G&d Final

Front 1

hierarchy of alterations in adult facial growth (from most to least)

Back 1

soft tissues, frontal sinus, facial bones, cranial base bones

Front 2

direction in which adult growth predominates, but is more characteristic for ______

Back 2

vertical

female

Front 3

decreases/ increases with age

bone water content
apatite crystal size
volume of skeleton
weight of skeleton
cortex width

Back 3

decrease
increase
increase
decrease
decrease

Front 4

adult growth--> mandibular rotation is _______ for males, and _____ for females

Back 4

counterclockwise/forward

clockwise/ backward

Front 5

in adult growth, the palate region continues to move ____ and ______ in the posterior region, and in the anterior region in moves _______ and ______

Back 5

inferiorly and posteriorly in the posterior region

anterior region it moves forward and downward

Front 6

for adult growth, the anterior midface shows a greater development _______ than ______

nasal bone region continues to develop ________

alveolus increases in size ________

Back 6

more anteriorly than vertically

anteriorly

vertically

Front 7

in adult growth, the lips tend to grow ____ resulting in ____ upper incisor display

overall there is a ______ and ______ of the profile

teeth begin to incline ________

Back 7

downward --> less upper incisor display

straightening and elongation of profile

incline lingually- lip area is flattened

Front 8

face profile changes begin 10 years ______ for men than for women

women greater changes from ____ to ____ decades
men greater changes from ____ to ____ decades

Back 8

later

2nd to 3rd

3rd to 4th

Front 9

max and mand arch width and arch depth _______ with age

Back 9

decrease

Front 10

in adult growth, maxillary central incisors ____ and become more ________

lower anterior have a tendency to _______ in females and _____ in males

_______ teeth respond to the altered position of the mandible

Back 10

extrude and become more vertically upright (both sexes)

procline in females, remain stable in males

posterior

Front 11

in adult growth, male maxillary incisors _______

therefore, mandibular molars have to move ____ to keep class I occlusion

Back 11

upright, crown moves lingually, would create class III malocclusion

mandibular molar teeth move backwards to keep occlusion

Front 12

in adult growth, female maxillary incisors _______ but also ______

therefore, mandibular molars have to move ______ to keep class I occlusion

Back 12

upright, but also have more forward extrusion

forward

Front 13

examples of growth centers

growth sites

Back 13

centers= sites of endochondral bone formation that exert pressure: synchondroses, nasal septum

sites= sutures, tuberosities, alveolar bone, periosteal/endosteal surfaces, condyles

Front 14

2 criteria for a growth center

Back 14

1. endochondral bone formation
2. interstitial growth capable of generating a separating force

Front 15

wolff's law

mechanostat theory

Back 15

law: bone in a healthy person will adapt to the loads it's placed under

mechanostat: needs STRAIN to keep bone

Front 16

reversal line:

Back 16

when you tip a tooth backwards it exerts pressure on the periodontal space and in turn remodels the alveolar bone

Front 17

primary vs secondary displacement

Back 17

primary- limited, only when bone itself is growing ONLY at primary cartilage

secondary- most bone growth caused by growth form brain, eyes, etc.

Front 18

expanding V principle. where is resorption vs deposition?

Back 18

resorption on the outer surface, deposition on the inenr surface

palate and mandible

Front 19

dolichocephalic:
brachycephalic:
euryprosopic:
leptoprosopic:

Back 19

long skull
short skull
wide face
long face

Front 20

_____ major growth mechanism for growth of cranial vault

______ adapted sutural membranes are triggered by ____________ of bones on either side of the suture

Back 20

sutural growth major (also growth on surface)

tension adapted

triggered by secondary displacement

Front 21

growth at cranial sutures initated by _______ --> ______ ---> _________ --> ______ --> bone apposition

Back 21

brain growth ---> secondary displacement of cranial bones --> sutural separation --> tension (in fibers) ---> bone apposition

