G&d Two

Front 1

formation of the dental lamina begins during the _____ week in embryonic life and lasts until _____ years of age

Back 1

6th week

4-5 years

Front 2

by the ___ month in utero, _____ deciduous buds are present

composed of what two basic parts?

Back 2

2nd all 20

epithelial and mesenchymal

Front 3

epithelial portion of the tooth germ becomes ______ in the cap stage (proliferation)

Back 3

enamel organ- forms the enamel

Front 4

the mesenchymal portion of the tooth germ becomes what 2 things

Back 4

dental papilla- forms dentin (outer) and pulp (inner)
dental follicle (surrounds the enamel organ) forms cementum, periodontal ligament and adjacent alveolar bone

Front 5

the stage where various cells of the tooth are becoming specialized to form the tissues of the tooth

Back 5

histodifferentiation (bell stage)

Front 6

2 characteristics of the inner enamel eithelium in the bell stage

Back 6

1. defines the shape of the tooth

2. elongates and diferentiates to become ameloblasts

Front 7

the onset of amelogenesis marks the start of this phase

Back 7

apposition

Front 8

determines the size and shape of the tooth

Back 8

morphodifferentiation

Front 9

once the odontoblasts begin to produce dentin matrix, this occurs

Back 9

the ameloblasts differentiate and produce enamel

Ablasts and Oblasts move away fromw hat will become the DEJ as matrix is formed

Front 10

has an uncalcified layer.

Back 10

dentin.

enamel has hydroxyapatite present almost from the moment it's laid down

Front 11

first and last area of the crown to completely form

Back 11

cusp tip

cervical region

Front 12

max and mand incisors begin to calcify at about _____ weeks in utero

Back 12

16-18

Front 13

root development of primary(?) teeth is about ___ years

Back 13

3 years

Front 14

*initiation* of the permanent teeth occurs one at a time beginning at the _____ month in utero and ends at about age ______ with this tooth

Back 14

4th month (1st perm molar)

age 4-5 with the 3rd molars

Front 15

there are ____ teeth calcifying at birth

Back 15

24 (in some stage of the process)

Front 16

calcification of the cusps of the 1st permanent molars begins _______-

Back 16

just before birth

Front 17

overbite of the gum pads varies from ____ mm

Back 17

-4 to +5 mm

Front 18

does relationship of the gum pads predict occlusion?

Back 18

no

Front 19

3 categories of primary tooth eruption

Back 19

preeruptive phase
active eruptive phase
eruptive (functional phase)

Front 20

all movements of the preeruptive phase take place in the ____
consists of the movements of the developing and growing tooth germ within the process prior to this _______

Back 20

crypt

prior to root formation

Front 21

2 types of movement in preeruptive phase

Back 21

bodily movement: shift of the entire germ causing apposition and respotion of bone

eccentric growth: movement of the tooth from developmental position to the site of functional occlusion

Front 22

during what stage do the successional permanent teeth develop lingual to/near the incisal or occlusal level of their predecessors?

Back 22

early in the preeruptive stage

Front 23

during active eruptive phase

____ enters the oral cavity- marking onset of clinical eruption

Back 23

roots begin formation

tip of the crown enters the oral cavity

Front 24

primary general eruption timing:

centrals and laterals
first molars
cuspids
second molars

Back 24

6 months
12 months
18 months
24 months

Front 25

the crowns of the primary anterior teeth are ______ mesio-distally in comparison with crown length than the permanent teeth

roots are ______ and _______ compared to the crown size

pulp chamber is ______ with comparatively ____ tooth structure protection

Back 25

wider

narrower/longer

larger pulp chamber with less tooth structure

Front 26

the cervical ridge buccally on the primary molar is ___________, especially on the max/mand 1st molars

the buccal and lingual surfaces of the primary molars are ______ above the cervical curvatures thant hose of the permanent teeth

Back 26

much more pronounced

flatter above the cervical curvatures

Front 27

where do primate spaces occur in the primary dentition?

Back 27

mesial of the maxillary canine
distal of the mandibular canine

Front 28

mesial step will make this in the permanent dentition?

flust terminal plane?

distal step?

Back 28

- class I molar relationship

- molars will be end-on (or class 1 if space closes)

- permanent molars are potentially class II relationship

Front 29

length of gum pad stage

Back 29

6-7 months

Front 30

average eruption time of primary teeth

first molar eruption range

completion of eruption

Back 30

7.5 to 28 months

4 to 12 months

21-37 months

Front 31

how long does primary dentition stage last?

