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41 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Organs of the Digestive Tract
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Mouth: begining of digestion
Pharynx (throat) Esophagus: moves food from mouth to stomach Stomach: churn and mix contents with gastic juices |
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Small Intestine
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Most digestion occurs here
Composed of: Duodenum Jejunum Ileum |
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Large Intestine
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Four major functions:
-completion of absoption -manufacture of certain vitamins -formation of feces -expulsion of feces |
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Large Intestine
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Digestion completed
Composed of: Cecum Appendix colon-Ascending, transverse, descending, and sigmoid Rectum Anus |
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Accessory Organs
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-Teeth and gums: bite, crush, and grind food
-Tongue -Salivary glands: secrete salvia *Parotid *Submandibular *Sublingual -Liver -Gallbladder -Pancreas |
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Liver
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-largest glandular organ in the body & one of the most complex
-In the adult it weighs 3lbs -located just inferior to the diaphragm, covering most of the upper right quad and extending into the left epigastrium. Divided into 2 lobes. -approx. 1500 mL of blood is delivered to the liver every minute by the portal vein and the hepatic artery. |
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Bile
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produced by the cells of the liver
-necessary for the metabolism of fats -liver releases 500 to 1000 mL of bile per day. -travels to the gallbladdeer through hepatic ducts -stored in the gallbladder until needed for fat digestion |
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gallbladder
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3-4 in long located on the right interior surface of the liver
-stores bile until needed for fat digestion |
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Other functions of the Liver
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-managing blood coagulation
-managing cholesterol -managing albumin to maintain normal blood volume -filtering out old RBC's and bacteria -detoxifying poisons (alcohol, nicotine, drugs) -converting ammonia to urea -providing the main source of body heat -storing glycogen for later use -activating vit D -breaking down nitrogenous waste (from protein metabolism) to urea, which the kidneys can excrete as waste from the body |
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Pancreas
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-an elongated gland that lies posterior to the stomach
-active organ, involved in both endocrine and exocrine duties -produces 1000-1500 mL of pancreatic juice to aid in digestion. This juice contians the digestive enzymes protease (trypsin), lipase, (steapsin), and amylase (amylopsin), these are important because of their ability to digest the 3 major components of chyme-protein, fats, and carbohydrates |
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Chronic Inflammatory Bowel Disease-Ulcerative colitis Etiology/pathophysiology
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-ulceration of the mucosa and submucosa of the colon
-tiny abscesses form, which produce purulent drainage, slought the mucosa, and ulcerations occur (usually starts on left side and progresses to the right side) |
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Chronic Inflammatory Bowel Disease- Ulcerative Colitis Clinical Manifestations and tests
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-diarrhea-may contain mucus, pus and blood; 15-20 stools per day
-abdominal cramping and distention -involuntary leakage of stool tests: barium studies, colonscopy, stool for occult blood |
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Chronic Inflammatory Bowel Disease-Ulcerative Colitis Medical Management
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-medications 4 major categories
-those that affect the inflammatory response -antibacterial drugs -drugs that affect the immune system -antidiarrheal preparations *sulfasalazine(drug of choice for mild) effective in maintaing clinical remission and in treating mild to moderately severe attacks *nonsulfa *corticosteroids *antidiarreals-lopermide, azathiprine -diet: no milk products or spicy foods; high-protein, high-calorie; TPN (severe cases) |
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Crohn's disease-Etiology/pathophysiology
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-inflammation, fibrosis, scarring, thickening of the bowel wall
-cause unknown -primarily occurs in sm. intestine but can affecgt any part of the GI tract -Malabsorpiton-major problem -complications: -pernicious anemia (decrease vitamin B12 absorption in sm intestine) -fluid and electrolyte imbalance (sodium/k+loss) |
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Crohn's disease-clinical manifestations
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-diarrhea
-fatigue -abdominal pain -loss of appetite -dehydration/electroylyte imbalance |
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Appendicitis-Etiology/pathophysiology
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-inflammation of the appendix
-most common cause-obstruction of lumen by fecal matter...E.coli multiplies and infection develops |
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Appendicitis-Clinical manifestations
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-rebound tenderness over right lower quadrant of abdomen (McBurney's Point)
-vomiting -low-grade fever, elevated WBC -decreased or absent bowel sounds |
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diverticular disease-E&P
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-Diverticulosis-possible herniations through the muscular layer of colon (particularly sigmoid colon)
-Diverticulitis-inflammation of one or more diverticula -may lead to perforation, abscess, peritonitis, obstruction, and hemorrhage |
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diverticular disease-clinical manifestations
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-diverticulosis
*may have few, if any, symptoms *constipation, diarrhea, and/or flatulence *pain in the left lower quadrant -Diverticulitis *mild to severe pain in the left lower quadrant *elevated WBC and sed rate *fever *if untreated-->septicemia and intestinal obstruction can occur |
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Peritonitis