Front 22

in cranial growth & remodeling:
_____ of anterior wall of middle cranial fossa
_______ on sphenoid
____ displacement of anterior cranial fossa
petrous ________
spheno-occipital _______

Back 22

resorption of anterior wall
deposition on sphe
forward displacement
petrous enlargement
spheno-occipital growth

Front 23

this maintains the relative placement of the spinal cord

Back 23

differential remodeling

Front 24

creates frontal sinus and when

Back 24

after brain stops growing, outer cortex of skull bone continues to grow and make space

Front 25

sutural growth of cranium _____ as you move inferiorly

endocranial fossa enlarges by:

major synchondroses growth for cranium

Back 25

decreases

cortical remodeling

spheno-occipital

Front 26

oxycephaly

plagiocephaly

scaphocephaly

Back 26

oxy: fusion of lambdoid or coronal suture (makes up by extra lateral growth)

plagio: unilateral fusion of either lambdoid or coronal suture

scaph: fusion of sagittal suture (makes up by extra a&p growth)

Front 27

the cranial base is made up of _________ bone, with relative growth pattern:

Back 27

endochondral bone

growth between the neural and somatic patterns

Front 28

cranial base bones seen:

plays role in this kind of displacement

closely related to this anatomy

Back 28

1st- provide framework for facial development

primary and secondary displacement

soft-tissue anatomy of upper respiratory system

Front 29

cranial base flexion locates foramen magnum more ____ and in more ___ orientation

flexes most rapidly _____ and during ________ years

Back 29

anterior and rostral (underneath skull) orientation

before birth and during 1st 2 postnatal years

Front 30

anterior cranial base is measured from _____ to _____
related synchondrosis:


posterior cranial base is measured from _____ to _____
related synchondrosis:

Back 30

nasion to sella turcica- sphenoethmoidal synchondrosis

sella turcica to basion- spheno-occipital synchondrosis

Front 31

as you age, the cranial base angle:

Back 31

decreases (most changes during childhood)

Front 32

synchondroses of the cranial base and when they fuse

Back 32

intersphenoid: fuses at birth
anterior and posterior occipital (3-5 years)
spheno-ethmoidal (7-8 years)
spheno-occipital (15-20 years)

Front 33

synchondroses of the cranial base displaces maxilla ______ and glenoid fossa ________ and _________

Back 33

forward

backwards and downwards

Front 34

symptoms of achondroplasia

_____ posterior base
______ cranial base angle
________ calvaria
_______ sinuses
______ and _____ midface
________ mandible

Back 34

problems making cartilage causes more acute base angle


- short posterior base
- small cranial base angle
- enlarges calvaria
- large sinuses
- short recessive midface
- prognathic mandible

Front 35

malocclusions caused by large anterior and posterior cranial base lengths

malocclusion caused by a large cranial base angle (nasion-sella-basion)

Back 35

class II

class II (mainly div I)

Front 36

relationship between cranial base and maxillomandibular relationships

smaller angle =
larger angle=

Back 36

smaller angle- midface is pushed back and up

larger angle- midface is forward/larger, more forward rotation

Front 37

cranial shape that has a higher likelihood of class III malocclusion

Back 37

brachiocephalic

Front 38

2 types of malocclusion with genetic components

Back 38

class III (1/3 have major gene component)
class II div II- due to smaller toth size which is genetic

Front 39

3 components of mechanical/functional hypotheses for changes in occlusion

Back 39

1. habits
2. interferences with normal breathing
3. decreases in muscle strength and activity

Front 40

lingual pressures greater during _____ and _____

resting pressure greater on the ____ aspect of _________ incisors

Back 40

postural rest and deglutition

labial aspect of mandibular incisors

Front 41

frequency of abnormal sucking habits lead to which malocclusions (most frequently to least frequently)

Back 41

open bite
class II div I
cross bite
III
I
class II div 2

Front 42

2 malocclusions associated with finger-sucking and why

Back 42

1. bilateral narrowing of maxillary arch
- lowered resting tongue posture
- raised buccal pressures

