Ge Cluster Exam 2

Front 1

Policy

Back 1

a course of action adopted and pursued by a government

Front 2

legislation

Back 2

a law or body of laws: federal, state, county, city

Front 3

USA Healthcare Issues

Back 3

COST: largest proportion of the GNP of any developed country
Over $1 trillion- $4,000 per individual and rising
Rising premiums and “out of pocket” costs
UNINSURED: 46 million uninsured Americans
1/3 of all Americans under age 65
Rising each year
UNDERINSURED: Denial of coverage pre-existing conditions and other “holes” in benefits

Front 4

average family payed ___% of income for health care in 2000;
national expenditures is ___% of health cost

Back 4

18; 17

Front 5

U.S. is ___th in medical preventable deaths undedra ge 75

Back 5

18/18;
life expectancy at birth:35th
infant mortality: 42nd
15% of Americans have no health insurance

Front 6

acute care model

Back 6

you get sick, you get care. preventative care, wellness not in our system. more like you get sick, then treat you.

Front 7

medical malpractice

Back 7

litigation-->adds so much to cost of health care

Front 8

latrogenic illness

Back 8

illness caused by medical treatment; types of treatment where you weigh balance of benefits vs. risks

Front 9

U.S. healthcare

Back 9

employment based system
acute care model
fragmented care
inequality:two class system
high technology
over-specialization
medical malpractice
latrogenic illness
drug benefits

Front 10

managed care

Back 10

a form of helath care organization/health maintenance orgainzation (HMO). decicions are made on who receives care, whadt services are provided, by whom the care is provided

Front 11

HR 3200: Americas Affordable Health Choices Act 2009

Back 11

individual mandate for health insurance
provide a public option in the form of health insurance exchange

Front 12

Social Security Act

Back 12

1935-franklin roosevelt

Front 13

Medicaid

Back 13

funded by income tax; health insurance for aged, blind, and disabled poor

Front 14

SSI

Back 14

funded by income tax; income for aged, blind, and disabled poor, may also recieve Medicaid

Front 15

social security

Back 15

social insurance program
-->funded by payroll taxes

Front 16

medicare

Back 16

health insurance program for ppl 65 and older --> hospital care, physician charges & cost of prescription drugs

Front 17

Medicaid

Back 17

program of health insurance for the poor

Front 18

supplemental security income (SSI)

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main cahs benefit for elderly poor and disabled poor

Front 19

graying of federal budget

Back 19

30%; 1970s

Front 20

social security

Back 20

payroll tax paid by workers and employers; income for works at age 62 or later or dependents

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medicare

Back 21

payroll tax apid by workers and employers; health h=insurance for social security recipients and for spouse at age 65

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disability insurance

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payroll tax piad by worers and employers; income for any disabled worker who has conrtibuted to social security ; also elgible for medicare

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tax expenditure pensions

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tax break for employees; firms that contribute to pension funds, workers who contribute to pension funds or retirment savings accounts

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healht insurance deductions

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tax break for employees; workers who have employer healht insurance

Front 25

home mortange interest

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tax break for home owners; home owners

Front 26

two types of social welcare

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social assitance-elgibility
social insurance-entitlement

two benefits: income maintenance & health care coverage

Front 27

social insurance

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Provide economic security
Earned entitlement
People contribute to a common pool
People share common risks
Paid through payroll taxes
Regressive Taxes: burden greater for poor than rich because it is same proportion

Front 28

social assistance

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Provide minimal benefits
Subject to a means test
Eligibility
Examples: Aid to Dependent Children
Income tax
Progressive Tax: percentage rises as income increases

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social security act

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for income maintenance. social security act in 1935

To provide selected medical benefits for those over 65 years of age who qualify for Social Security, regardless of income
Currently 95% older persons enrolled
Majority of funds come from taxes on working adults
For disabled persons and widows and orphans of persons covered by Social Security.
wealthy ppl can get social security. entitlement program. pay into it.
originially an age-based program. a lot of children and disabled persons on social security

must be 65 years old. worked 10 years/paid soc. sec. taxes. montly check/replacemnt rate. montly payment based on earnings. should have other means of supporting income, but its a basic minimum level of income

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Medicare Benecits

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Part A: hospital and related costs
Part B: Physician benefits and selelcted other health services: durable medical equipment, home health care, beneficiaries pay a deductable

dental and eyeglasses not covered in medicare

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medicare modernization act 2006

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prescription drugs; 95% of persons over 65 covered.

