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80 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Ambiguity of Language
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although language is ambiguous, within a culture many words have agreed-upon meanings. Problems arising from this are common causes for misunderstandings. A common problem in relationships is language that creates ambiguity
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Cognitively Complex People
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are able to perceive others and situations in more comprehensive and integrated ways than less cognitively complex people
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Demand-Withdraw Pattern
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The more the first person demands personal talk, the more the second person withdraws. Each partner punctuates the interaction as having started with the other.
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Ethos
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proof based on speaker's credibility
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Five Canons of Public Speaking
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Invention, Organization, Style, Memory, Delivery
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I
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The creative, spontaneous, impulsive aspect of the self. The I is complemented by the me
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I vs. Me
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I is immature, impulsive, Me is moderate, mature
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Indexing
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A technique of noting that statements reflect a specific time and circumstance and may not apply to other times or circumstances
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Interactive Model of Communication
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Added feedback and field of experience. Doesn't portray communication as changing over time as a result of what happens between people
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Labeling someone
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focuses attention on particular aspects of that person and his or her activities
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Linear Model of Communication
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assumes communication is straightforward between the sender and receiver
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Logos
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proof based on logic and reasoning
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Michel Foucault
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French philosopher who was deeply concerned with who is and who is not allowed to speak in a society
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Pathos
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proof that appeals to listeners' emotions
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Self-reflection
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also empowers us to monitor ourselves
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Social Roles
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our social roles also shape our perceptions and our communication. Both the training we receive to fulfill a role and the actual demands of the role affect what we notice and how we interpret, evaluate and respond to it
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Sophists
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Unconcerned with truth. Taught people to win arguments using gimmicks or techniques
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Study of communication began
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in 400 BC, 2500 years ago. Aristotle, Socrates, and Plato began teaching rhetoric
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Three Interrelated Processes of Perception
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Selection, Organization, Interpretation
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Three dimensions of relationship level meaning
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Responsiveness, Liking, Power
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Totalizing vs. Stereotyping
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When we stereotype someone, we define the person in terms of characteristics of a group. When we totalize, we negate most of that person by spotlighting a single aspect of his/her identity
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Transactional Model of Communication
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Added time to Interactive model. The most accurate model in which people interact with and through symbols over time to create meaning
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abstract
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Removed from concrete reality. Symbols are abstract because they are inferences and generalizations derived from, but not equivalent to, reality
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ambiguous
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Subject to multiple meanings. Symbols are ambiguous because their meanings vary from person to person, context to context, and so forth
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arbitrary
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Random or nonnecessary. Symbols are arbitrary because there is no need for any particular symbol to stand for a particular referent
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attribution
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An explanation of why things happen and why people act as they do; not necessarily correct interpretations of others and their motives
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brute facts
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Objective, concrete phenomena and activities
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cognitive complexity
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The number of mental constructs an individual uses, how abstract they are, and how elaborately they interact to create perceptions.
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cognitive schemata
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Mental structures people use to organize and interpret experience. Four schemata have been identified: prototypes, personal constructs, stereotypes, and scripts
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communication
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A systemic process in which people interact with and through symbols to create and interpret meanings.
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communication rules
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Shared understandings among members of a particular culture or social group about what communication means and what behaviors are appropriate in various situations.
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constitutive rules
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define what a particular communication means or stands for
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constructivism
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A theory that holds that we organize and interpret experience by applying cognitive structures called schemata
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content level of meaning
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One of two levels of meaning; the literal information in a message
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critical research methods
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Data analysis that aims to identify, critique, or change communication practices that oppress, marginalize, or otherwise harm people.
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culture
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The beliefs, understandings, practices, and ways of interpreting experience that are shared by a group of people
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empathy
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The ability to feel with another person, to feel what he or she feels in a situation
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ethics
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The branch of philosophy that deals with the goodness or rightness of particular actions. Ethical issues infuse all areas of the communication field.
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expectancy violation theory
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A theory claiming that when our expectations are violated, we become more cognitively alert as we struggle to understand and cope with unexpected behaviors
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feedback
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Verbal or nonverbal response to a message. The concept of feedback appeared first in interactive models of communication.