2. unilateral crossbites due to "convenience swing" of mandible to one side

Front 43

lip-sucking

lower lip to _____ aspect of ____ incisors
hyperactive ___ muscle
prevents normal ________

Back 43

lingual aspect of maxillary incisors
mentalis muscle
normal deglutition

Front 44

swallowing habit that can lead to anterior open bite

Back 44

pushing tongue forward when swallowing to create seal when swallowing

Front 45

potential airway problems
upper:
middle:
lower:

Back 45

upper: nares, turbinates, polyps
middle: adenoids
lower: tonsils

Front 46

complications caused by complete blockage of airway by enlarged adenoid tonsils

eruption?
gonial angle?
condylar growth?
mandible rotation?
malocclusion?
face height?

Back 46

mouth breathing!
- decrease maxillary transverse width
- supereruption of teeth
- larger gonial angle (steeper mandibular plane)
- condlye grow posterior
- rotate mandible down/ retrognathic
- class II malocclusion
- longer face height

Front 47

malocclusion caused by muscular dystrophies

Back 47

class II (most have vertical problems, no muscle strength to pull mandible up)

Front 48

development of nasomaxillary complex postnatally occurs almost entirely by ____________ (the exception is __________)

growth of nasomaxillary complex occurs primarily by:

Back 48

intramembranous ossifcation (septum is endochondral)

apposition of bone at sutures
surface remodeling

Front 49

2 types of maxillary sutures where growth occurs

in response to:

Back 49

circummaxillary (attaches midface to cranium) and intermaxillary sutures (midpalatal/transverse)

in response to primary and secondary displacements

Front 50

displacement of the midface leads to:

do sutures displace the midface?

Back 50

GROWTH of facial sutures.

NO- displaced due to growth of cranial and cranial base, nasal septum and expansion of oronasal capsule

Front 51

the nasal septum plays a role in ____ and ____ displacement of the maxilla

shows limited growth potential after _____ years

Back 51

vertical and horizontal displacement

limited after 7-8 years

Front 52

which has more growth potential? vertical or a/p growth of maxilla?

Back 52

vertical has more growth potential

a&p growth happens more quickly, maturation reached sooner

Front 53

growth of the maxillary complex is greatest _________, at these 2 places

Back 53

posteriorly at the maxillary tuberosities and pterygoid plate

Front 54

in the nasomaxillary complex the amount of forward movement of anterior surfaces is ______(greater/less) than amount of displacement

Back 54

forward movement is less than amount of displacement

Front 55

_____________ result in differential remodeling of the maxillary skeleton

_______ on orbital floor

_______ on nasal floor

_____ of alveolar bone w/ dental eruption

Back 55

growth fields

apposition

resorption

apposition

Front 56

adolescent spurt in maxillary growth is restricted to:

Back 56

vertical growth

Front 57

in midfacial remodeling

The ANS grows _____ and slightly _______

the PNS drifts _______ an d______ with bone added to the _________(back or front)

orbitale drifts _____ and ______

Back 57

ANS grows inferiorly and slightly anteriorly

posteriorly and inferiorly
bone added to the back

superiorly and posteriorly

Front 58

components of mid-facial growth include these 5 things (area and direction)

Back 58

orbit remodeling (up and back)
sutural growth (downward)
apposition at infrazygomatic crest (downward)
resorption at nasal floor (only can resorb/displace downwards)
alveolar bone deposition (eruption of teeth is greater htan growth displacement downward)

Front 59

when the maxilla rotates forward, where does resorption vs deposition occur?

