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53 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Why do you perform an abdominal palpation?
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Assessing size and shape of organs
Also to feel for masses that should not be present(tumors, or foreign bodies) See if pain is present and to localize it. |
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What is regurgitation?
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Expulsion of material from mouth and esophagus
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What is vomiting?
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Emesis
Expulsion of material from stomach and intestines |
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What does regurge indicate? examples?
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a problem with esophagus.
Megaesophagus Obstruction of the esophagus Weakness of the muscles |
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What is megaesophagus?
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Generalized dilation of the esophagus with a decrease or absence of motor function
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What are the three types of megaesophagus?
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Congenital idiopathic
Adult-onset idiopathic Secondary megaesophagus |
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What is the congenital version of Megaesophagus?
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Lack or delay in maturity of nervous innervation to esophagus
Spontaneous recovery possible but if it doesn't resolve in 6 months then the prognosis is grim... |
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At what age does Acquired megaesophagus occur?
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7-15 yrs
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What is the cause of acquired megaesophagus?
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Abnormality in initiation of esophageal contraction
Prognosis: poor-grave |
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What is the cause of secondary megaesophagus?
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Neurologic, endocrine, toxic, or inflammatory cause
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What does Secondary megaesophagus the #1 cause of? haha..
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Myasthenia gravis
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What is myasthenia gravis?
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dysfunction of neuromuscular transmission= generalized muscular weakness
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What are the clinical signs of megaesophagus?
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Regurgitation
Swelling of the ventral aspect of the neck Weight loss Halitosis Hypersalivation Poor body condition Respiratory Difficulty |
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How do you diagnose Megaesophagus?
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History(vomiting v. Regurge)
Thoracic radiographs(Plain + Contrast) Esophagoscopy Tests for potential causes |
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What is the treatment of secondary megaesophagus?
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Treat primary problem
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How do you treat idiopathic megaesophagus?
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Dietary management
Feed elevated type of food determined by trial and error small and frequent meals Calorically dense diet Keep elevated for 10-20 minutes after eating Gastrostomy tube Client Education |
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What are some complications of Megaesophagus?
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#1- Aspiration pneumonia
Fever Dyspnea Cough Mucopurulent nasal discharge Harsh lung sounds |
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What are some causes of vomiting?
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Motion sickness
Dietary indiscretion Ingestion of emetogenic substances GI foreign body Gastrointestinal obstruction Gastric Ulcers IBD Abdominal inflammation/irritation(peritonitis) Extra-GI disease (endocrine diseases) |
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What are some additional tests that you can do to discover the reason for vomiting?
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Abdominal radiographs, blood tests, fecal exam, barium series(upper GI), surgery
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What is the symptomatic Tx of vomiting?
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Withhold food and water
Bland diet Antiemetics Peptobismol |
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Can you give peptobismol to cats?
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NO
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What is the dosage for peptobismol?
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1tsp/10lbs
1tbsp/30lbs |
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What is strange that happens when peptobismol is given?
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stool turns black
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What can you give for a bland diet?
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Hills I/d, CNM EN
Homemade, boiled rice with boiled chicken or hamburger cats/small dogs- meat based baby foods and slow conversion to normal diet |
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What does GDV mean?
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Gastric Dilation Volvulus
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What is gastric dilation volvulus?
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bloat
Common in large, deep chested dogs causes severe shock and can be fatal if not treated rapidly |
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What are the symptoms of GDV?
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Restless/discomfort several hours after eating
Animal retches but does not vomit Abdominal distension Rapid and/or labored breathing |
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How do you diagnose Bloat?
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Clinical signs and radiographs
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What radiograph do you take for bloat?
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Right lateral and
Double bubble |
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How do you treat Bloat?
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Aggressive IV fluid therapy
Gastric decompression Orogastric intubation Trocharization Treatment of cardiac arrhythmias Surgery |
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How do you prevent GDV?
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Feed many small meals
avoid excercise immediately before or after eating Avoid air ingestion |
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What is diarrhea?
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Excess water in feces-->Osmotic, hypersecretion, increased permeability.
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What are some causes of acute diarrhea?
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Diet
Drug side effect Parasites Viral or bacterial Toxins Inflammatory bowel disease HGE-Hemorrhagic gastroenteritis |
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What are examples of Ascarids?
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Toxacara canis
Toxacara cati Toxascaris leonina |
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What are examples of Hookworms?
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Ancylostoma caninum,
Ancylostoma tubaeforme Ancylostoma braziliense Uncinaria stenocephala |
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What are examples of Whipworms?
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Trichuris vulpis (dogs)
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What are examples of Tapeworms?
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Dipylidium caninum, taenia species, Echinococcus
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What are examples of coccidia?
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Isospora,
Cryptosporidium |
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Infections that cause diarrhea?
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Salmonella
Campylobacter Clostridium Canine Parvovirus Feline Panleukapenia Virus Coronavirus Rotavirus |
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What is another name for Hemorrhagic gastroenteritis?
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Actue Hemorrhagic enteropathy also..
Acute Intestinal Hemorrhagic Syndrome |
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What is Hemorrhagic Gastroenteritis?
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Acute loss of mucosal integrity leading to hemorrhagic diarrhea with rapid development of hypovolemia and shock
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What animal is hemorrhagic Gastroenteritis most common?
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toy and small breed dogs such as mini schnauzers and poodles but can occur in any dog
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What is the cause of Hemorrhagic Gastroenteritis
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cause unknown
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What symptoms from the history can point to Hemorrhagic gastroenteritis?
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Anorexia
Lethargy Acute onset vomiting followed by diarrhea Diarrhea may start as very bloody or strawberry jam-like or it may progress from watery, blood free to hemorrhagic |
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What can the PE show in terms of Hemorrhagic gastroenteritis?
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Vital signs are normal early
Progress rapidly to signs of hypovolemic shock |
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What lab work can you run to diagnose Hemorrhagic Gastroenteritis?
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Hallmark finding is elevated PCV(50-80%) with normal to low total protein
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What is the treatment for HGE?
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Aggressive IV fluids(shock)
Antibiotics NPO X 12-48 hrs |
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What do you have to monitor when a patient is diagnosed with HGE?
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Vital signs
BP Ongoing losses every 2-4 hours PCV/Tp every 4-6 hrs. |
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What is the prognosis for HGE?
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Recovery usually rapid and complete over 1-2 days w/ tx
Can progress quickly to shock and death w/o fluid therapy 10% die despite therapy 10-15% of dogs repeated episodes of HGE |
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What are the causes of chronic diarrhea?
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Dietary intolerance
Parasites Inflammatory bowel disease Neoplasia |
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What is small bowel diarrhea?
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Weight loss
Normal frequency Large volume of stool No mucous +/- melena Strainging only if have perineal irritation |
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What is large bowel diarrhea?
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No weight loss
Increase frequency Small volume of stool Mucous in stool +/- fresh blood in stool straining very common |
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What do you perform when diagnosing Small/large bowel diarrhea..?
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History
Physical Exam(+rectal exam) Fecal tests Bloodwork Endoscopy/colonoscopy with biopsy |
