Gcse Science Physics (Heat Transfer And Energy)

Front 1

What happens When a liquid or gas is heated

Back 1

Heating a gas or liquid makes them less dense, so it rises and cause circulation.

Front 2

As you ........ a substance up. the energy is ......... until the energy is released. When it cools down this energy that is stored is the S....H....C.......

Back 2

Heat

stored

Specific Heat Capacity

Front 3

What is Conduction and how does it work

Back 3

Conduction is the main form of heat transfer in solids

When particles gain heat energy they gain Kinetic Energy and vibrate more.

In solids these vibrations cause neighbouring particles to vibrate more, so these particles gain more kinetic energy and become hotter.

Front 4

Energy can be transformed usefully from one form to another, ........ or dissipated but it can ........ be created or ...........

Back 4

Never

Created

Destroyed

Front 5

What Is Evaporation

Back 5

When a liquid turns into a gas (below boiling temp)

Front 6

What Are U - Values

Back 6

U- Values measure how well something conducts heat.

Front 7

What are particles called that move about

Back 7

Kinetic Energy

Front 8

The kinetic energy particles ......... with temperature

Particles are ........ to each other.

Back 8

increase

attracted

Front 9

Heat transfers through ...... with a higher U value, faster than materials with a ......... U-value.

Back 9

materials

lower

Front 10

What is the opposite of conducting

Back 10

Insulator

Front 11

What Happens when Warmer Gas Particles hit a cooler surface

Back 11

They loose kinetic energy and become liquid particles. (Condensation)

Front 12

What are the three things that temperature rise of an object depend on

Back 12

The material the object is made from

the mass of the substance

The amount of heat energy given

Front 13

What Are substances made up off

Back 13

Particles - atoms, irons and molecules

Front 14

What is Condensation

Back 14

When a gas turns into a liquid

Water vapour molecules hit a cold surface and turn back into a liquid

Front 15

Particles in ....... vibrate but stay in the same place

Do ...... have a fixed shape

do ...... Flow

do ...... Fixed volume

do ...... higher or low density

Back 15

Solid

yes

no

yes

high

Front 16

What temp does water freeze at

What temp does water boil at

Back 16

0 degrees c water freezes at

100 degrees c water boils at

Front 17

Particles in Liquids can ....... over each other.

Do liquids flow

do liquids have a fixed shape

do they have fixed volume

do they have high or low density

Back 17

flow

yes

no

yes

high

Front 18

How many joules does it take to warm up 1kg of water

Back 18

4200J

Front 19

Light shiny surfaces ..... more heat radiation

Dark matt surfaces ...... and emit heat faster

Back 19

Reflect

Absorb

Front 20

What Factors can affect the rate of condensation

Back 20

Increase - The surface area of the cool surface, will the rate of condensation

Reduce the temperature of the cool surface will affect the rate of condensation.

Front 21

What Is Energy Transfer

Back 21

Transferring energy from one form to another

Front 22

What is Specific Heat Capacity

Back 22

The specific heat capacity is the amount of energy In Joules, that is needed to change the temperature of a 1kg of substance by 1 degrees c

Front 23

What is Convection and how does it work

Back 23

Convection is the main form of heat transfer in liquids and gasses

This happens by the circulation of a heated fluid

The particles in a heated fluid spread out and the substance becomes less dense, this forms a circulation of hot heat.

Front 24

Particles in gases move fast and create more kinetic energy the energy in gas is not in a fixed position

Do gases flow

Do they have a fixed shape

do they have a fixed volume

do they have a high or low density

Back 24

yes

no

no

low

Front 25

What are the three ways in that heat energy can be transferred

Back 25

1) IRA - Radiation

2) Conduction

3) Convection

Front 26

What is heat radiation transferred by

The hotter an object the more IR it ...... in a given time

rate of ......... transfer by heat radiation depends on .......... and texture

Back 26

Electromagnetic waves

heat

Surface colour

Front 27

What Are The Types Of Energy Transfer

Back 27

Heat energy

kinetic/movement energy

nuclear energy

potential energy

gravitational energy

chemical energy

light energy

sound energy

electrical energy

Front 28

Lesson Notes Week 1 Heat Transfer

Back 28

Heating is all about the transfer of heat

Front 29

Lesson notes week 1 Heat transfer

Back 29

Heat is a measure of ENERGY

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Lesson Notes Week 1 Heat transfer

Back 30

When a substance is heated, its particles gain energy.

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Lesson Notes Week 1 Heat transfer

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The energy makes the particles in a gas or a liquid move around faster.

