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59 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Gene pool
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all the genetic material in a local population
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Deme
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a local population
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Hardy-Weinberg law states that....
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if there is....
1.large population 2.random mating 3. no mutations 4. no natural selection 5.no immigration/ emmigration then evolution will not occur |
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evolution (def)
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a change in allele frequency
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what is the Hardy-Weinberg equation
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1=p2+2pq+q2
p= % dominant allele q=% recessive allele pq= hetrozygous allele 1-q=p |
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what are the 5 agents of microevolution
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1. mutations
2. gene flow 3. nonrandom mating 4. genetic drift 5. selection (look up in book) |
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mutations (def)
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a change in the genetic structure of the DNA
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spontaneous mutations (def)
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these changes in the genetic structure of Dna occur because of the unorganized nature of replication
odds of this are 1/500,000 nitrogen bases |
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induced mutations (def)
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mutations caused by an outside agent
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silent mutation
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mutation in which the nitrogen base is altered but doesnt change the AA sequence
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what % of mutations are silent or harmful?
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99
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gene flow (def)
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the movement of alleles from one population to another
populations exchange information Gondwanaland possibility |
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Nonrandom mating
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Only organisms that are best adapted to the environment get to reproduce, and pass along their genes
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differential reproduction
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some individuals reproduce more or less differently than other individuals
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fittest
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determined by how many offspring you have
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genetic drift
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the idea that over time, due to random probabilities, the allele frequency changes
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The Founders Effect
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the genetic drift seen when a part of a population migrates, and allele frequency changes between the original population and the new one
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The Bottleneck Effect
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a reduction in population size (disease, human interaction, hurricanes, starvation, etc.) leads to more genetic drift
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Natural Selection
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certain genotypes remaining that are best fit for the environment in nature
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4 parts to natural selection
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1. excess progeny: requires lots of offspring- the more offspring, the more variation
2. variability-the you have, the more you have to work with 3. inheritability- has to be a trait that is capable of being passed on genetically (not Lamarckian) 4. differential adaptiveness- some orgs will reproduce more because they are better adapted (certain traits are going to have an advantage) |
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what are the 3 types of selection. draw them.
KNOW: what are natural instances of these, which leads to the creation of a new species? |
1. disruptive
2. directional 3. stabilizing |
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adaptation
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a change that occurs that better fits the environment
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fitness
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the ability to leave offspring
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coevolution
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when two species effect each other's evolution
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species
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a group of similar organisms that reproduce in their natural environment
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phyletic evolution
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evolution where species transition into one another in a linear fashion
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branching
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evolution where species transition away from each other, instead of in a linear fashion (LOOK UP IN CLIFF)
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geographical isolation
is this pre or post zygotic? |
when species occur in different areas, often separated by a barrier (like a river or mountain)
pre |
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ecological isolation
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when species occur in the same area but occupy different habitats (so they don't encounter one another)
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behavioral isolation
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species differ in their mating rituals
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temporal isolation
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when species reproduce in different seasons or at different times of day
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mechanical isolation
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when structural differences prevent mating
parts don't fit! |
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prevention of gamete fusion
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when the gametes of one species functions poorly with the gametes of another species or withing the reproductive tract of another species
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hybrid inviability or infertility
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when the hybrid embryos do not develop properly or hybrid adults do not survive in nature or hybrid adults are sterile
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post zygotic isolation
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even after all the prezygotic repro. barriers, and fertilization happens, the embryos do not develop further
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macroevolution
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after enough accumulations of small changes over long periods of time, groups of species eventually are no longer able to reproduce with one another (no longer a species)
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adaptive radiation
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because of unfilled niches, and diversity within a species, divergent evolution occurs, as different types within the species occupy these niches, and grow further apart genetically
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gradualism
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the view that organisms change very slowly and accumulate change very slowly (in a gradual way) but these lead to major changes over very long periods of time
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punctuated equilibrium
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the idea that speciation is driven by long periods of equilibrium followed by rapid, massive changes over a short period of time
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phylogeny
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the idea of trying to put together the evolutionary history of an organism
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homologous
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refers to similar structures that relate orgs together evolutionarily
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analogous
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structures that are similar in function but different in origin
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what 3 things do evolutionists assume?
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1) no god or intelligent designer
2) random and non directed 3) macroevoltuion |
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divergent evolution
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when certain species evolve they become more and more different from one another
the idea behind this is to maximize differences to minimize differences |
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parallel evolution
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because of identical environments, some species evolve in a parallel fashion, not more/less like each other, but develop the same characteristics
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convergent evolution
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when 2 organisms grow more similar between structures usually because of inhabiting similar environments
minimize competition, minimize differences |
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Scope's trial
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a trial in the 1800's that was held by those who wanted to teach evolution
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what did Darwin not say about primate evolution
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he never said that humans descended from monkey, this was a creationist distortion
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Anthropoids (italicized)
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includes monkeys, apes, humans
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Hominoids (italicized)
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includes apes and humans(hominids)
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what is the alternative, "Christian" option instead of strict evolution or strict creation (also believed by Wright)
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God picked 2 primitive neanderthals and breathed "the breath of life" or Adam and Eve are representations for men and women as a whole
REVIEW THIS IN WRIGHT, POSSIBLE ESSAY |
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creationist perspective of primate evolution
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humans spread out of Mesopotamia because of the Tower of Babel incident. They didn't migrate to the Tigris/ Euphrates (from Africa).
Their hominids are descendants of Adam and Eve devolved, as they moved away from God's intentions |
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Hominid brain sizes? WRIGHT?
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look up foo
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cretinism's role
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Kinnes believes neanderthals bear a striking resemblance to cretins, people who are short in stature, mental retardation, because of thyroid defiency (lack of iodine)
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organisms with different structures
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could have been defective
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oikos
ology |
house/home
the study of |
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ecology (def)
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the study of living organisms and their relation to the environment
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ecology conundrum
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why do people who believe God carefully created all for the earth neglect while evolutionists who believe everything in our universe arose for no reason care more for the earth?
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what 3 things are needed to care for ecology?
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1. knowledge
2. awareness 3. basis to care (faith) |