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hypothetical thought
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Thinking about experiences and ideas that do not exist or are not part of your concrete daily reality
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individualism
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A predominant Western value that regards each person as unique and important and to be recognized for her or his individual activities
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inference
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a deduction that goes beyond what you know or assume to be a fact
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institutional facts
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Meanings of brute facts (objective, concrete phenomena) that are based on human interpretation
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interpersonal communication
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Communication between people, usually in close relationships such as friendship and romance.
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interpretation
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The subjective process of organizing and making sense of perceptions
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intrapersonal communication
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Communication with ourselves, or self-talk.
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judgment
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A belief or opinion based on observations, feelings, assumptions, or other phenomena that are not facts
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loaded language
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words that slant perceptions, and thus meanings, extremely. Encourages extreme perceptions.
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me
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The reflective, analytical, socially conscious aspect of self. Me complements the I aspect of self
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meaning
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The significance we attribute to a phenomenon; what it signifies to us.
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mind reading
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The assumption that we understand what another person thinks or how another person perceives something
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monitoring
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the process of calling behaviors or other phenomena to our attention so we can observe and regulate them
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noise
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Anything that interferes with the intended meaning of communication; includes sounds (e.g., traffic) as well as psychological interferences (e.g., preoccupation).
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nonverbal communication
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All forms of communication other than words themselves; includes inflection and other vocal qualities as well as several other behaviors
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organizational culture
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Understandings about identity and codes of thought and action shared by members of an organization
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perception
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An active process of selecting, organizing, and interpreting people, objects, events, situations, and activities
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person-centeredness
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The ability to perceive another as a unique and distinct individual apart from social roles and generalizations
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personal construct
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A bipolar mental yardstick that allows us to measure people and situations along specific dimensions of judgment, such as “honest–dishonest.”
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positive visualization
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A technique for reducing speaking anxiety, in which one visualizes oneself communicating effectively in progressively challenging speaking situations.
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process
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An ongoing continuity, the beginning and end of which is difficult to identify; for example, communication
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prototype
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A knowledge structure that defines the clearest or most representative example of some category
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punctuation
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Our perception of when interaction begins and ends. Veral or non verbal. Subjective
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qualitative research methods
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Interpretive techniques, including textual analysis and ethnography, used to understand the character of experience, particularly how people perceive and make sense of communication.
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quantitative research methods
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Techniques such as descriptive statistics, surveys, and experiments, used to gather quantifiable data.
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reappropriation
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The reclamation by a group of terms others use to degrade the group’s members; the treatment of those terms as positive self-descriptions. Aims to remove the tigma from terms that others use pejoratively
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regulative rules
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regulate interaction by specifying when, how, where, and with whom to communicate about certain things
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relationship level of meaning
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One of two levels of meaning in communication; expresses the relationship between communicators.
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rhetoric
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the art of effective or persuasive speaking or writing, esp. the use of figures of speech and other compositional techniques.
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schemata
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Cognitive structures we use to organize and interpret experiences. Four types of schemata are prototypes, personal constructs, stereotypes, and scripts
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script
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One of four cognitive schemata; scripts define expected or appropriate sequences of action in particular settings
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self-serving bias
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The tendency to attribute our positive actions and successes to stable, global, internal influences that we control and to attribute negative actions and failures to unstable, specific, external influences beyond our control
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social community
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A group of people who live within a dominant culture yet also belong to another social group or groups that share values, understandings, and practices distinct from those of the dominant culture
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static evaluation
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An assessments that suggests that something is unchanging or static; e.g., “Bob is impatient.”
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stereotype
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A predictive generalization about people or situations
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symbol
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An arbitrary, ambiguous, and abstract representation of a phenomenon. Symbols are the basis of language, much nonverbal behavior, and human thought
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system
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A group of interrelated elements that affect one another. Communication is systemic.
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totalizing
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Responding to a person as if one label totally represents that person
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triangulation
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Studying phenomena from multiple points of view by relying on multiple sources of data, theories, researchers, and/or methodological approaches
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verbal communication
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Words and only words; does not include inflection, accent, volume, pitch, or other paralinguistic features of speech
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