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Lesson Notes Week 1 Heat transfer

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The unit of heat energy is the joule (J)

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Lesson Notes Week 1 Heat transfer

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Temperature is a Measure of hotness

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Lesson Notes Week 1 Heat transfer

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Energy tends to flow from hot objects to cooler ones

eg warm radiators heat the cold in your room.

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Lesson Notes Week 1 Heat transfer

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The bigger the temperature difference the faster heat is transferred.

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Lesson Notes Week 1 Heat transfer

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If there's a difference in temperature between two places, then energy will flow between them.

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Lesson Notes Week 1 Heat transfer

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3 places you might see water as gas

1) YOUR BREATH

2) STEAM OFF KETTLE

3) CLOUDS

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Lesson Notes Week 1 Heat transfer

Back 38

Particles In solid's vibrate but stay in the same place.

Particles in Liquids, can flow over each other

Particles in gasses, move fast, which means more kinetic energy, and are not in a fixed position

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Lesson Notes Week 1 Heat transfer

Back 39

Infrared radiation is energy transfer by electromagnetic waves

All objects emit Infrared radiation

The hotter an object, the more Infrared Radiation it emits in a given time.

The bigger the temp difference between a hotter object and it's surroundings the faster it will lose heat by radiation.

Rate of heat transfer by radiation depends on surface colour and texture.

Light shiny surfaces reflect more radiation

Dark matter surfaces absorb, and emit heat by radiation faster.

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Lesson Notes Week 1 Heat transfer

Back 40

Front 41

Lesson Notes Week 1 Heat transfer

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Front 42

Lesson Notes Week 1 Heat transfer

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Convection is the transfer of heat by circulation of a heated fluid (liquid or gas)

Convection only takes place in liquids or gases

Heating a liquid or gas make's them less dense so it rises and causes circulation

Front 43

Lesson Notes Week 2 Condensation and Evaporation

Back 43

*********

Front 44

Lesson Notes Week 2 Condensation and Evaporation

Back 44

*************

Front 45

Lesson Notes Week 2 Condensation and Evaporation

Back 45

Evaporation Liquid particles with more kinetic energy escape and turn into gases this is evaporation

Front 46

Lesson Notes Week 2 Condensation and Evaporation

Back 46

Cooling by evaporation

In a liquid, all the particles have kinetic energy

Some have a bit more than others (there warmer) escape

The kinetic energy might overcome their forces of attraction

Front 47

Lesson Notes Week 2 Condensation and Evaporation

Back 47

Faster moving particles escape the liquid remaining liquid is cooler as the average Kinetic Energy of remaining molecules is decreased.

Front 48

Lesson Notes Week 2 Condensation and Evaporation

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Condensation

Water vapour molecules hit a cold surface and turn back into a liquid.

When warmer gas particles hit a cooler surface they lose Kinetic Energy and become liquid particles

Front 49

Lesson Notes Week 2 Condensation and Evaporation

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A liquid EVAPORATES when its molecules escape into the surrounding air.

Front 50

Lesson Notes Week 3 Specific Heat Capacity, Energy Transfer Efficiency of machines and Sanky Diagrams

Back 50

**Insulation, the lower the U value the better**

Front 51

Lesson Notes Week 3 Specific Heat Capacity, Energy Transfer Efficiency of machines and Sanky Diagrams

Back 51

The temperature rise of an object depends on

1) The material the object is made from

2) The mass of the substance

3) The amount of energy supplied

Front 52

Lesson Notes Week 3 Specific Heat Capacity, Energy Transfer Efficiency of machines and Sanky Diagrams

Back 52

Water has a higher heat capacity then stones, sands ect.

Front 53

Lesson Notes Week 3 Specific Heat Capacity, Energy Transfer Efficiency of machines and Sanky Diagrams

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no device is 100% efficient and the wasted energy is usually spread out as heat.

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Lesson Notes Week 3 Specific Heat Capacity, Energy Transfer Efficiency of machines and Sanky Diagrams

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** The heat or sound is dispersed until it dissipates. It doesn't disappear.**

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Lesson Notes Week 3 Specific Heat Capacity, Energy Transfer Efficiency of machines and Sanky Diagrams

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Some waste energy can be useful, normally in the form of heat

Waste heat energy can sometimes be harnessed.

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Lesson Notes Week 3 Specific Heat Capacity, Energy Transfer Efficiency of machines and Sanky Diagrams

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Front 57

Lesson Notes Week 3 Specific Heat Capacity, Energy Transfer Efficiency of machines and Sanky Diagrams

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Front 58

Lesson Notes Week 3 Specific Heat Capacity, Energy Transfer Efficiency of machines and Sanky Diagrams

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Front 59

Lesson Notes Week 4 Energy Change

Back 59

Sanky Diagrams - show the energy efficiency of a steam engine without energy waste.

