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68 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Psychology |
The study of the mind. The scientific study of behavior and mental process |
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Scientific Goals of psychology |
Understand Explain Prediction Control |
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Freud (1856 - 1939) |
Mirrored Plato's ideas into his own Id Ego Superego |
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Structuralism |
Wilhem Wundt 1st type of psychology Mind is broken into the smallest elements of experience |
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Gestalt Psychology |
Max Wertheimer The whole is more important than the smallest part. |
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Functionalism |
William James Highly influenced by Darwin evolution The brain evolves over time, adapt based on environment The mind is always changing and learning
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Behaviorist Movement (Pavlov) |
Conditioning Didn't care about what was going on internally |
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Behaviorist Movement (Watson) |
Focused on trained, learned behaviors Blank Slate
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Humanistic Psychology |
Where we start to care about the people and not just the brain Believed people were inherently good |
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Biological Psychology |
real small to big, relies heavily on technology |
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Evolutionary Psychology |
Heavily ruled in functionalism |
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Social Psychology |
How psychological processes are influenced by interactions with other people |
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Cognitive Psychology |
How the mind processes information -- how people store and retrieve information, learn, associations, between concepts, make decicions |
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Developmental Psychology |
How the mind and behaviors change throughout a lifespan - from the first days of life through old age. |
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Personality Psychology |
How psychological processes differ from person to person. Focus on the individual heredity and the environment. |
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Clinical Psychology |
Implications for well-being, when normal psychological processes break down Therapeutic techniques to help people who have trouble with everyday functioning.
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Psychology vs. Psychiatrist |
Psychiatrist can prescribe medication; typically get counseling degree
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How do we gain knowledge? |
Parents Friends Experience Observation Media |
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Peer Review |
Before a study can be published, it is subjected to peer review who comment on its strengths and weakness |
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Replication |
Try to find similar results, using similar or different methods |
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Ethical Guidelines IRB
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Institutional Review Board Must approve all studies with human participants checks ethical procedures Located at every university/organization that conducts research with participants |
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Ethical Principle 1 |
People come first, research come second
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Ethical Principle 2 |
Must provide informed consent - tell participants what they are getting themselves into
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Ethical Principle 3 |
Any deception must be justified |
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Ethical Principle 4 |
Participants are always free to drop out at any time |
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Ethical Principle 5 |
Participants must be protected from risks as possible |
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Ethical Principle 6 |
Participants must be debriefed told of any deception, provided with helpful information |
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Ethical Principle 7 |
Data must remain confidential commonly stated in informed consent |
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Ethical Principle 8 |
Researchers must make effort to help participants prevent/correct for any negative consequences resulting from study |
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Population |
an entire group of interest |
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Sample |
A smaller portion of the population |
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Random Selecting |
Randomly select a sample, from a population |
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Random Assignment |
Randomly assign your sample participants into groups |
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Case Studies |
In depth examinations of one person or small number of unusual people Usually used in psych when a large population/sample is not available for a particular variable OR is the variable is very unique to just 1 individual |
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Naturalistic Studies |
Simply observing the event in its natural environment |
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Observer affect |
Event occurs/behaves differently if known that it is being observed |
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Observer Bias |
Observer (researcher/psychologist) reports biased results due to non scientific observations (note taking) or becomes too involved in event |
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Surveys |
shorter; do not necessarily have psychometric properties; can cover multiple variables/topics |
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Questionnaires |
Psychometric properties (validity, reliability); each item covers an aspect of same variable |
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Correlation |
A relationship between 2 variables Can be described in terms of direction and strength |
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Extraneous Variables |
Any extra, outside influence on the study; influence on data collection, and therefore the results of a study |
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Experimental Methods |
Allow for more control (in data collection), reducing biases by the researcher and the influence of extraneous variables |
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Reliability |
The consistency of an operational measure across time and observers |
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Validity |
The extent to which an operational measure actually measures the concept it is supposed to measure |
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Nature |
Contributions of our genetics inheritance to mind and behavior This includes aspects of our overall "human nature," as well as specific biological differences among people |
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Genotype |
His or her actual set of DNA |
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Phenotype |
Consists of his or her observable characteristics |
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Allele |
Slightly different versions of the same gene. Ex. Blood type |
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Homozygous |
Twp of the same allele (AA) |
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Heterozygous |
Two different alleles (Aa) |
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Recessive |
Less powerful (needs 2 to display phenotype) |
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Dominat |
More powerful (Only need 1 to display phenotype) |
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Nurture |
Contributions of environment to mind and behavior -Influences through learning *Parents *Friends *Culture *Climate *Nutrition
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Epigenetics |
The study of the way genes AND the environment interact to produce phenotype (how we look on the outside). |
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Natural Selection |
The expression of certain alleles/gene (adaptation) to help one survive |
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Mutation |
Errors typically DNA replication; not always bad Positive Mutation: having less hemoglobin Negative Mutation: Down syndrome |
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Migration |
When organisms (humans, animals, plants) spread from one geographic location to another
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Genetic Drift |
Change in genes passed from one generation to another |
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Intrasexual Selection |
Individuals of the same sex compete with each other for mates; so characteristics essential for winning are most important |
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Intersexual Selection |
Individuals try to attract others, so different characteristics matter |
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Occipital Lobes |
Bottom, back of brain -- Primary function-sight |
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Parietal Lobes |
Top, back of brain -- Primary functions- sensation; process external info (touch, body temp, physical body position) |
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Temporal Lobes |
On sides, behind temples --Primary function- hearing, language; some sight |
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Frontal Lobes |
Front of brain, behind forehead -- Primary functions- advanced functions; decision making, planning, personality Not full developed until 20s |
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Language |
A system for communication thoughts and feelings using arbitrary signals such as voice sounds, gesture, or written symbols Uniquely Human |
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Phenomes |
The little individual sounds |
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Morphemes |
The smallest units of language Combining individuals sounds together Like syllabus |
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Grammar |
What makes our language makes sense |