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medicaid

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means tested. pays for nursing care unlike medicare. those who get very low social security are also able to get ssi and mediciad--> med/medi cuz have both
largest expenditures on nursing homes

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nursing home

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an institutional setting where 24 hour long-term care to the frail and disabled elderly is provided

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total institution

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central features are abreakdown of the normal barriers that separate the main spheres of life--sleep,work, and play--and the handling of many human needs by bureacratic organization

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olmstead decision

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against civil liberty if put in instiution if they wanted to live in community. older ppl have right to live in community without being institutionalzied

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who needs long term care?

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persons with chronic diseases or conditions that have an intenstiy of need in order to meet basic needs, a multiciplicty of need for a variety of services, longevity of need for more than 6 months

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two groups of individuals opposed to passage of health care reform

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young invincibles & persons 65+

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bending the curve

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rduece the growth of medicare expenditures, which is unstistanible, not gonna last much longer. much of unviersal coverage will come from medicare

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age rating

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how much younger person willing to pay so older person can pay less

Front 40

healht psychology

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field of study devoted to underdsdtanding psychological, socia, and behavioral factors that affect health-- behavior medicine, psychosomatic medicine

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psychoneuroimmunology

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field of study devoted to understanding interconnections among psychosocial, nervous/ endocrine,and immune factors

Front 42

stress

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eleciiting event, response to event, feeling the event generates

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stressor:

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stimulus that causes a stress response. disrupt homeostasis

Front 44

stress response

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psychological, physiological and behavioral reactions to perception of a stressor. what we do when we encounter a stressor. can bring body back to homeostasis (fight/flight)

Front 45

hans selye

Back 45

stress: physiological response of the body to any demand made on it. study on rats.

descried the general adpation sydrome. thought ppl can't regain homeostasis in 3rd phase. he wrong. today we know due to the cause of long-term stressors

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general adaption syndrome

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1. alarm stage (percievs threat, body mobizlizes to meet the threat
2. reistance stage-prodiuces phsyiological changes to re-attain homeostais
3. exhaustion phase-stress response depleted. illness occurs

described by selye

Front 47

physiological stress response

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physiological changes in the body designed to: focus attention, mobilize body for response (fight/flight). energy (glucose) production/release. increase blood flow to heart and muscles. divert resources away from restorative and growth processes

carried out by sympathetic nervous, and endocrine (hormonal) systems

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two main systems involved in phsiological stress response

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sns and endocrine systems

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stress response

Back 49

evolved to deal with short term acute physical stress

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Autonomic Nervous System

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regulates activity of smooth muscle (heart, stomach, lungs, blod vessels, glands, immune organs)
sympathetic branch: expand energy
parasympathetic branch: conserve energy
norepinephrine-neurotransmitter relased from nerve endings.

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Sympathetic-Adrenal-Medullary System (SAM)

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epinephrine (adrenaline) relased from neuroal innervation of adrenal medulla
epineprhine-hormone-released into bloodstream- feeling of being amped up
-increase blood glucose levels, constrict blood vessels, increase cardiac output

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Hypothalmic-Pituitary-Adrenal axis (HPA)

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hypothalmus recieves input from other brain areas that process stressor perception. releases corticotrophin releasing hormone (CRH/CRF)
CRF flows to anterior pituarity causing release of adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH)
ACTH travels throguh bloodstream to adrenal gland causing release of glucocorticoids (cortisol) into bloodstream
cortisol: main job is to stimulate production of glucose (energy)

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effects of phsyiological stress response on other bodily systems

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growth goes down
repruction goes down
immmunity goes down and up. for most part, suppresin of immunity byt innate immunity is upregulated

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physioligical stress resposne

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for acute physical stressors. but is turned on by frequent and chronic social andpsychological stressors

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things that cause stress today

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daily hassles, life events, trauma, naturalistic stressors (shorterm lime finals and chronic like caregiving),

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PTSD

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post traumatic stress disorders experienced by war veterens

Front 57

exam stress and salivary IgA (B cell antibody)

