Gastrointestinal

Front 1

[...] is an esophageal disorder that presents with dysphagia and an increased risk for esophageal squamous cell carcinoma due to a thin protrusion of esophageal mucosa.

Back 1

Esophageal Web is an esophageal disorder that presents with dysphagia and an increased risk for esophageal squamous cell carcinoma due to a thin protrusion of esophageal mucosa.

Front 2

[...] is an esophageal disorder that involves varicose veins of the esophagus.

Back 2

Esophageal Varices is an esophageal disorder that involves varicose veins of the esophagus.

Front 3

The distal Esophageal Veins normally drain into the [...] vein via the Left Gastric vein.

Back 3

The distal Esophageal Veins normally drain into the Portal vein via the Left Gastric vein.

Front 4

The distal Esophageal Veins normally drain into the Portal vein via the [...] vein.

Back 4

The distal Esophageal Veins normally drain into the Portal vein via the Left Gastric vein.

Front 5

Which wheat protein is targeted by antibodies in Celiac's Disease?
[...]

Back 5

Which wheat protein is targeted by antibodies in Celiac's Disease?
Gliadin

Front 6

Which bacteria causes Whipple's Disease?
[...]

Back 6

Which bacteria causes Whipple's Disease?
Tropheryma whippelii


Gram-positive

Front 7

[...] is a rare autosomal recessive malabsorptive disorder with an inability to secrete triglyceride rich lipoproteins.

Back 7

Abetalipoproteinemia is a rare autosomal recessive malabsorptive disorder with an inability to secrete triglyceride rich lipoproteins.

Front 8

Inflammatory polyps are a morphological feature of [...] Chronic Gastritis.

Back 8

Inflammatory polyps are a morphological feature of Helicobacter pylori Chronic Gastritis.

Front 9

What is the prognosis for Gastric Adenocarcinoma that has extended beyond the submucosa?
[...]

Back 9

What is the prognosis for Gastric Adenocarcinoma that has extended beyond the submucosa?
Bad (< 10% 5 year survival)

Front 10

What is the most common types Gastric Lymphoma?
[...]

Back 10

What is the most common types Gastric Lymphoma?
Marginal Zone and Diffuse Large B-Cell Lymphoma

Front 11

[...] are a feature of MALT Lymphoma and are described as differentiated plasma cells with increased pale cytoplasm.

Back 11

Plasmacytoid Cells are a feature of MALT Lymphoma and are described as differentiated plasma cells with increased pale cytoplasm.

Front 12

Which stain is used to diagnose Gastric Carcinoid Tumours?
[...]

Back 12

Which stain is used to diagnose Gastric Carcinoid Tumours?
Chromogranin A

Front 13

[...] is an anticancer therapy that may be useful in advanced Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumour (GIST) as it targets and inhibits tyrosine kinase receptors.

Back 13

Imatinib Mesylate is an anticancer therapy that may be useful in advanced Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumour (GIST) as it targets and inhibits tyrosine kinase receptors.

Front 14

[...] is a form of gastritis that involves chronic inflammation.

Back 14

Chronic Gastritis is a form of gastritis that involves chronic inflammation.

Front 15

Which stomach location is commonly affected by Chronic Autoimmune Gastritis?
[...]

Back 15

Which stomach location is commonly affected by Chronic Autoimmune Gastritis?
Body and Fundus

Front 16

[...] is a GI disorder defined as a decrease in gastric acid production and is associated with intestinal gastric adenocarcinoma.

Back 16

Achlorhydria is a GI disorder defined as a decrease in gastric acid production and is associated with intestinal gastric adenocarcinoma.

Front 17

Which cells make Gastrin?
[...]

Back 17

Which cells make Gastrin?
G cells

Front 18

Duodenal ulcers commonly present at the [...] duodenum.

Back 18

Duodenal ulcers commonly present at the anterior duodenum.

Front 19

[...] are a type of ulcer with epigastric pain that worsens with meals due to stimulation of acid secretion.

Back 19

Gastric ulcers are a type of ulcer with epigastric pain that worsens with meals due to stimulation of acid secretion.

Front 20

Which artery is commonly affected by a ruptured gastric ulcer, especially on the lesser curvature of the stomach?
[...]

Back 20

Which artery is commonly affected by a ruptured gastric ulcer, especially on the lesser curvature of the stomach?
Left Gastric Artery

Front 21

[...] peptic ulcers are large with irregular shape and heaped up margins.