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-inflammation of abdominal peritoneum
-bacterial contamination of peritoneal cavity from fecal matter of chemical irritation |
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Peritonitis-clinical manifestations
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-severe abdominal pain; nausea and vomiting
-abdomen is tympanic; absence of bowel sounds -chills; weakness |
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hiatal hernia
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-protrusion of the stomach and other abdominal viscera through an opening in the membrane or tissue of the diaphragm
-contributing factors: obesity, trauma, aging |
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hiatal hernia-clinical manifestations
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-few, if any, symptoms
-gastroesophageal reflux (most common symptom) |
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hiatal hernia-med management
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-head of bed should be slightly elevate when lying down
-surgery |
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Cancer of the colon
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-mallignant neospasm that invades the epithelium and surrounding tissue of colon and rectum
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cancer of colon-clinical manifestations
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-change in bowel habits; rectal bleeding
-abnormal pain, distention and/or ascites -nausea and vomiting -weightloss |
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Cirrhosis
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-chronic, degenerative disease of liver
-scar tissue restricts flow of blood to liver--->contributes to destruction |
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Types of cirrhosis
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-alcoholic cirrhosis-chronic ETOH ingestion
-postnecrotic cirrhosis-viral hepatitis, hepatotoxins, infection -primary billary cirrhosis-destruction of bile ducts -secondary billary cirrhosis-chronic billary tree obstruction from gallstones or tumor |
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Cirrhosis
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Alteration of liver function
-reduced ability to metabolize albumin -obstruction of portal vein -increased pressure in veins that drain GI tract *Complications -Ascites -Escophageal varices -Hepatic encephalopathy |
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Cirrhosis-clinical manifestations
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Early stages
-abdominal pain -liver is firm and easy to palpate Late Stages -dyspepsia -changes in bowel habits -ascites -nausea and vomiting -gradual weight loss -bleeding tendencies, epistaxis, and anemia -jaundice |
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Cirrhosis-med management
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Eliminate the cause
-alcohol -hepatotxins(ie, acetaminophen) -environmental exposure to harmful chemicals -decrease buildup of fluids in the body -antiemetics -diet therapy-a diet that is well-balanced, high in calorie (2500-3000), moderately high in protein, low in fat, low in sodium, and with add vitamins and folic acid improve deficiencies(with impending liver failure, restrict protein and fluids) |
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Cirrhosis-treatment of complications
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Ascites( an accumulation of fluid and albumin in the peritoneal cavity)
-bedrest -strict I&O -restrict fluids (stometime 500-1000mL) -restrict sodium -diuretics: aldactone, lasix, HCTZ -vitamins K (aquaMephyton) and C, folic acid supplements -Paracentesis (withdrawling fluid from abdominal cavity by gravity or vaccum |
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Hepatitis
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-inflammation of the liver resulting from several types of viaral agents or exposure to toxic substances
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Hepatitis-modes of transportation of the 4 types of viral hepatitits
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(1)hep A(HAV) spreads by direct contact through oral-fecal route, usually by food or water contaminated with feces.
(2) hep B(HBV) is transmitted by contaminated serum via blood transfusion, the use of contaminated needles and instruments, needlesticks, illicit IV drug use, and dialysis, and by direct contact with body fluids of infected people, such as breast milk and sexual contact. (3) hep C (HCV) is transmitted through needle sticks, blood transfusions, and illicit IV drug use and by unidentified means (4) hep D is transmitted the same way as hep B |
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Hepatitiis-clinical manifestations
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-general malaise
-aching muscles -photophobia -headaches -chills -abdominal pain -dyspepsia -nausea -diarrhea vs. constipation -pruritus -hepatomegaly -enlarged lymph nodes -weight loss -jaundice -dark amber urine -clay-colored stools |
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Choleystitis and cholelithiasis
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an obstruction, gallstone, or tumor prevents bile from leaving gallbladder and the trapped bile acts as an irritant causing inflammation
-risk factors- -female, american indian or white, obesity, pregnancy, diabetes, use of birth control |
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Choleystitis and cholelithiasis-clinical manifestations
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-indigestion after eating foods high in fat
-severe, colicky pain in right upper quadrant -anorexia -nausea and vomiting -flatulence -diaphoresis -low-grade fever -elevated WBC |
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Pancreatitis
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-inflammation of the pancreas
*acute or chonic -predisposing factors alcohol (common) trauma infectious disease certain drugs |
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Pancreatitis-clinical manifestations
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-abdominal pain radiating to back
-anorexia; nausea and vomiting -malaise -low-grade fever -jaundice |
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Pancreatitis
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-inflammation of the pancreas
*acute or chonic -predisposing factors alcohol (common) trauma infectious disease certain drugs |
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Pancreatitis-clinical manifestations
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-abdominal pain radiating to back
-anorexia; nausea and vomiting -malaise -low-grade fever -jaundice |