Back 57

important in defense of colds and other infections. hormones affected by stress. goes down towads exam then goes up agiana fter exam

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primary appraisal and secondary appraisal

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appraisal is important. the way we perceive things. the more we feel like we can cope with stress, less likely to feel effects of pysiology and phsychology

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Type A personality

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high competitive strivings, time management, time pressure, react most strongly to stress

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affiliation

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espeicially in females. common response to stress. tend and befreind. reach out to other ppl

maybe due to oxytocin (child bearing child rearing). instead of fight or flight. hormonal condition. oxtyocin more in women than men. so affiliate

hormone encourage affiliative respones. touch can increase levels of this hormone and thus reduce levels of cortisol response

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maternal stressors

Back 61

have birth outcomes. double risk for pre-term birth or low birth weight infants. . babies have greater cortisal (HPA) resposnes to stress in adulthood. greater risk for hypertension, cadiovascular disaes, insulin resistnace, type 2 diabvletses, early mortality. stress going on in womb

Front 62

with age, stress

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systems become less efficent. slower recovery and response lasts longer

Front 63

allostatic load

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McEwen. wear and tear on the body. costs of maintaining homeostasis in the face of continuing challenges. if we experience over life time= allostic load of stress

Front 64

weathering hypothesis

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early health detoerioration results from cumulative impact of repeated experience with social or economic adversity.

Front 65

moms and kids

Back 65

telomere shrotening occurs much earlier the longer caregivng goes on.

Front 66

Take home messages of stress

Back 66

Physiological stress response is adaptive for short-term, physical stressors
Less adaptive for many social and psychological stressors
Can be harmful for chronic or frequently experienced stressors
Vulnerability varies by people, time, age
But, some forms of vulnerability are modifiable
And, individual appraisals and responses matter.

stress is not all bad.

Front 67

walter cannon

Back 67

stressors disrupt homeostasis. stress respone can bring body back to homesotasis (balance

Front 68

emotional stress

Back 68

can affect immune system and body systems. chronic diseases

Front 69

chronic disease

Back 69

affects 4 out 5 elderly persons.
makes up 75% of health care costs
agings is a risk factor. at elast have one chronic disase. some symptons may not be due to disease, due to meds.

Front 70

cardiovascular disease

Back 70

arteriosclerosis(normal aging)-hardening of ther arteries, arteries get stiffer. normally with aging. not a disease

atherosclerosis-major disease of aging. originally thoguht to be a plumbing problem

Front 71

the Framingham Heart Study

Back 71

most important population-based sutdy ever of heart disease.. 1940's death of mdi-age men of heart disease. identify heart disease risk factors.

impact: much current knowledge of how to prevent heart disease based on FHS

longitudinal study. study to present. studymen age 30-62 with no cvd at baseline. subjects divided into risk factor subgroups. followed every 2 years for incidence rates. followup on genetic offspring. now know not a plumbing problem

Front 72

Low density lipoprotiens (LDL)

Back 72

lighter in blood stream. transports cholesteral in the bloodstream, repairs membraines, energy, certain hormones. 'the bad cholesteral'

breaks down into protein and cholesteral

Front 73

high density lipoporteins (HDL)

Back 73

takes excess cholesteral back to liver for recycling or exretion; interferes with ldl oxidation. the good cholesterol

important to have balance between these two lipoproteins. too much cholesteral is bad, but still need some

Front 74

cholesteral

Back 74

needed for membrane and hormones. if excess=over supply of choelsteral. gives signal to dna, which makes receptors. dna reduces receptors on surface. cholesteral stays outside in bloodstream and thus ldl sas outside in bloodstream.

Front 75

why do we have too much ldl?

Back 75

mutation in ldl recepter-ldl doesnt get taken up in the cell. very rare
-age
-lifestyle is the greatest problem. choices made in earlier life. diet, smoking, exercise, stress

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normal arterie

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wall has several different layers. muscle layer that helsp change blood pressure. contraction

Front 77

atherosclerosis

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development of ateroma.
yellow structure with fat develops in wall. narrows space of blood circulation. if barrier breaks and ruptures, fatty stuff can break and enter blood stream. causes plaque

inflammatory process

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atheroma

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plaques in arteries. rupture of wall with fat in it in arteries (fibrous cap)

Front 79

too much ldl in blood stream. what happens when ldl becomes oxidized.