Back 21

Malignant peptic ulcers are large with irregular shape and heaped up margins.

Front 22

How long must hepatitis be present before it is considered to be chronic?
[...]

Back 22

How long must hepatitis be present before it is considered to be chronic?
6 months

Front 23

[...] is a type of viral Hepatitis that involves ground glass hepatocytes.

Back 23

Hepatitis B is a type of viral Hepatitis that involves ground glass hepatocytes.

Front 24

Which type of Hepatitis is associated with multinucleated giant hepatocytes?

[...]

Back 24

Which type of Hepatitis is associated with multinucleated giant hepatocytes?

Idiopathic Neonatal

Front 25

Which liver transaminase is more elevated in viral hepatitis?
[...]

Back 25

Which liver transaminase is more elevated in viral hepatitis?
ALT


ALT > AST with viraL hepatitis

Front 26

Which hepatitis virus is common acquired from contaminated water or undercooked seafood?
[...]

Back 26

Which hepatitis virus is common acquired from contaminated water or undercooked seafood?
HEV

Front 27

[...] is a complication of Congestive Splenomegaly as blood backs up into the spleen and facilitates sequestration of platelets in the spleen.

Back 27

Thrombocytopenia is a complication of Congestive Splenomegaly as blood backs up into the spleen and facilitates sequestration of platelets in the spleen.

Front 28

[...] is a complication of cirrhosis due to decreased synthesis of clotting factors.

Back 28

Coagulopathy is a complication of cirrhosis due to decreased synthesis of clotting factors.

Front 29

What is the cause of primary Hemochromatosis?
[...]

Back 29

What is the cause of primary Hemochromatosis?
Autosomal recessive mutation in the HFE gene

Front 30

What is the mechanism of tissue damage in Wilson's Disease?
[...]

Back 30

What is the mechanism of tissue damage in Wilson's Disease?
Copper mediated Hydroxyl free radical tissue damage

Front 31

[...] is a biliary disorder defined as the presence of stones in the bile ducts of the biliary tree.

Back 31

Choledocholithiasis is a biliary disorder defined as the presence of stones in the bile ducts of the biliary tree.

Front 32

[...] is a form of pancreatitis that involves hemorrhaging into the pancreatic acini.

Back 32

Acute Hemorrhagic Pancreatitis is a form of pancreatitis that involves hemorrhaging into the pancreatic acini.

Front 33

[...] are a type of pancreatic cyst that arise from anomalous duct development.

Back 33

Congenital Pancreatic Cysts are a type of pancreatic cyst that arise from anomalous duct development.


May be sporadic or associated with Polycystic Kidney Disease or von Hippel-Lindau disease.

Front 34

[...] is a type of pancreatic neoplasm that is charactierzed as dilatation of existing pancreatic ducts with dysplastic mucinous epithelium.

Back 34

Intraductal Papillary Mucinous Neoplasms is a type of pancreatic neoplasm that is charactierzed as dilatation of existing pancreatic ducts with dysplastic mucinous epithelium.

Front 35

[...] is a liver tumour that commonly affects children and is composed of epithelial cells resembling fetal hepatocytes with small immature blue embryonic cell or mesenchymal differentiation.

Back 35

Hepatoblastoma is a liver tumour that commonly affects children and is composed of epithelial cells resembling fetal hepatocytes with small immature blue embryonic cell or mesenchymal differentiation.

Front 36

[...] is a liver tumour that is associated with exposure to Vinyl Chloride, Arsenic or Thorotrast.

Back 36

Hepatic Angiosarcoma is a liver tumour that is associated with exposure to Vinyl Chloride, Arsenic or Thorotrast.

Front 37

What type of necrosis is seen at the peripancreatic fat in Acute Pancreatitis?
[...]

Back 37

What type of necrosis is seen at the peripancreatic fat in Acute Pancreatitis?
Fat necrosis

Front 38

Which pancreatic enzyme is more specific for pancreatic damage?
[...]

Back 38

Which pancreatic enzyme is more specific for pancreatic damage?
Lipase

Front 39

Which bacteria commonly causes pancreatic abscesses in acute pancreatitis?
[...]

Back 39

Which bacteria commonly causes pancreatic abscesses in acute pancreatitis?
Escherichia coli

Front 40

Amylase and Lipase are useful serum markers only in [...] pancreatitis.

Back 40

Amylase and Lipase are useful serum markers only in acute pancreatitis.