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Additional Notes

Back 60

Energy Resources fits into two broad types RENEWABLE and NON-RENEWABLE.

Front 61

Additional Notes

Back 61

NON RENEWABLE'S are the three fossil fuels and nuclear

1) COAL

2) Oil

3) Natural Gas

4) Nuclear Fuels

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Additional Notes

Back 62

Renewable Energy Resources

1) Geothermal

2) Wind

3) Solar

4) Biomass

5) Waves

6) Tides

7) Hydro electric

Front 63

Lesson Notes Week 5 Electricity

Back 63

What is energy usually measured in (J) kilojules (KJ)

Front 64

Lesson Notes Week 5 Electricity

Back 64

Power is usually measured in watts (w) or kilowatts (kw)

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Lesson Notes Week 5 Electricity

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Power is the energy per second or how quickly it is supplied

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Lesson Notes Week 5 Electricity

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How much electrical energy is transferred to an appliance depends on

How long it is used for

The power supplied to

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Lesson Notes Week 5 Electricity

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PAYBACK TIME

The payback time of an energy saving solution is a measure of how cost effective it is.

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Lesson Notes Week 5 Electricity

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ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTION

Front 69

Lesson Notes Week 6 Waves

Back 69

THREE TYPES

Transverse Waves

Wave Speed

Longitudinal Waves

Front 70

Lesson Notes Week 6 Waves

Back 70

Waves = Transferring energy from one place to another

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Lesson Notes Week 6 Waves

Back 71

Water Waves eg of Transverse Waves

In a transverse wave the particles move up and down so the direction of their movement is at right angles to the direction of the wave

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Lesson Notes Week 6 Waves

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Lesson Notes Week 6 Waves

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The amplitudes of any wave is the maximum distance a point moves from its rest position

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Lesson Notes Week 6 Waves

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OSCILLOSCOPE is electrical equipment that measures waves.

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Lesson Notes Week 6 Waves

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Frequency of a wave = the number of wave passing any point a second

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Lesson Notes Week 6 Waves

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Frequency is measured in hertz (HZ) 1 wave per second

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Lesson Notes Week 6 Waves

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Sound Waves are an eg of Longitudinal waves.

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Lesson Notes Week 6 Waves

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Sound travels as waves made up of vibrating air particles

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Lesson Notes Week 6 Waves

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In a longitudinal wave, the particles vibrate back and forth, so the direction of their movement is parallel to the direction of the wave.

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Lesson Notes Week 6 Waves

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Lesson Notes Week 6 Waves

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Lesson Notes Week 6 Waves

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P. WAVES the primary waves produced by earthquakes are also longitudinal was which push and pull the earth.

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Lesson Notes Week 6 Waves

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Sound waves are eg of longitudinal waves

Sound travels as waves made up of vibrating particles

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Electromagnetic radiation can be dangerous

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Some Radiations Are More Harmful Than Others

When EM radiation enters living tissue it is often harmless, but sometimes it can be dangerous

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1) Some EM radiation mostly passes through soft tissue without being absorbed eg radio waves.

2) Other types of radiation are absorbed and cause heating.

3) Some radiations cause cancerous changes in living cells. EG UV can cause skin cancer.

4) Some types of EM radiation can actually destroy cells eg x-rays and gamma rays.

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Higher Frequency FM radiation is usually More Dangerous

1) As far as we know, radio waves are pretty harmless.

2) Visible light isn't harmful unless it's really bright. But people who work with powerful lasers need to wear eye protection.

3) Higher Frequency waves have more energy. And it's the energy of a wave that does the damage.

4) Infrared can cause burns or heatstroke (when the body overheats) but they're easily avoidable risks.

5) x-rays have a really high frequency. Gamma rays have higher frequencies still.

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Microwaves may or May Not be Harmful

1) Some microwaves are absorbed by water molecules and heat them up.

2) If the water happens to be in your cells, you might start to cook

3) Mobile phone networks use microwaves. Some people think that using your mobile a lot, or living near a mast, could damage your health.

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Ultraviolet can cause skin cancer

1) If you spend a lot of time in the sun, you'll get a tan and maybe sunburn.

2) The more time you spend in the sun, the more chance you also have of getting skin cancer.

3) This is because the suns ray's include ultraviolet radiation (uv) which damages the DNA in your cells.