Back 79

Intimal layer- if too much ldl, cant go back into blodstream, gets oxidized. When ldl becomes oxidized, causes inflammatory response. Brings in monoycites, macrophage. Comes in. increases inflammation. Inflammatory reactors. Then macrophages are big eaters, eat anything. Eat oxidized lipd particles. Then macrophages become a foam cell because has lots of fat dropelets in its insides. Beginnings

Also brings in t-cells. Can recognize macro with fat particles. Macrophages become foam cell wtihin wall of arteries
Lots of foam cells in walls of arteries. Starts out as plaque. Cap keeps it in walls of arteries. Long-term process. The fibroscap?? Can burst. The fat can escape from wall into blood vessel. Makes a blood clot. Life-long process. Can start early in life.

Wall of artierie, no longer sealed off. The thrombus can enter .

Important to udnerstand, ldl is a player. Not a plumbing problem dynamic active process.

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athersclerosis can occurannywhere in the body

Back 80

legs: intermmttent claudication. severe pain in calve or buttocks when walking. treatemnt: rest and contineu to walk so muscle can get stronger and increases blood to area.

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coronary artery disease

Back 81

coronoary heart disease.
main artery is in the heart.
angina pectoris- person gets squeezing pressure in chest. shortness of breath. pan to arm. associated with physical stress
next stage is myocardial infraction. artery totally blocked off. no blood to heart: bad crushing pain, nausea. lasts longer than 10 minutes (angina pectoris, but not fatal. damage to heart instead. heart can't pump as well

Front 82

clots

Back 82

depends where. causes different symptoms in differente parts of the body

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CRP

Back 83

immune system plays a role in atherosclerosis
c reactive protein
marker that inflammation is going on. more important than ldl and hdl ratio, amount of crp is risk factor of heart disease. measured along with ldl and hdl.

Front 84

protective autoantibodies

Back 84

attact things inside our bods, whcih cause aothoimmune disease like lupus or rheumatory arthritis.
autoantibodies are good. centenarrians have antibodies against oxidized ldls. antibodies capture oxidized ldl's to prevent from harming things.

Front 85

anti-inflammmaotyr drugs

Back 85

like aspirin. may reduce infllmattion and lessen symptoms of athersclerosis. want some inflmmation but not long-term. so is this the approach to cardiovascular disease?

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hypertension

Back 86

silent killer. one in 4 adults have it. if blood pressure higher than 140/90. high blood pressure. increase of stroke, lifestyle choices will reduce hypertension risk

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stroke

Back 87

3rd leading cause of death in elderly
ischemia-lack of oxygen to certain parts of prain, can be due to a blood clot.
-hemoorhage-bleeding areas of brain. inflammation can cause a stroke too
mini stroke TIA. black out for a moment. can cause brain damamge.
tissue plasminogen activator- ??? can prevent damage of stroke,but only for certain types of stroke

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heart failure

Back 88

heart can't pump enough blood. out of breath. nnot e nough oxygen or other nutrients. associated with aging.

arthymias, cardiac arrest- problem with rhythm of heart

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athersclerosis and osteoporosis

Back 89

have a relationship
Persons with lower bone density and osteoporosis also have higher serum lipid levels
Osteoporotic postmenopausal women are at greater risk for cardiovascular disease-estrogen important in controlling ldl and bone density.
Lipids are found within osteoporotic bone
Lipid-lowering drugs retard bone loss
Chronic activation of immune system (autoimmune diseases, cancers, leukemia, asthma, chronic viral infections and periodontal disease) can lead to systemic (osteoporosis), and local bone loss and cartilage destruction (arthritis).
ahving one disase incrases risk of another disaes. Ldl found in bone. Ldl associated with that disease.