Front 41

Intestinal flora convert conjugated bile to [...], which is oxidized into Stercobilin and Urobilin.

Back 41

Intestinal flora convert conjugated bile to urobilinogen, which is oxidized into Stercobilin and Urobilin.

Front 42

Intestinal flora convert conjugated bile to urobilinogen, which is oxidized into [...] and Urobilin.

Back 42

Intestinal flora convert conjugated bile to urobilinogen, which is oxidized into Stercobilin and Urobilin.

Front 43

Intestinal flora convert conjugated bile to urobilinogen, which is oxidized into Stercobilin and [...].

Back 43

Intestinal flora convert conjugated bile to urobilinogen, which is oxidized into Stercobilin and Urobilin.

Front 44

Which metabolite of Urobilinogen makes urine yellow?
[...]

Back 44

Which metabolite of Urobilinogen makes urine yellow?
Urobilin

Front 45

What type of bilirubin will be elevated in jaundice due to Gilbert Syndrome?
[...]

Back 45

What type of bilirubin will be elevated in jaundice due to Gilbert Syndrome?
UCB

Front 46

What type of bilirubin will be elevated in jaundice due to a Biliary Tract Obstruction (Obstructive Jaundice)?
[...]

Back 46

What type of bilirubin will be elevated in jaundice due to a Biliary Tract Obstruction (Obstructive Jaundice)?
CB

Front 47

[...] is a cause of jaundice that involves a deficiency of bilirubin canalicular transport proteins.

Back 47

Dubin-Johnson Syndrome is a cause of jaundice that involves a deficiency of bilirubin canalicular transport proteins.


i.e. defective liver excretion.

Front 48

What causes the pruritis seen in Obstructive Jaundice?
[...]

Back 48

What causes the pruritis seen in Obstructive Jaundice?
Increased plasma bile acids

Front 49

Which vitamin deficiency/malabsorption is commonly seen in Obstructive Jaundice?
[...]

Back 49

Which vitamin deficiency/malabsorption is commonly seen in Obstructive Jaundice?
Vit A, D, E, K

Front 50

[...] is a type of enterocolitis caused by Clostridium difficile and involves pus and inflammatory debris scattered over the mucosa.

Back 50

Pseudomembranous Colitis is a type of enterocolitis caused by Clostridium difficile and involves pus and inflammatory debris scattered over the mucosa.

Front 51

Which inflammatory bowel disease can affect any portion of the GI tract?
[...]

Back 51

Which inflammatory bowel disease can affect any portion of the GI tract?
Crohn Disease

Front 52

Which IBD involves linear ulcers and a cobblestone appearance from the linear ulcers if they intersect?
[...]

Back 52

Which IBD involves linear ulcers and a cobblestone appearance from the linear ulcers if they intersect?
Crohn's Disease

Front 53

What is the most common cause of Intussusception in children?
[...]

Back 53

What is the most common cause of Intussusception in children?
Lymphoid hyperplasia


Is often idiopathic and is an emergency.

Front 54

What is the most common cause of Intussusception in adults?
[...]

Back 54

What is the most common cause of Intussusception in adults?
Tumour


The tumour acts as a lead point that is pulled into the lumen of the distal bowel segment.

Front 55

[...] is a pattern of Ischemic Bowel that typically results from sudden occlusion of major vessels, especially the Superior Mesenteric Artery of Mesenteric Vein.

Back 55

Transmural Infarction is a pattern of Ischemic Bowel that typically results from sudden occlusion of major vessels, especially the Superior Mesenteric Artery of Mesenteric Vein.

Front 56

What is the genetic inheritance of Juvenile Polyposis Syndrome?
[...]

Back 56

What is the genetic inheritance of Juvenile Polyposis Syndrome?
Autosomal Dominant

Front 57

[...] is a colonic polyp that involves crypts with a golf club or anchor shape.

Back 57

Sessile Serrated Adenoma is a colonic polyp that involves crypts with a golf club or anchor shape.

Front 58

[...] is a type of intestinal adenoma that resembles the SI mucosa and villi.

Back 58

Villous Adenoma is a type of intestinal adenoma that resembles the SI mucosa and villi.

Front 59

[...] is a variant of FAP syndrome that involves FAP with osteomas and fibromatosis.

Back 59

Gardener's Syndrome is a variant of FAP syndrome that involves FAP with osteomas and fibromatosis.

Front 60

[...] is a benign mucin-filled cystic tumour of the appendix lined by dysplastic epithelium.