Back 31

4 years

Front 32

arches are edentulous
eruption of primary teeth

full primary dentition
mixed dentition
permanent dentition

Back 32

birth- 6 months
6mo-2 years
2-6 years
6-12 years
12 years

Front 33

baume type 1 vs 2

Back 33

I: interdental spaces between the anterior teeth

II: without interdental spacing

Front 34

the 3 terminal planes

which is a malocclusion?

Back 34

straight- back molars line up
mesial step: mandibular 2nd molar is more mesial than maxillary

distal step: mandibular 2nd molar is more distal than maxillary *malocclusion*

Front 35

3 stages of the mixed dentition

Back 35

1. eruption of the 1st permanent molars
2. exfoliation of the primary incisors and their replacement
3. exfoliation of primary cuspids, first and second primary molars and their replacement

Front 36

6 yeras molars can erupt as early/late as

Back 36

4.4 years or later than 7.5 years

Front 37

describe an early mesial shift

Back 37

baumes type I primary teeth with a straight terminal plane --> eruptive force of perm mandibular 1st molar causes a mesial migration of the primary molars into the mandibular primate space. changes terminal plane to a mesial step.

mandibular 1st molar has to erupt first

Front 38

describe a late mesial shift

Back 38

baume type II primary teeth with straight terminal plane

1st molars erupt into end-on relationship due to no space in the arch. can change into class I only after the mandibular primary 2nd molars exfoliate.

perm mandibular premolars are narrower than primary predecessors so space will be there for a late mesial shift of mand 1st molars.

Front 39

besides early/late mesial shifts, how else might you get a class I relationship from a straight terminal plane?

Back 39

if a greater forward growth of the mandible occurs than in the maxilla

or

a combo of greater anterior mandibular growth and a mesial shift of the mandibular molars occur

Front 40

with eruption of 1st perm molars, there is a _________ in arch length

Back 40

decrease

Front 41

develops into a class II relationship

Back 41

distal step terminal plane with or without interdental spacing

can only get class I if significant growth occurs

Front 42

the permanent incisors erupt between ______ years of age

Back 42

6-9 years

Front 43

permanent teeth that reach their full clinical crown height first

Back 43

usually permanent incisors (even though they erupt after perm 1st molars)

Front 44

maxillary central incisors erupt _________ the mandibular centrals or at the same time as _____________

Back 44

after

mandibular lateral incisors

Front 45

maxillary permanent central incisors erupt ____ and have a more _____ inclination than their predecessors

Back 45

labially and have a more labial inclination

(in accordance with their greater labiolingual thickness and wider diameter)

Front 46

maxillary central incisors erupts with a slight (distal/mesial) inclination and ______ between them

Back 46

distal inclination

diastema (space)

Front 47

factors that influence space availability for the permanent dentition (4)

Back 47

- primary to permanent tooth size relationship
- chagnes in arch dimension
- loss of tooth material
- habits

Front 48

final tooth alignment depends on these 3 things

Back 48

1. relative size differential between primary and permanent incisors
2. presence or absence of interdental spacing
3. lateral and anterior growth of the anterior alveolar process

Front 49

incisor liability(lack of space) male
maxilla:
mandible:

female
maxilla:
mandible:

Back 49

-7 mm
-5 mm

female
-6mm
-4.8mm

Front 50

the difference between the size of the primary canines and molars and the permanent teeth that replace them

Back 50

leeway space (positive space)

Front 51

ages 4-6 arch length _____ as molars erupt

Back 51

decrease

Front 52

increase in arch length occurs

Back 52

ages 7-9 as central and lateral incisors erupt

due to tongue pushing on front teeth. labial eruption pattern of central/lateral incisors

Front 53

ages ________ leeway space _______ with final molar adjustments

Back 53

10-14 leeway space decreases and arch length decreases

Front 54

changes in arch width

- ages 3-4 slight ______
- ages 6-8 increase of ____mm with eruption of incisors
- age 12 increase in maxilla of ____mm with eruption of canines
- net increase of _____ mm

Back 54

increase due to early growth spurt

- 6-8 increase of 3mm
- 12: 2 mm increase
- net increase of 3-5 mm

Front 55

arch circumference from 5 to 15

- maxillary arch slight _______
- mandibular arch large _______

Back 55

slight increase
large decrease

Front 56

deficiency indicators

Back 56

- lack of primary space
- premature primary tooth loss
- ectopic eruption
- incisor crowding
- gingival recession

