Gen Ec-6 .english

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Phase I, protolinguistic or protolanguage

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This stage includes noises and intonation, physical movement, and adult/infant interaction. This exchange of attention is the beginning of language. It’s associated with the crawling stage, usually younger than nine or ten months of age. Children try out all kinds of sounds and try to communicate with the important adults in their environment. Nevertheless, they are not talking or making any sense, as we know it.

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Phase II, transition

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This stage is marked by the transition from child tongue to mother tongue. During this stage, the pragmatic mode develops. It’s often a demand for goods and services—bottle, milk, water, food—and it seeks a response in the form of an action. It’s associated with the developmental stage of walking.

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Phase III, language:

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The child moves from talking about shared experience to sharing information with a third person. The child realizes that reality is beyond his own experience. He invites confirmation and enjoys the shared experience.A great deal of research has been done in this field. As a means of attempting to negotiate their environment, children actively construct language. From a child’s earliest experience with personal narrative development, oral language acquisition has to be continually fostered. This becomes the building block for establishing success in all areas of literacy.

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phonological component

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involves the rules for combining sounds. Speakers of English, for example, know that an English word can end, but not begin, with an /ng/ sound. These are rules that we are not necessarily cognizant of, but our ability to understand and pronounce English words demonstrates that we do know a vast number of rules.

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semantic component

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is made up of morphemes, the smallest units of meaning that may be combined with each other to make up words (for example, paper + s are the two morphemes that make up papers). Sentences are also semantic components. A dictionary contains the semantic components of a language and reflects not just what words make up that language but also what words (and meanings) are important to the speakers of the language.

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syntactic component

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consists of the rules that enable us to combine morphemes into sentences. As soon as a child uses two morphemes together, as in more cracker, he is using a syntactic rule about how morphemes are combined to convey meaning.

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Pragmatic rules

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are part of our communicative competence, our ability to speak appropriately in different situations, for example, in a conversational way at home and in a more formal way at a job interview.

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Static (or frozen) register

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This style of communication rarely or never changes. It’s frozen in time and content: for example, the Pledge of Allegiance, the Lord’s Prayer, the Preamble to the US Constitution, the Alma Mater, a bibliographic reference, laws.

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Formal register

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This language is used in formal settings and is one way in nature. This use of language usually follows a commonly accepted format. It’s usually impersonal and formal. This register is commonly used in speeches, sermons, rhetorical statements and questions, pronouncements made by judges, and announcements.

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Consultative register

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This is a standard form of communication. Users engage in a mutually accepted structure of communication. It is formal, and societal expectations accompany the users of this speech. It is professional discourse, for example, when strangers meet or in communication between a superior and a subordinate. Consultative register is also used between doctor and patient, lawyer and client, lawyer and judge, teacher and student, counselor and client, and other such relationships

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Casual register

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The casual register is the informal language that we use with our peers or friends. Slang, vulgarities even, and colloquialisms are normal in this type of speech. It’s group language. One must be a member of the group to engage in this register. You don’t speak with others outside of this circle in this manner. This register is used with your buddies and teammates and in chats, personal e-mails, blogs, and letters to friends.

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Intimate register

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The intimate register is private. It’s reserved for close family members or people with whom you intimately know—between a husband and wife, boyfriend and girlfriend, siblings, parents and children. The intimate register can be the language of sexual harassment.

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Phonological awareness

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is a broad skill that includes identifying and manipulating units of oral language—parts such as words, syllables, onsets and rimes, and rhymes.Children who have phonological awareness are able to identify and make oral rhymes, such as the cat sat on the rat; can clap out the number of syllables in a word, for instance, Laura would be LAO Ra; and can recognize words with the same initial sounds like money and mother. They understand what makes up our language.

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Phonemic awareness

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refers to the specific ability to focus on and manipulate individual sounds (phonemes) in spoken words. Phonemes are the smallest units comprising spoken language. Phonemes combine to form syllables and words. The wordmat, for example, has three phonemes, /m/, /a/, /t/. There are approximately forty-four phonemes in the English language, including sounds represented by letter combinations such as /th/.