Back 60

Appendiceal Mucinous Cystadenoma is a benign mucin-filled cystic tumour of the appendix lined by dysplastic epithelium.

Front 61

Which embryological structure develops into the GI tract from the duodenum to the proximal 2/3 of the transverse colon?
[...]

Back 61

Which embryological structure develops into the GI tract from the duodenum to the proximal 2/3 of the transverse colon?
Midgut

Front 62

[...] is a congenital GI disorder that involves the persistence of herniation of abdominal contents into the umbilical cord.

Back 62

Omphalocele is a congenital GI disorder that involves the persistence of herniation of abdominal contents into the umbilical cord.



The contents are sealed by peritoneum.

Front 63

What is the most common tracheoesophageal anomaly?
[...]

Back 63

What is the most common tracheoesophageal anomaly?
Esophageal atresia with distal tracheoesophageal fistula


Presents with drooling, choking and vomiting with the first feeding.Presence of a TEF will allow for air to enter the stomach, which is noticeable on chest x-ray.

Front 64

[...] is a congenital GI disorder that involves hypertrophy of the pylorus, thereby causing obstruction and a palpable "olive" mass in the epigastric region.

Back 64

Pyloric Stenosis is a congenital GI disorder that involves hypertrophy of the pylorus, thereby causing obstruction and a palpable "olive" mass in the epigastric region.

Front 65

Which embryological pancreatic buds contribute to the head of the pancreas and the main pancreatic duct?
[...]

Back 65

Which embryological pancreatic buds contribute to the head of the pancreas and the main pancreatic duct?
Ventral pancreatic buds

Front 66

Which parts of the pancreas are retroperitoneal?
[...]

Back 66

Which parts of the pancreas are retroperitoneal?
All parts except the tail

Front 67

Which parts of the colon are retroperitoneal?
[...]

Back 67

Which parts of the colon are retroperitoneal?
Ascending and descending

Front 68

What structure is contained within the Falciform ligament?
[...]

Back 68

What structure is contained within the Falciform ligament?
Ligamentum teres hepatis


Which develops from the fetal umbilical vein.

Front 69

The [...] is a GI ligament that connects the liver to the lesser curvature of the stomach.

Back 69

The gastrohepatic ligament is a GI ligament that connects the liver to the lesser curvature of the stomach.

Front 70

Which GI ligament separates the greater and lesser abdominal sacs?
[...]

Back 70

Which GI ligament separates the greater and lesser abdominal sacs?
Gastrohepatic ligament


It may be cut during surgery to access the lesser sac.

Front 71

The [...] is a GI ligament that connects the spleen to the anterior surface of the left kidney, extending to the posterior abdominal wall.

Back 71

The Splenorenal ligament is a GI ligament that connects the spleen to the anterior surface of the left kidney, extending to the posterior abdominal wall.

Front 72

In which layer of the GI wall is the Meissner plexus found?
[...]

Back 72

In which layer of the GI wall is the Meissner plexus found?
Submucosa


i.e. Submucosal plexus

Front 73

What is the frequency of basal electric rhythm at the stomach?
[...]

Back 73

What is the frequency of basal electric rhythm at the stomach?
3 waves/min

Front 74

Which section of the small intestine is associated with plicae circulares?
[...]

Back 74

Which section of the small intestine is associated with plicae circulares?
Jejunum; Ileum

Front 75

Which section of the small intestine has the largest number of goblet cells in the small intestine?
[...]

Back 75

Which section of the small intestine has the largest number of goblet cells in the small intestine?
Ileum

Front 76

What is the main artery that supplies derivatives of the foregut?
[...]

Back 76

What is the main artery that supplies derivatives of the foregut?
Celiac artery


Includes the pharynx and lower esophagus to the proximal duodenum.

Front 77

What is the parasympathetic innervation of derivatives of the midgut?
[...]

Back 77

What is the parasympathetic innervation of derivatives of the midgut?
CN X (vagus)

Front 78

What is the vertebral level of the celiac trunk?
[...]

Back 78

What is the vertebral level of the celiac trunk?
T12

Front 79

The [...] anastamoses with the inferior epigastric artery.

Back 79

The superior gastric artery anastamoses with the inferior epigastric artery.

Front 80

The superior gastric artery anastamoses with the [...].

Back 80

The superior gastric artery anastamoses with the inferior epigastric artery.

Front 81

[...] is a surgically places shunt that is used to treat portal HTN as it shunts blood flow from the portal vein to the hepatic vein.

