializing themselves and one another.
Borderwork and crossing are the ways boys and girls interact to create & dismantle group gender boundaries.
-When boys and girls engage in borderwork they are working to maintain a sense of "the boys" and "the girls," while crossing refers to seeking access to the other group and engaging in their activities.

Front 8

Borderwork

Back 8

Contests
Cross-gender rituals of chasing and pollution
Invasions

Front 9

Crossing

Back 9

To seek access to groups and activities of the other gender.
Requires persistence and skills

Front 10

Tough Guise

Back 10

A critical examination of privileged media images of manhood reveals a widespread and disturbing equation of masculinity with pathological control and violence.
Looking critically at constructed ideals of manhood

Front 11

“Tough Guise”

Back 11

a persona based on an extreme notion of masculinity that links the credibility of males to toughness, physical strength, and the threat or use of violence

Front 12

Cultural Spectrum

Back 12

violent sports like football and pro wrestling
glamorized steroid-induced physical size and strength
guns are intimately associated with manhood, masculine credibility, and compensatory power
violent video games

Front 13

Gender and Education

Back 13

In 18th century, education was for upper-class males.
Women’s colleges founded in 1800s.
Now, there is a growing education gap.

Front 14

Resistance to Coeducation

Back 14

College administrators worried that men would stop applying if women were admitted or, worse, that alumni would stop giving donations.

Front 15

Title IX

Back 15

Allowed women to attend college. The school could not refuse admission on the basis of sex.

Front 16

Effect of Gender Composition
on College Students (Linda Sax)

Back 16

both men and women got higher grades
Predominantly female campuses also led to a "significant increase" in men's commitment to promoting racial understanding and led males to more liberal views on abortion, homosexuality and other social issues, her research found

Front 17

Academic Performance of African American Males

Back 17

Noguera distinguishes between structural and cultural forces, emphasizing how both influence academic outcomes

Front 18

Between a “Soft” and a “Hard” Place

Back 18

Sociologist Prudence Carter interviewed 68 Latino and African American teenagers from Yonkers
girls are more "book smart"
Boys are more "street smart"

Front 19

Reay's Artcle

Back 19

'Spice Girls,’ ‘Nice Girls,’ ‘Girlies,’ and ‘Tomboys’

Front 20

Martino’s Artcle

Back 20

‘Cool Boys,’ ‘Party Animals,’, ‘Squid,’ and ‘Poofers'

Front 21

Corporate Capitalism

Back 21

an economic system in which large, national, and transnational corporations are the dominant forces

Front 22

Hyperconsumption

Back 22

the term for a growing American passion for and obsession with consumption
Driven by the current economy

Front 23

Gender Imagery

Back 23

Cultural representations of gender and embodiment of gender in symbolic language and artistic productions that reproduce and legitimate gender statuses

Front 24

Media is a Gendered Institution

Back 24

Reflects existing gender differences and inequalities
Constructs differences by making them seem natural

Front 25

Media as a Socializing Institution

Back 25

Complex relationship between media and consumers
Media is saturated with gender. We are saturated with media.

Front 26

Cultural Products

Back 26

Products reinforcing hypermasculinity and hyperfemininity exaggerate gender stereotypes, and are persistently popular

Front 27

Nelson’s The Pink Dragon..

Back 27

Halloween costumes also emphasized boys’ activity and girls’ passivity

Front 28

Mickey Mouse Monopoly

Back 28

We have the same constructed notion of femininity – the highly sexualized female body with the big breasts, the tiny waist, the fluttering eyelashes, the coy expression, and the seductress. Disney films depict a rich and pervasive heterosexual landscape, despite the assumption that children's media are free of sexual content.

Front 29

Gilliam and Wooden’s Post-Princess Models of Gender

Back 29

“Princess saved by her Hero” model storyline of Disney films is being replaced by a postfeminist, post- princess protagonist model.
This New Man is set up for failure early in the film, emasculated and rebuilt as a sensitive, so-called feminine man.

Front 30

Sanford & Madill’s “Resistance Though Video Game Play”

Back 30

Boys are more likely than girls to play video games.
Video gaming is a key means for boys to construct their gender identity.
As a cultural form, video gaming can be a form of resistance:
-to Institutional Authority
-to Hegemonic Masculinity
-rejection of femininity

Front 31

Thinking about Gender and Power in Marriage

Back 31

Power is gendered in heterosexual relationships
Traditional views of marriage reinforce men’s power over women because men’s and women’s responsibilities are valued differently

Front 32

Coltrane’s Household

Back 32

Housework and childcare give women the opportunity to express their femininity, while men derive a sense of their masculinity from NOT engaging in the second shift.