4) Dark Skin gives some protection against UV rays - it absorbs more UV radiation, stopping it from reaching the more vulnerable tissues deeper in the body.

5) Everyone should protect themselves from overexposure to the sun, but if you're pale skinned, you need to take extra care, and use a sunscreen with a higher sun protection factor

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Radio waves and microwaves have fairly long wavelengths, so low frequencies. X-rays are the opposite - they're short wavelength so high frequency.

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Radio Waves are used mainly for communications

1) Radio Waves and some microwaves are good at transferring information long distances.

2) This is partly because they don't get absorbed much by the earths atmosphere.

3) To receive the radio waves used for TV and FM radio transmissions, and the microwaves used for mobile phone communications, you must be in direct sight of the transmitter.

4) This is why mobile phone transmitters are positioned on hill tops and fairly close to one another.

5) Signals for satellite TV go through the atmosphere and are absorbed by and re transmitted from satellites.

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Different frequencies behave differently

6) Some Radio waves with slightly shorter wavelengths will bounce off a layer in the atmosphere called the ionosphere.

7) Some radio waves with longer wavelengths will actually bend (diffract) around the surface of the earth.

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There are Seven Types of EM Wave

1) Radio Waves

2) Micro Waves

3) Infrared waves

4) Visible light

5) Ultra - Violet

6) X- RAYS

7) Gamma Rays

the order of increased frequency and energy

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1) EM waves with different wave lengths have different properties

2) We group them into seven basic types

3) They form a continuous spectrum

4) All the different types of EM waves travel at the same speed in a vacuum (eg space)

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Infrared Waves are used in remote controls

1) Infrared waves are used in lots of wireless remote controllers.

2) Remote controls work by emitting different patterns of infrared waves to send to different instructions to an appliance eg a TV.

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Visible Light is useful for photography

1) Cameras use a lens to focus visible light onto a light sensitive film or electronic sensor.

2) The lens aperture (opening) controls how much light enters the camera.

3) The shutter speed allows you to control how long the film or sensor is open to light.

4) the longer the film or sensor is open to the light the more light that will enter the camera and react with a film.

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The Origin Of The Universe

The Universe Seems to be expanding

1) As big as the universe already is, it looks like it is getting even bigger.

2) All it's galaxies seem to be moving away from each other.

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Lights from other galaxies is red-shifted

1) When we look at light from distant galaxies we see it at longer wavelengths and lower frequencies then it should be.

2) The light is shifted towards the red end of the electromagnetic spectrum. this is called red-shift.

3) It's the same effect as the vroooom from a racing car - the engine sounds lower pitched when the car's gone past you and is moving away from you. This is called Doppler Effect.

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THE DOPPLER EFFECT

1) When something that emits waves moves towards you or away from you, the wavelength and frequencies of the waves seem different compared to when the source of the waves is stationary.

2) The frequency of a source moving towards you will seem higher and its wavelength will seem shorter.

3) The doppler effect happens to both longitudinal waves and transverse waves.

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Doppler effect

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The Further Away a galaxy is, the Greater the Red-shift

1) Measurements of the red-shift suggest that all the galaxies are moving away from us very quickly.

2) More distant galaxies have greater red-shifts than nearer ones.

3) The more distant galaxies are moving away from us faster than the nearer ones.

4) This is the evidence that the whole universe is expanding.

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It all started with a very Big Bang (Probably)

1) if distant galaxies are moving away from us then something must have got them going.

2) That something was probably a big explosion so they called it the big bang

3) According to the big bang theory, all the matter and energy in the universe must have been packed into a very small space.

4) Then it exploded from that single point and started expanding.

5) The expansion is still going on.

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There's Microwave Radiation coming from all Directions

1) Scientists have detected low frequency electromagnetic radiation coming from all parts of the universe.

2) This Radiation is largely in the microwave part of the EM spectrum.

3) It's known as the cosmic microwave background radiation

4) The Big Bang Theory is the only theory that can explain the Cosmic microwave background radiation

5) The cosmic microwave background radiation that was around shortly after the beginning of the universe.

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The Big Bang Theory Has Its Limitations

1) The Big Bang Theory predicts that the universe expansions should be slowing down but as far as we can tell its actually speeding up.

2) It also does not explain what actually caused the explosion in the first place.

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Depending on how much mass there is in the universe, they are two ways it could go.

A Big Crunch - if there's enough mass the universe will eventually stop expanding and then begin contracting. That would end in a big crunch.

cold lonely oblivion - If there's too little mass in the universe to stop the expansion, it could expand forever with the universe becoming more and more spread out into eternity.