Front 57

mechanism to coordinate the eruption and migration of the teeth relative to their jaw bases in order for normal relationships between upper and lower dental arches to be maintained

Back 57

dento-alveolar compensatory mechanism

Front 58

3 factors responsible for dento-alveolar compensation

Back 58

- normal eruptive system
- dental equilibrium
- influence on tooth position exerted by neighboring teeth

Front 59

in maxillary tooth movements

tooth growth/eruption is (greater/less) than growth displacements

molar migration is (greater/less) than incisor migration

Back 59

tooth growth greater

molar migration is greater than incisor migration (arch is getting smaller- molars moving mesial toward midline)

Front 60

in mandibular tooth movements

tooth growth is (greater/less) than growth displacements

molar growth/eruption is (greater/less) than incisor growth

Back 60

tooth growth is less than growth displacement

molar migration is greater than incisor migration (more mesial)
BUT they erupt a similar amount (different than maxillary)

Front 61

amount of eruption per year
maxillary/mandibular

Back 61

maxillary: 1-1.2mm
mandible: 1mm

2mm per year: total upper and lower molar eruption

Front 62

4 forces that effect dental equilibrium

Back 62

1. intrinsic forces of the tongue and cheek or lips
2. extrinsic forces: habits, orthodontic appliances, etc.
3. forces from dental occlusion
4. forces fromt he periodontal membrane

Front 63

is supra-eruption normal?

Back 63

yes- compensatory response to offset occlusion attrition and maintain efficient mastication

Front 64

_____ amount of (increase/decrease) in maxillary intercanine width during transition to early mixed dentition

____ amount of (increase/decrease) in wdith with emergence of permanent canines

Back 64

3 mm increase in intercanine width

2 mm increase with emergence of permanent canines

Front 65

______ amount of increase in mandibular intercanine width during transition to early mixed dentition

____ amount of change in mand width with emergence of permanent canines in mandible

Back 65

3 mm increase

no change/slight decrease with eruption of permanent canine

Front 66

____mm increase in maxillary first molar width between what ages?

___mm increase in mandibular first molar width between what ages?

Back 66

4-5mm increase 6-16

2-3mm increase 6-16

Front 67

maxillary arch depth increases temporarily when and why? how much #?

how much decrease with loss of what teeth?

Back 67

increases with eruption of incisors (1-2mm) no room for them --> proclination --> increase in arch depth

decrease 2mm due to loss of primary molars

Front 68

mandibular arch depth has little/no change until loss of _____________

_____mm decrease with loss of primary molars

Back 68

deciduous molars

2-3mm decrease in mand arch depth

Front 69

maxillary arch perimeter increases ____ during early mixed

decrease of ____ in late mixed

overall ________ from ____-____ years

Back 69

4-5 mm
4mm
only slight increase from 5-18 years

Front 70

mandibular arch perimeter increases ___ during early mixed

decrease of ____ during late mixed

overal ___ and ____ decrease in males and females

Back 70

increase of 2mm

decrease of 4-6mm

overall 3.5 and 4.5 mm decrease in arch perimeter

Front 71

___% of people will have crowding

Back 71

40%

Front 72

growth that is more important for skeletal growth

Back 72

hyperplasia (increase in cell #) and secretion of extracellular matrix (accretion)

more important than hypertrophy

Front 73

interstitial growth occurs in what kind of bone growth

Back 73

endochondral ossification

Front 74

primary cartilage adapted for _________
receives nutrients by ______
matrix is _______, adaptation to buffer chondrocytes

postnatal examples:

Back 74

adapted for compression

- avascular, receives nutrients by diffusion
- matrix is noncompressible
- long bone epiphyses, synchondroses, nasal septum (only example in mid-face)

Front 75

does secondary cartilage have a template?

present where ________ is required

responsive to environment why?

postnatal examples:

Back 75

no template

rapid growth

responsive because cells aren't surrounded by cartilage matrix

examples: condylar cartilage, sternoclavicular joint

Front 76

secretion of bone matrix directly within connective tissue, without any intermediate cartilage formation

3 types

Back 76

intramembranous bone formation

woven bone
lamellar bone
bundle bone

Front 77

type of bone found at insertions of ligaments and tendons

type of bone that only takes place in mineralized matrix- formed around central vessel

develops directly in uncalcified CT.