Drugs reduces ldl and increases hdl. You also retard bone loss

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dyslipdiemia

Back 90

balanca is at a hilter
aging
hiv disease
atherosclerosis

associated with low bone mass

Front 91

clinicla associations with low bone mass

Back 91

rheumatoid arthritis (RA)
periodontal disease
inflmmatory bowel disease (IBD)
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)

Front 92

immune/inflmmatory role

Back 92

in many chronic diseases

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arrhythmias

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problem with rhythm of the heart

Front 94

cardiac arrest

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is the abrupt cessation of normal circulation of the blood due to failure of the heart to contract

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3 general categories that cause stress

Back 95

natural disasters, wars & related disasters (famine), individual traumas (car accidents)

Front 96

Maggie Kuhn

Back 96

Founder of Gray Panthers
young ppl and older ppl for social change. outlined much of what we're tlaking about today in health reform. must be a goal at every stage of life. old age is not a disease

Front 97

diversity

Back 97

each of us is like no one else (intragroup heterogenity
-each of us is like some others-ethnicity, other multibple idenetites, andintergroup diversity
-each of us is like everyone else (humanity

Front 98

three main variables impacting opportunity

Back 98

gender, race/ethnicity, class/ses

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life course perspective

Back 99

the ways people are located in the social system, the historical period in which they live, and their unique personal biography.
1. The aging process is affected by individuals’ personal attributes, their particular life events, and how they adapt to these events.
2. Sociohistorical times shape opportunity structures differently for individuals with specific personal characteristics, such as being in a subordinate position on a social hierarchy. Thus, people’s life events, adaptive resources, and aging experiences differ.
3. Membership in a specific birth cohort (I.e., being born in a particular time period) shapes the aging experience. Within cohorts, however, the experience of aging differs depending on one’s position in systems of inequality based on gender, race or ethnicity, and class.
Sociohistorical periods shape the aging experience of cohorts. These historical times, however, have different impact on the experiences of disadvantaged and privileged members of the same cohort.

Opportunity structures. –explains why there’s fewer opportunities. Age of historical event can affect.

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race is a result of

Back 100

social construction

Front 101

ethnic elders make up

Back 101

15% of older adults

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__% of older adults in poverty-

Back 102

9.8

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poorest group in america

Back 103

older women of color

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Convergence theory:

Back 104

A theory of aging that views old age as a great leveler, which reduces inequality that was evident at earlier stages of the life course.

Front 105

Theory of cumulative disadvantage

Back 105

: A theory that people who begin life with greater resources continue to have opportunities to accumulate more of them while those who begin with few resources fall further behind.

Front 106

two categories of health disparites

Back 106

status and care

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equity-

Back 107

get what you need according to what you need. like women gets prenatal care

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Healthcare Research and Quality Act

Back 108

health and human services secretary reqquired to submit annual report to Congress on :national trends in health care quality & prevailing disparites in health carfe delivery as it realtes to racial cators and socioeconomic factors in proiority populations

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health

Back 109

state of complete physical, mental,l and social well-being and not merely the absense of disease or infirmity

Front 110

Mental health is defined as a state of well-being in which every individual:

Back 110

realizes his or her own potential
can cope with the normal stresses of life
can work productively and fruitfully
is able to make a contribution to her or his community.
WHO definition
Maintain fulfilling social relationships

more than just the absense of a mental disordedr

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6 core domains of phsychological well-being

Back 111

1. self-acceptance
2. purpose in life
3. environmental matery
4. positive relationships
5. autonomy
6. personal growth

Front 112

Carol Ritz?

Back 112

phsychological wellbeing across the life course
for males: autnomy goes up.
self-acceptance goes down then up
environmental mastery stays stable then up
personal growth goes down
purpose in life goes down

for females:
autnomy and environmental master goes up
positive relations and self-acceptance stays the same
personal growth and purpose in life goes down.

Front 113

life satisfaction varies by

Back 113

personality, health status, social factors, proximity to death

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Mental Disorder

Back 114

Condition that affects changes in thought, mood, or behavior (or a combination of these) that result in distress or impairment in function.

Front 115

Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM)

Back 115

culturally influenced.
ex. gay used to be a mental disease

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major types of mental disorders

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mood disorders, anxiety disordedrds, schizophrenia, eating disorders, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, autism, alzheimer's disease

1 in 4 adults in us suffer from a mental disorder

older adults experience more minor depression.

Front 117

disorders associated with age-graded events

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postpartum depression-mostly after pregnancy
reactive depression-major life event. common to older adults who experience more loss

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depression

Back 118

most common in our age group. impairs function. neurotransmitters: serotonin, norepinrephine. one of most treatable disorders
risk factors: genetic, biochemical, personality, stress, disease/illness
highest in oldest-old. impayrs physical, mentall, and social funcitoning

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suicide

Back 119

older adults more likely than other age group. men more likely. whites more than non-whites.

