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6 Cards in this Set

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Causes of dysphagia

Oral: tonsillitis, pharyngitis, peritonsillar abscess, painful mouth ulcers.


Neurological: bulbar or pseudobulbar palsy, cerebrovascular accident.


Neuromuscular: achalasia, myasthenia gravis.


Mechanical: oesophageal cancer, extrinsic compression eg lung cancer

Dysphagia is difficulty in swallowing.

Causes of ascites

Common: Hepatic cirrhosis with portal HTN, Intra-abdominal malignancy with peritoneal spread.


Uncommon: Hepatic vein occlusion (Budd Chiari syndrome), Constrictive pericarditis, Hypoproteinemia (Nephrotic syndrome), Pancreatitis.

Causes of Leukonychia

Hypoalbuminemia, Malnutrition (Kwashiorkor), Malabsorption due to protein losing enteropathy (Coeliac disease), Heavy and prolonged proteinuria (Nephrotic syndrome)

Causes of hepatomegaly

Chronic parenchymal liver disease:


Alcoholic liver disease, Hepatic steatosis, Viral hepatitis, Primarily biliary cirrhosis.


Malignancy:


Primary hepatocellular ca, Secondary metastatic ca.


Right heart failure.


Hematological disorder:


Leukemia, Polycythemia, Lymphoma.


Rarities:


Amyloidosis, Sarcoidosis, Budd-Chiari syndrome.

Causes of splenomegaly

Hematological disorders:


Lymphoma and lymphatic leukemias, Polycythemia Vera, Haemolytic anemia (Congenital spherocytosis).


Portal hypertension.


Infections:


Malaria, Kalazar, Brucellosis, Tuberculosis.


SLE


Rare:


Sarcoidosis, Amyloidosis.


Sarcoidosis, Amyloidosis.

Bowel sounds are absent in?

Paralytic ileus, Peritonitis.