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83 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Four layers of the esophagus from outer to inner most layer
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Fibrous (Serous)
Muscular Layer Submucosal layer Mucosal Layer |
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Where the esophagus expands in diameter
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Cardiac antrum
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Where the esophagus joins the stomach
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Esophagogastric junction
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A hole in the esophagus that allows the barium to leak
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Tracheoesophageal Fistula (TE Fistula)
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Out-pouching in one or more layers of the esophageal wall.
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Diverticula
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Dysphagia
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Difficulty swallowing
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Esophageal Varices
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Dilated, tortuous veins in the distal esophagus which often enlarge and rupture
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Valsalva maneuver is used to demonstrate _____________.
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Esophageal varices
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Hematemesis
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Vomiting blood
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Hiatal hernia
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Herniation or protrusion of the stomach through an incompetent cardia sphincter in the left diaphragm
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Gastroesophageal reflux (Esophagitis) - GERD
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Inflammatory condition that can be acute or chronic. Backward flow or reflux of gastric contents in the esophagus due to incompetence of cardiac sphincter.
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Achalasia - megaesophagus
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Neuromuscular disorder in which the gastroesophageal sphincter fails to relax causing an obstruction - Esophageal body loses its tonus and becomes obstructed and enlarged.
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Cardia
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Section of the stomach immediately surrounding the esophageal opening
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Cardiac orifice
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Opening between stomach and esophagus
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Cardiac sphincter
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Muscle controlling the cardiac orifice
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Most proximal part of the small bowel
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Pyloric portion
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Where do you see air in the stomach on a double contrast study on an AP view?
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In the body
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Where do you see air in the stomach on a double contrast study on the PA views?
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In the fundus
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Function of the stomach
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Storage area
Chemical breakdown of food Mechanical breakdown of food |
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Hypertrophic pyloric stenosis
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Thickening of the pyloric muscle - Narrow pylorus
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Symptoms of Hypertrophic pyloric stenosis
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Projectile vomiting
Failure to thrive |
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Gastritis
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Inflammation of the stomach mucosa
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Causes of gastritis
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Chronic alcoholism
Malnutrition Trauma Excessive smoking Excessive intake of analgesics |
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Peptic ulcer
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open sore or lesion of mucosal lining of stomach or duodenum
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Symptoms of peptic ulcer
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Epigastric pain, heartburn
Restlessness and irritability Nausea and vomiting Anorexia, diarrhea Syncope (dizzy, fainting) |
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Causes of peptic ulcers
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Stress
Alcohol abuse Excessive intake of analgesics |
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Adenocarcinoma
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Tumor of the stomach
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Symptoms of adenocarcinoma
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Bleeding
Outlet obstruction Loss of appetite Weight loss |
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Procedure used to demonstrate reflux and hiatal hernias
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AP Trendelenburg
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AP UGI overhead images demonstrate ________
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Barium filled fundus
Air filled body Retrogastric region of duodenum and jejunum BEST demonstrates the mucosal lining |
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Which overhead UGI view BEST demonstrates the mucosal lining of the stomach?
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AP UGI overhead image
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Right lateral UGI overhead image demonstrates ___________.
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The anterior and posterior borders of stomach, pyloric canal, duodenal bulb
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Which UGI overhead image demonstrates the pyloric canal, c-loop, duodenal bulb and barium filled stomach?
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RAO
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What view demonstrates the barium filled esophagus from oral cavity to cardiac sphincter?
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RAO esophagus
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What is glucagon used for ?
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Given to relax peristalsis in GI system - relaxes gastric muscles and allows for greater distention of stomach.
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3 phages of swallowing
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1) Oral - chewing
2) Pharyngeal - triggering the swallowing reflex 3) Esophageal - relaxing and tightening the openings at the top and bottom of the feeding tube in the throat (esophagus) and squeezing food through the esophagus into the stomach. |
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Atresia
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A natural closing of an opening
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Hygroscopic
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Absorbs water
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deglutition
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The process of swallowing
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Where does digestion begin?
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In the stomach
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Where is digestion completed?
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Small Intestine
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Organ of egestion and water absorption
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Large intestine
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Where is the esophagus located within the body?
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In the midsagittal plane, starting at the level of C6 and ending at T11
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Opening between stomach and esophagus
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Cardiac orifice
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Section immediately surrounding the esphogeal opening of the stomach
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Cardia
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Muscle that controls the cardiac orifice
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Cardiac sphincter
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Most proximal portion of the small
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Pyloric portion
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Routine view for an esophagus study
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RAO of esophagus - top of IR at the mouth - 2-3 inches left of spine
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Study performed to assess the oral and pharygeal swallowing function and to determine airway protection
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Modified Barium Swallow
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Series of finger-like projections which help in digestion and absorption.
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Villi
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3 portions of the small intestine
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Duodenum, jejunum and ileum
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Widest part of the small intestine
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The Duodenum
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4 sections of the Duodenum
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1st - Duodenal bulb
2nd - ampulla of Vater 3rd - section is horizontal 4th - joins the jejunum and is supported by the ligament of Treitz |
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Malabsorption syndrome
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disorder in which there is below normal absorption of nutrients
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Celiac disease
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Malabsorption disease caused by a defect in the mucosal layer of the jejunum
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Radiographic demonstration of Celiac disease
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Dilated bowel, thickened folds and barium will clump
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Crohn's Disease
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Inflammation of the terminal ileum
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Symptoms of Crohn's disease
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Cramping, diarrhea and constipation
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Radiolographic demonstration of Crohn's disease
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String appearance of bowel
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Main function of the large intestine
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Reabsorption of fluids and elimination of waste
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4 main parts of the large intestine
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Cecum
Colon Rectum Anal canal |
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Travels from the Sigmoid to the anal canal
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Rectum
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Dilated, distal portion of the Rectum
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Rectal ampulla
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External opening of the bowel
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Anus
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Mushroom-like growth extending from the surface of the mucosal lining of the colon
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Polyps
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Predunculated polyp
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Large head on a stalk. Usually not cancer but considered to be pre-cancerous
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Sessile Polyp
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large broad-based mass. Usually removed because 20% are cancerous.
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Volvulus
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Obstruction where the bowel loops or twists on itself
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Intussesception
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Bowel telescoping (prolapsing) on itself
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Enterostomy
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Enteron = intestine
stoma = opening |
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Colostomy
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Opening from the colon
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Ileostomy
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Opening from the Ileum
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Jejunostomy
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Opening from the Jejunum
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BE - LPO demonstrates
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Hepatic flexure with less superimposition
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BE - PA demonstrates
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The entire colon
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BE - PA angle demonstrates
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Rectum and sigmoid colon with less superimposition
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BE - Lateral rectum
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Posterior rectum and sigmoid colon
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ACBE - AP & PA demonstrates
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The entire colon including the sigmoid and rectum
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ACBE - AP & PA Angle demonstrates
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The sigmoid and rectal areas with less superimposition
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ACBE - LPO & RPO demonstrate
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The flexure on the side up
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ACBE - RLD & LLD demonstrates
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Mucolsal lining on side up and air-fluid levels
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ACBE - Lateral rectum demonstrates
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The posterior sigmoid and rectum
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ACBE- XTL Rectum demonstrates
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Mucosal lining of sigmoid and rectum (tip removed)
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