Back 59

resorption occurs in the front
deposition occurs in the back
overall appears to move downward in a parallel fashion

Front 60

transverse growth in the midface occurs mainly due to ________ and in part due to _________

Back 60

growth at the mid-saggital suture

minority due to addition of bone to the buccal surface of teeth (cortical drift outward)

Front 61

in normal transverse rotation the (front/back)____ separates more

when separated by an appliance the transverse rotation is more in the _______

Back 61

at back of suture

front of suture (no resistance)

Front 62

postnatal mandibular growth is influenced by ____ and ________ growth

follows ________ pattern

spurts lead to growth in this direction:

sex differenced due to

Back 62

maxillary and posterior cranial base growth

scammon's somatic pattern

mid-childhood and adolescent growth VERTICAL only

due to extra 2 years in male growth rate

Front 63

mandibular growth cannot occur ________ except for at the condyl

mandibles grow longer and wider by apposition on the ____ surfaces of the corpus and ______ surfaces of the ramus

Back 63

can't grow interstitial (except at condylar cartilage- secondary growth site)

buccal surfaces of corpus and posterior surfaces of the ramus

Front 64

the _____ is extensively remodeled as the mandible growths

displaced _____ & ______ grows _____ & _______

Back 64

ramus

forward/downward

grows up and back

Front 65

ramus growth and remodeling

____ and _____ condylar growth

apposition along _______ ramus

resportion along _______ & ________

Back 65

superior and posterior condylar growth

apposition along posterior ramus

resorption along anterior ramus and along lower border of ramus

Front 66

modeling of anterior corpus

______ drift of alveolar bone

______ & _______ drift of upper anterior border and posterior border

________ of lower anterior border

_______ & ____ modeling of inferior border

Back 66

superior drift

superior & posterior drift

relative stability

inferior and posterior modeling of inferior border

Front 67

growth of condylar cartilage when transplanted

nasal septum?

Back 67

little or no growth; not a growth center

nasal septum acts like a synchondrosis and grows nearly as well

Front 68

how and why does the condyle respond to an altered environment?

Back 68

by interstitial growth- proliferation zone cell layer isn't well protected from environmental insults

Front 69

mandibular ankylosis can cause what

Back 69

extreme class II- no translation upon opening = no growth

Front 70

the glenoid fossa normally is translated _______ & ________ during growth, which ________ chin projection

Back 70

down and back

reduces chin projection

(not talking about rotation)

Front 71

true rotation is normally covered up by:

makes apparent rotation:

Back 71

angular remodeling changes

apparent rotation is then usually none

Front 72

forward rotation leads to _____ tipping of mandibular teeth

backward rotation leads to ______ tipping of mandibular teeth

Back 72

forward tipping

backward tipping

Front 73

rotation of maxilla is ______ than madnible

Back 73

less than mandible

Front 74

forward rotation leads to the condyle moving _____ an d______

backward rotation of mandible leads to the condyle moving ____ & _______

Back 74

forward and upward

backward and upward

Front 75

excessive forward rotation in ______ face individuals progressive _____ the maxillary incisors, creating _____ bite and _____ malocclusion

Back 75

short faced individuals
uprights the maxillary incisors
creates deep-bite and crowded malocclusion (class II div I)

Front 76

long faced individuals tend to have ___ than average forward or backward rotation

why?

Back 76

less than average rotation

- steep mandibular angle
- open-bite malocclusion
- mandibular deficiency

Front 77

mandible has more or less transverse rotation than maxilla?

Back 77

less! only 70% of max transverse rotation

Front 78

why do you see more class II developments later in adolescence?

Back 78

transverse and forward rotation occurs more during childhood than adolescents

Front 79

how is the nasal floor remodeled?

resorption happens more in the ____ to cover up its forward growth

Back 79

resorption only- cannot add bone

more resorption in the front- apparently looks like it's moving down parallel

Front 80

bone with most potential for growth

Back 80

mandible

Front 81

only places where primary displacement occurs

Back 81

spheno-occipital-ethmoid synchondroses and nasal septum

Front 82

what is hyperdivergence?

Back 82

steep mandibular angle - leads to class II, long face issues

hypodivergence - too flat of a mandibular angle

Front 83

excessive class II skeletal malocclusion is normally caused by

Back 83

normal maxillary and deficient mandibular growth

Front 84

determines anterior-posterior bony chin placement

Back 84

true rotation