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sleep disorders

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insomia, sleep-disordered breathing, movement disorders. viscous cycle of helath affecting sleep. sleep affecting health.

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sleep deprivation

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impairs mental and physical functioning, ability to handle stress, to regulate emotions, rem sleep deprivation suppresses neuron growth in hippocampus of rats (long-term memory)

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personality styles

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optimism, feelings of control, self-efficacy, hostility

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attributions that ppl come up with for why certian things happen

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internality: attribution of the cause of an event to an internal or external source
stability: temporal chracteristic of the cause
globality: specificity of the cause. optimists tend to attribute bad events to external, temporary and specific causes

type A: impatioent, time-urgent, competitive, hostile, incapabpe of relaxation, insecure about status
type B: easy going, relaxed, patient
Type C: introverted, respectful,eager to please, compliant, suppress negative emotion
type c's more susceptible to cancer. b's least likely to have health outcomes, A really vulnuerable especially cardiovascular.

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hostility

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risk factor for cardiovascular heart disease (CHD)

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mental capital

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cognitive and emotional resources.
cognitive ability: flexibilty and efficiency at learning
emotional intelligence: social skills; resilience in the face of stress
impact ability to contribute to society and quality of life

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who's in the social network

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family, friends, co-workers, schoolmates, acquaitnances, neighbors, social groups/organizations

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characteristics of network

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Level of social integration# of ties; diversity of ties;

frequency of interaction

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change in family structure

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decrease in horizontal size. increase in intergenerational households. beanpole family. verticalization

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family life cycle-nuclear family

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stage 1: marriage
stage 2-6: childbearing and childrearing
stage 7: postparental empty next
stage 8 retired older adult

duvall

needs to include more stges like early retirement /young-old
late retirement/old-old

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u-shaped model

Back 130

less marital satisfaction in middle adult years during childrearing

longitudinal study provides linear decline, not u-shaped

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theory of intergenrational solidarity

Back 131

1children with/near parents before age 25
2separation of young adult children from parents; healthy elders live apart from adult children
3aging parents move closer to adult children

to adapt to changing needs and resources of different genearionts in family.

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six components of intergenerational solidarity

Back 132

1Frequency of interaction
2Amount of interaction
3Amount of positive sentiment
4Level of agreement regarding beliefs/values
5Degree of service/assistance exchange
6Amount of geographical proximity

intergenerational interactions vary by socioeconomic factors, culuturall, life coure phase, life events

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grandparenting styles

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remonte, companionate, involved

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Socioemotional selectivity theory

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increasing focus on emotionally-satisfying and meaningful relationships in late life

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social support

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the provision of emotional, informational or instrumental resources
Perceived and received

Front 136

major types of social support

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emotional, instrumental, affirmation (acknowledgement of one's values/worth or agreement with one's attitudes)

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support bank

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level of deposits and withdrawals vary across teh life course
support types may vary across the life course.

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convoy model of social relations

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social support network, entity we carry with us across the life course. Aids protection and well-being. Stable entity.

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Buffering hypothesis

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social ties/support promote health by acting as buffers to negative effects of life stress

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Direct effect hypothesis

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existence of social ties/support has a positive impact on health irrespective of presence of life stress

Front 141

negative of instrumental support

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Feelings of helplessness
Perceptions of low mastery, autonomy, self-efficacy and control
Perceived overprotection
Feeling infantilized

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informal caregiving

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the provision of unpaid assistance to another

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caregiver burden

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level of caregiving tasks/activities

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caregiver stress

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degree of strain felt from caregiver burden

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caregiver costs

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personal/opportuinity, social , economic and time costs assoicated with caregiving role

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caregiver benefits

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rewards associated with caregivimg role

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caregiving

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not a temporary job. and frequent activity

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the townsend movement

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1st major social moevent by elderlyenact townsend plan -give all 65+ pension of 150 a month hastend passage of social securty act of 1935

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systole

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contraction of heart

Front 150

diastole

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relaxation of the heart

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asystyle

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no heart beat

Front 152

cardiovascular system

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body's main transportation system. sends supplies to tissues in bodies while removing waste products. compsoed of the heart, blood vessle,s and blood

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arteries/ veins

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arteries carry blood away from heart and veins carry blood to heart

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rate of blood flow

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determined by phsical demands on body

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sympathetic/parasympathetic system

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increases rate and strength of heart beat

decreases rate and strength

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hypertension

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optimal blood pressure=120/80
hypetension 140/90
one of most prevalent in older population
damage to collagen in arterial walls, amking them stiffer

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arteriosclerosis

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thickening and loss of elasticty of arterial walls, raises blood pressure an.