Back 77

bundle bone

lamellar

woven

Front 78

membrane that is highly vascularized

Back 78

periosteum membrane (intramembranous bone)

Front 79

anatomical units of the craniofacial skeleton and what kind of bone?

Back 79

desmocranium (calvarium/vault): intramembranous

chondrocranium(synchondroses, nasal septum): endochondral

splanchnocranium (midface/mandible): primarily intramembranous besides condyle which is secondary cartilage

Front 80

2 types of epigenetic factors and examples

Back 80

general factors (hormones)

local factors (growth of brain, eyes)

Front 81

2 types of environmental factors and examples

Back 81

general factors (food, temperature, oxygen supply)

local (muscular forces)

Front 82

Sicher-
Scott-
Moss-

Back 82

Sicher- osteogenesis controlled entirely by genetics
Scott- cartilage and periosteal growth under genetic control; sutures under epigenetic control
Moss- bone growth controlled entirely by surrounding soft tissue

Front 83

desmocranial growth controlled by:

chondrocranial growth controlled by:

splanchnocranial growth controlled by:

Back 83

epigenetic and environment

mostly genetic

epigenetic and environment

Front 84

functional matrix:

Back 84

functioning spaces and soft tissues required for a specific function

capsular (more general) or periosteal (more specific) matrix

Front 85

2 capsular matrices

Back 85

neurocranial- brain, leptomeninges, and cerebrospinal fluid

orofacial- oral, nasal and pharyngeal functioning spaces

Front 86

example of a periosteal matrix

Back 86

a tooth with periodontal ligament, alveolar bone etc.

Front 87

skeletal unit:

Back 87

bone, cartilage, and ligaments that protect and support the functional matrix

microskeletal (periosteal)
macroskeletal (capsular)

Front 88

macroskeletal unit examples:

microskeletal units:

Back 88

mandible, maxilla, etc.

condylar, coronoid, angular alveolar and basal microskeletal units

the temporalis muscle is the periosteal matrix of the coronoid unit

Front 89

lingual crossbite occurs when

Back 89

maxillary molar facial cusps are in the mandibular grooves (instead of the lingual cusps)

Front 90

lingual nonocclusion occurs when

Back 90

maxillary molars are completely within the mandibular arch

Front 91

buccal nonocclusion occurs when

Back 91

maxillary molars are completely outside the mandibular arch

Front 92

ideal transverse occlusions occurs when

Back 92

maxillary lingual cusps are in the mandibular molar grooves

Front 93

normal occlusion occurs in what % of the pop?

class I mal?

class II division 1?

class III?

Back 93

20%

60%

35%

5%

Front 94

malocclusion where the mesiobuccal groove of the mandibular first molar articulates posterior to the mesiobuccal cusp of the maxillary first molar

Back 94

class II

Front 95

division 1 and division 2 of class II malocclusion

Back 95

division 1: maxillary anterior teeth are proclined with a significant overjet

division 2: maxillary incisors are upright and the lateral incisors are in labioversion

Front 96

- lower molar is distall positioned relative to the upper molar

- retroclined maxillary central incisors

- proclined maxillary lateral incisors

Back 96

class II division 2

Front 97

represents a forward posturing of the mandible due to anterior interferences

Back 97

pseduo class III

Front 98

normal amount of overjet

Back 98

-2mm

Front 99

3 dimensions of malocclusion

Back 99

vertical: overbite relationship

transverse: post crossbite- lingual or buccal

anteriorposterior: overjet/ anterior crossbite

Front 100

additional factors to consider in malocclusion

Back 100

arch length (spacing or crowding)
missing teeth
supernumerary teeth
skeletal relationship (important)
facial esthetics

Front 101

most common missing teeth

Back 101

maxillary lateral incisor, mandibular 2nd premolar

Front 102

primary eruption schedule

range for maxillary 2nd molar:

Back 102

mand central: 6 mos
mand lateral: 7 mos
max central: 7.5
max lateral: 9
1st molars: 12-14
canine: 16-18
mand 2nd: 20
max 2nd: 24

max 2nd range 28 (+/-) 4 months

Front 103

order of permanent eruption

Back 103

mand:
1st molar, centrals, laterals, canine, premolars, 2nd/3rd molar

max
1st molar, centrals, laterals, premolars, canine, 2nd/3rd molar