Gel 50L Midterm 2

Front 1

Submergent Coastline

Back 1

Coastline that is now underwater from rising sea levels or the land being lowered; its in process of being eroded back

Front 2

Emergent Coastline

Back 2

Coastline that has been exposed from sea levels retreating; can occur when reefs build up and begin growing seaward; can occur through uplift of seafloor

Front 3

Signs of Emergent Coastlines

Back 3

Wide beaches, spit, exposed marine terraces, well developed marshes

Front 4

Signs of Submergent Coastlines

Back 4

Estuaries (drowned river valley), wave cut cliffs, headland, barrier islands, stack, tied island, narrow beaches, deep bays

Front 5

Back 5

Braided channel

Front 6

Back 6

Sinuous Channel (sinuosity of 1.3-1.5)

Front 7

Back 7

Meandering Channel (sinuosity over 1.5)

Front 8

Back 8

Straight Channel (sinuosity below 1.3)

Front 9

Sinuosity=?

Back 9

(length of stream measured along path of water)/(length measured along straight distance)

Front 10

Back 10

Dendritic drainage: common where a stream cuts into flat lying layers of rock or sediment, or where a stream cuts into homogenous rock

Front 11

Back 11

Deranged drainage: random pattern of stream channels that seem to have no relationship, underlying rock types or geologic structures

Front 12

Back 12

Radial drainage: channel flow outward from a central area resembling spokes on a wheel; happens on conical mountains such as volcanoes or structural domes

Front 13

Back 13

Rectangular drainage: network of channels with right angel bends that form a pattern of interconnected rectangles and squares; often develops over rocks that are fractures or faulted in 2 main directions which are nearly perpendicular

Front 14

Annular drainage

Back 14

long channels form a pattern of concentric circles connected by short radial channels; develop on eroded domes or folds with resistant and non resistant rock

Front 15

Back 15

Trellis drainage: pattern of channels resembling a vine with a trellis; develops where tilted layers of resistand and nonresistant rock form parallel ridges and valleys; the main stream cuts through the ridges and the main tributaries flow parallel to the ridges and at a right angle to the main stream

Front 16

Centripetal drainage

Back 16

opposite of radial; flows into a central low point in a basin often a lake or dry lake bed

Front 17

compressional stress + brittle rocks=

Back 17

reverse faults

Front 18

compressional stress + ductile rocks=

Back 18

folding

Front 19

tensional stress + brittle rocks=

Back 19

normal faults

Front 20

tensional stress + ductile rocks=

Back 20

stretching and thinning

Front 21

shear stress + brittle rocks=

Back 21

strike slip faults

Front 22

shear stress + ductile rocks=

Back 22

bending along internal surfaces

Front 23

berm crest

Back 23

highest part of the beach; separates the foreshore from backshore

Front 24

washover fan

Back 24

fan shaped land ward deposit of sand and gravel during a washover of the land during a storm or high tide

Front 25

estuary

Back 25

river flooded by a rise in the level of an ocean or lake; a submergent feature

Front 26

delta

Back 26

sediment deposit at the mouth of a ricer where is enters a lake or ocean

Front 27

headland with cliffs

Back 27

projection of land that extends into an ocean or lake and generally has cliffs along its water boundary; submergent feature

Front 28

barrier island

Back 28

a long narrow island that parallels the mainland coastline and is separated from the mainland by a lagoon, tidal flat, or salt marsh; submergent feature

Front 29

spit

Back 29

a sand bar extending from the end of a beach into the mouth of an adjacent bay; usually emergent

Front 30

tidal flat

Back 30

muddy or sandy area that is covered with water at high tide and exposed at low tide; best developed at emergent coastlines

Front 31

salt marsh

Back 31

a march that is flooded by ocean water at high tide; best developed at emergent coastlines

Front 32

wave cut cliff

Back 32

a seaward facing cliff along a steep shoreline produced by wave erosion; best developed at submergent

Front 33

wave cut platform

Back 33

shelf at sea level or lake level along a steep shore and formed by wave erosion; best developed at submergent

Front 34

marine terrace

Back 34

elevated wave cut platform thats now higher up on the shore; emergent coastline

Front 35

stack

Back 35

isolated rocky island near a headland cliff; best developed at submergent

Front 36

tombolo

Back 36

sand bat that connects an island with the mainland or another island; best developed at submergent

Front 37

tied island

Back 37

island conneted to the mainland by a tombolo

Front 38

sea wall

Back 38

embankment of boulders reinforced with concrete against a shoreline to prevent erosion by waves or current

Front 39

breakwater

Back 39

off shore wall constructed parallel to the shoreline to break waves, the current is halted behind the wall and the sand accumulates there, and the beach widens

Front 40

groin

Back 40

a short wall constructed perpendicular to shoreline in order to trap sand and make or build up a beach; the sand accumulates of the up shore side in relation to the longshore current

Front 41

jetties

Back 41

long walls extending from shore and the mouths of harbors and used to protect the harbor entrance from filling with sand or being eroded by waves and currents

Front 42

VERTICAL EXAGGERATION=?

Back 42

HORIZONTAL SCALE/VERTICAL SCALE