Front 158

athersclerosis

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most common form of arteriosclerosis. deposition of plaques inside the arterial wall. disruption of blood supply to systems of body.

Front 159

peripheral vascular disease

Back 159

atherosclerosis can damage peripheral blood cells.
periphedral arterial occlusive disease (PAOD)-arteries that carry blood to the legs and feet are blocked becasue of astheroclserosis. decrease in supply of oxygen and nutrients. encourage exercise to improve blood circulation and muscle strength

Front 160

coronary heart disease (CHD)

Back 160

from athersoclerosis of arteries of heart.
angina pectoris-common form-demand for blood to heart muscle greater than what can be supplied
CHD can lead to myocardiol infarction or heart attack. when an artery in heart is blocked b/c of blood clot.

Front 161

heart failure

Back 161

stoppage of heart beat.
or heart that cant pump blood to meet metabolic needs of body's tissues.

Front 162

respiratory system

Back 162

transfers oxygen from air into blood stream and remove carbon diioxide.

Front 163

alveoli

Back 163

perfused by capillaries, blood gases exchanged. replenish supplly of oxygen and remove co2 from blood. lungs have most extensive capillary network.

Front 164

lung volume

Back 164

governs respiratory rate-amount of air expired with each breath
tidal volume-person at rest
vital capacity-combo of tidal volume and extra amounts a person can inspire and expire
total lung cappacity-vital capcity and residual volume

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lung cancer

Back 165

leading cause of cancer death in us.
small-cell and non-small-cell cancer
small-cell: grow rapidly andhigh rate of metasis
nonsmallcell:slower growing. less likely to metastsize and more common among older adults

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pneumonia

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serious illness for older person
due to changes in lung

Front 167

chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

Back 167

disase of the respiratory tract. bronchitis and emphysema
4th leading cause of death
. smoking and exposure to asbestos
chronic bronchitis: hard to clear respiratory tract because of thickened mucus
emphysema: abnormal and permanent deteriation of tissue at end of respiratory tract. less aveoli for gas exchange. shortnace of breath

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tuberculosis

Back 168

bacterial infection . affects lungs. airborne. nonspecific

Front 169

gastrointestinal system

Back 169

procesing and absorption of fluuids, electroyltes, and nutrientgs. break down nutrients into component parts then absorbed into blood stream for delivery. elimnation of body's waste products

generally retains much of its regular funcitn with age

Front 170

common cuse of pernicious anemia

Back 170

vitamin b12 deficiency

Front 171

liver

Back 171

regulates metabolism. conerts toxiy by product ammonia into urea. storage for iron and fat-soluable vital=mins.

Front 172

pancreas

Back 172

secrets enzyames needed for digestion, sodium bicarbonate to neutralize gastric acids,a nd inculin which regulates blood glucose

Front 173

periodontal disease

Back 173

disease of structures taht support the teeth
gingivitis damage gums

Front 174

constipation

Back 174

bowel movent that is hard and dry. low in fiber

Front 175

diverticular disaes

Back 175

diverticulosis-presense of diverticula in colon. outpoucings of lining in colon. inflmationwhen stool becmoes trapped in diverticula. important to eat fiber

Front 176

gallbladder disaes

Back 176

large gallstones can cause problems when they move out of gallbladder and get stuck incystic or common bile duct;

Front 177

colorectal cancer

Back 177

3rd leading cause of cancer death
partial or complete blockage of growing cancerous tumor

Front 178

undernutirtion

Back 178

diet low in calcium, proten, calories. inadequte fluid intake

Front 179

obesity

Back 179

diets high in calroies. caloric restriction

Front 180

renal / urinary system-

Back 180

-filter waste produfts from blood, maintaind fluidsand electrolytes and regulate osmotic pressure, ac/dbase balance, and blood pressure. mantann concentrantions of minerals and regulate oxygen levels