Front 33

Two Types of Division of Labor

Back 33

In the manager-helper model, women are responsible for making sure all child care and housework chores are accomplished while their husbands help when asked.
In the shared responsibility model, both partners equally take responsibility for the chores

Front 34

Gender Division of Labor

Back 34

Income itself does not determine marital power.
In the end, women are stuck trying to balance a
career and a home, while their husbands do less at home.

Front 35

Gender as Structure: Institutional level

Back 35

gender exists as beliefs about what men and women are or should be and as organizational practices that serve to reinforce these beliefs.

Front 36

Gender as Structure: Interactional level

Back 36

Spouses must negotiate their relationship
against the backdrop of these expectations

Front 37

Gender as Structure: Individual level

Back 37

Identity construction occurs in the context of the couple

Front 38

Hochschild's Second Shift

Back 38

she refers to the “stalled revolution,” a result of the changes women have experienced as a result of the second wave of feminism but not in the men that they have come home to

Front 39

Stalled Revolution

Back 39

Marital difficulties can erupt from frictions between faster-changing women and slower- changing men.
Sharing the second shift improves a marriage regardless of what ideas either have about men’s and women’s roles

Front 40

Gender Strategy

Back 40

A plan of action through which a person tries to solve problems at hand, given the cultural notions of gender play

Front 41

Gender Ideology: Traditional

Back 41

A traditional woman want to identify with her activities at home. She wants her husband to identify with his work. She wants less power than he has. The traditional man wants the same.

Front 42

Gender Ideology: Egalitarian

Back 42

A egalitarian wants to identify with the same sphere her husband does, and to have an equal amount of power in marriage. This can be an orientation to the home, their careers, or both. ( so far as there is a balance between the two)

Front 43

Gender Ideology: Transitional

Back 43

A transitional woman wants to identify with her role at work as well as at home but believe her husband should base his identity more on work than she does. A transitional man is all for his wife working, but expects her to take the main responsibilities at home, as well.

Front 44

Woman's Strategies

Back 44

Direct and Indirect means for changing roles
Supermoming
Cut back at work, marriage,housework, self, and child

Front 45

Men's Strategies

Back 45

Strategies of Cooperation & Resistance
-Disaffiliation
-Need reduction
-substitute offering
-Selective encouragement by supporting the wife

Front 46

Gender at Work

Back 46

How patterns and structures in capitalistic societies help construct gendered opportunities and experiences at work.
How gendered patterns in work impact life choices

Front 47

Changes in the Labor Force

Back 47

Work has often been central to definitions of masculinity.
By the end of the 20th century, few women see employment as “unfeminine"

Front 48

Glass Ceiling

Back 48

Artificial barriers, based on attitudinal or organizational bias, that prevent qualified individuals from advancing upward within their organization into management level positions.
Women get promoted but encounter barriers to the very top positions.

Front 49

Glass Escalator

Back 49

Men in predominantly female occupations are placed on the fast track to promotions
William's male nurses

Front 50

Wingfield’s Study of Black Male Nurses

Back 50

Found that many of the same factors pushing white men up the escalator actually disadvantage African American men.
not welcomed
not seen as suitable for the job
embraced femininity

Front 51

Glass Cellar

Back 51

men occupy the most hazardous and dangerous occupations

Front 52

Glass Closet

Back 52

the exclusion of openly gay men and women from certain jobs

Front 53

Schilt and Wiswall’s Before and After

Back 53

Study of the workplace experiences of transgendered people before and after transitioning.
Omitted variable vs. discrimination theory
Women transitioning to men, their experience improved
Men transitioning to women, they experienced harassment and discrimination

Front 54

Gender, Race, and Class at Work

Back 54

Many processes in organizations keep women and racial minorities and lower classes “contained” in lower-paying jobs

Front 55

Equal Pay Act

Back 55

prohibited discrimination based on sex

Front 56

Title VII of Civil Rights Act

Back 56

prohibited
discrimination based on race, class, religion, and many other categories of difference

Front 57

Quid Pro Quo harassment

Back 57

involves the use of threats or bribery in making employment decisions

Front 58

“Hostile environment” harassment

Back 58

behaviors that create an intimidating, hostile, or offensive working environment