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19 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What determines the effects of environmental chemicals
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Absorption - pulmonary, GI, dermal
Distribution - fat vs. water soluble Metabolism Excretion - fat vs water soluble |
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Hypersensitivity
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Acquired/adaptive immune response in which the response results in tissue damage
Variability in disease production Irregular time lag No dose dependency Lack of reproducibility |
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Toxic effects
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Acute and chronic effects
Predictable dose related effects Predictable time delay Predictable target organ response |
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Chloroform
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Targets liver and CNS
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Carbon Tetrachloride
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Targets liver and CNS
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Trichloroethylene
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Targets CNS
Liver effect is minimal |
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Benzene
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Acute exposure leads to affect on CNS - respiratory failture
CHronic exposure leads to effect on Bone marrow - aplastic anemia, leukemia, multiple myeloma |
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2,4-dihlorophenoxyacetic acid
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Agricultural chemical linked to hematopoietic malignancies in farmers
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TCDD
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Aromatic Halogenated Hydrocarbon
Act on receptor found on all cells Have the ability to increase/decrease expression of genes in animals |
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PCB
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Aromatic Halogenated Hydrocarbon
Banned due to liver cancer and malignant melanoma and immune system effects |
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Pollutant
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Those that are inhaled leads to lung diseases and cardiovascular diseases
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Source of Air Pollutants
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Sulfur dioxide - power plants
Ozone, nitrogen - action of light on vehicular exhaust Carbon monoxide - action of light on vehicular exhaust |
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Carbon Monoxide
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Affinity for hemoglobin 240x that of oxygen
Forms carboxyhemoglobin Prevents oxygen from dissociating from hemoglobin in tissues Results in severe hypoxia |
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Carbon Monoxide: Concentration and Symptoms
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<10% - None
Acceleration of angina ECG changes in patients Up to 30%: headache mild exertional dyspnea 30-50%: confusion lethargy >50% - coma and convulsions >60% Fatal |
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Lead
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Absorbed through lungs and GI
Portion of blood lead remains and enters bones, teeth, nails, hair, brain, liver kidneys and bone marrow Excreted by kidneys Very narrow margin between safety and risk of toxicity |
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Lead Toxicity
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Effect on Nervous System
Children: irritability and ataxia Adults: peripheral neuropathy Effect on Hemopoietic System Anemia Leads to disrupted heme synthesis in bone marrow erythroblasts Inhibits ferrochelatase that incorporates iron into porphyrin ring Effects Kidneys (nephropathy) Results in aminoaciduria, glycosuria and hyperphosphaturia |
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Mercury
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Organic mercury is absorbed but inorganic is not
Targets kidney and brain |
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Mercury Toxicity
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Nephrotoxicity
Causes proteinuria and globerulonephritis Neurotoxicity Causes Minamata disease where there is constriction of visual fields, paresthesias, ataxia, cerebral and cerebellar atrophy |
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Minamata disease
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Causes by neurotoxicity from Mecrucy
Leads to constriction of visual fields Paresthesias Ataxia Cerebral and cerebellar atrophy |