Front 181

glomeri

Back 181

made of capillaries thorugh which the blood is filtered

Front 182

urinary-incontinence

Back 182

one of most embarrasing and annoying probs of older adults. urge, functional, stress and overflow,

Front 183

benign prostatic hyperplasia

Back 183

one of causes of incontinence=enlargement of prostrate. almost universal among men

Front 184

prostrate cancer

Back 184

second to lunge cancer in cancer death among men
more ppl die with it than from it.
tow ways to screen: digital exam of prstrate. or blood test that measures PSA

Front 185

phsyical demands

Back 185

determine the rate of blood flow

Front 186

cardiovascular system

Back 186

is the body's transportation system

Front 187

diastole

Back 187

relaxation of the heart

Front 188

bradycardia

Back 188

an abnormally slow pulse

Front 189

bad cholesteral

Back 189

ldl

Front 190

veins

Back 190

carry blood to the heart

Front 191

peripheral arterial occlusive disease (PAOD)

Back 191

arteries that carry blood to the legs and feet are paritially blocked

Front 192

diuretics

Back 192

drugs used to control hypertension

Front 193

systole

Back 193

contraction of the heart

Front 194

aerobic activity

Back 194

has a protective effect on the cardiovascular system

Front 195

systolic

Back 195

first number in blood pressure reading

Front 196

heart

Back 196

center of the circulartory system

Front 197

arteries

Back 197

carry blood away from the heart

Front 198

diastolic

Back 198

second number in blood pressure reading

Front 199

hypertension

Back 199

blood pressure 140/90 or higher

Front 200

atherosclerosis is a deposition of _______inside the arterial wall

Back 200

plaques

Front 201

sympathetic nerves in the spinal column radiate to the

Back 201

target organs. postganlionic nerves

Front 202

the SNS activates

Back 202

immune system responses

Front 203

stress causes temporory increases in cardiovascular disease risk factors such as

Back 203

blood pressure and cholesterol

Front 204

too much cortisol

Back 204

can damage the receptors in the hippocampus

Front 205

PTSD affects __% of combat victims

Back 205

20-30

Front 206

stress proliferation

Back 206

phenomenon that occurs when chronic role strain becomes stresful and spreads into another domain

Front 207

duodenum

Back 207

enzymes are secreted from the intestinal mucosa to digest food with assitance from pancreatic and bile secretions

Front 208

pancreas

Back 208

secretes enzymes necessary for digestion

Front 209

urinary incontinance

Back 209

affects 5-30% of older adults 65+

Front 210

kidneys

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removes metabolic wastes from the blood

Front 211

older americans act

Back 211

1965. designed to help older ppl stay independent.

Front 212

1992 presidential election

Back 212

older voters less likely to vote for ross perot. skepticism of older ppl of third-party candidates

Front 213

townsend movement

Back 213

older americans lobbied congress for national old-age pension. many believevd this hastned passage of social security act of 1935

Front 214

medicare catastrophic coverage act of ????

Back 214

generated protest by elderly b/c felt they were taxed unfailry and legislation didnt provide one benefit they needed the most--help with nursing home care

Front 215

red hat society

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most recent social movement. ojbective: increase visibility of older women

Front 216

3 functions of social support

Back 216

aid, affection, affirmation

Front 217

Medicare Modernization Act 2006

Back 217

prescription drugs

Front 218

who needs long term care?

Back 218

intensity of need, multiplicyt of need, longevity of need

Front 219

epinephrine vs. norepineprhine

Back 219

epinephrine is stronger cardiac stimulant and increases cardiac rate and metabolic rate

norepinephrine is stronger peripheral vascular system stimulant and increases blood pressure.

Front 220

SNS reacts in two ways

Back 220

1. SAM: Nerves orginante in spinal column(preganglionic) and radiate to target organs. they secret neuro neurotransmitter ACTH. nerves use norepinephrine. enervates nerves bronchi, gut, kidnye,etc directly

2. SAM less direct. sympatheticnervecs go to adrenal medulla atop kidneys . secretes epineprhine and noreppinhrine in blood, stimulating muscles and blood vessels