Back 81

Transjugular Intrahepatic Portosystemic Shunt (TIPS) is a surgically places shunt that is used to treat portal HTN as it shunts blood flow from the portal vein to the hepatic vein.


i.e. it directly shunts the portal system into systemic circulation

Front 82

Which type of hemorrhoids are not painful as they receive visceral innervation from above the pectinate line?
[...]

Back 82

Which type of hemorrhoids are not painful as they receive visceral innervation from above the pectinate line?
Internal hemorrhoids

Front 83

What is the venous drainage of the rectum above the pectinate line?
[...]

Back 83

What is the venous drainage of the rectum above the pectinate line?
Superior rectal vein to Inferior Mesenteric Vein to Portal System

Front 84

What is the lymphatic drainage of the rectum above the pectinate line?
[...]

Back 84

What is the lymphatic drainage of the rectum above the pectinate line?
Internal iliac nodes

Front 85

[...] are a type of hemorrhoids that are found below the pectinate line and are painful as they receive somatic innervation from the inferior rectal branch of the pudendal nerve.

Back 85

External hemorrhoids are a type of hemorrhoids that are found below the pectinate line and are painful as they receive somatic innervation from the inferior rectal branch of the pudendal nerve.

Front 86

Which type of hemorrhoids are found below the pectinate line?
[...]

Back 86

Which type of hemorrhoids are found below the pectinate line?
External hemorrhoids

Front 87

Which type of hemorroids are painful as they receive somatic innervation from the inferior rectal branch of the pudendal nerve?
[...]

Back 87

Which type of hemorroids are painful as they receive somatic innervation from the inferior rectal branch of the pudendal nerve?
External hemorrhoids

Front 88

What is the lymphatic drainage of the rectum below the pectinate line?
[...]

Back 88

What is the lymphatic drainage of the rectum below the pectinate line?
Superficial Inguinal Nodes

Front 89

Which zone of the liver is affected first by ischemia?
[...]

Back 89

Which zone of the liver is affected first by ischemia?
Zone 3/Centrilobular Zone

Front 90

The [...] is the common opening of the common bile duct and main pancreatic duct into the duodenum.

Back 90

The Ampulla of Vater is the common opening of the common bile duct and main pancreatic duct into the duodenum.


Obstruction here can block both pancreatic and biliary function.

Front 91

Which abdominal muscle gives rise to the external spermatic fascia?
[...]

Back 91

Which abdominal muscle gives rise to the external spermatic fascia?
External oblique

Front 92

Which abdominal muscle gives rise to the cremasteric muscle and fascia?
[...]

Back 92

Which abdominal muscle gives rise to the cremasteric muscle and fascia?
Internal oblique

Front 93

An [...] is a type of hernia that involves protrusion of abdominal structures into the thorax through the diaphragm.

Back 93

An diaphragmatic hernia is a type of hernia that involves protrusion of abdominal structures into the thorax through the diaphragm.


Occurs in infants as a result of defective development of the pleuroperitoneal membrane.

Front 94

What is the most common type of diaphragmatic hernia?
[...]

Back 94

What is the most common type of diaphragmatic hernia?
Hiatal Hernia

Front 95

What is the most common type of Hiatal Hernia?
[...]

Back 95

What is the most common type of Hiatal Hernia?
Sliding Hiatal hernia

Front 96

[...] is a type of inguinal hernia that involves protrustion of tissue through the internal inguinal ring, external inguinal ring and into the scrotum.

Back 96

Indirect Inguinal hernia is a type of inguinal hernia that involves protrustion of tissue through the internal inguinal ring, external inguinal ring and into the scrotum.

Front 97

Which type of inguinal hernia herniates medial to the Inferior Epigastric Artery?
[...]

Back 97

Which type of inguinal hernia herniates medial to the Inferior Epigastric Artery?
Direct inguinal hernia

Front 98

Where in the small intestine are I-cells found?
[...]

Back 98

Where in the small intestine are I-cells found?
Duodenum; Jejunum

Front 99

Where in the small intestine are K cells found?
[...]

Back 99

Where in the small intestine are K cells found?
Duodenum; Jejunum

Front 100

Which cells of the GI tract secrete Somatostatin?
[...]

Back 100

Which cells of the GI tract secrete Somatostatin?
D cells

Front 101

Which areas of the GI tract secrete Vasoactive Intestinal Polypeptide (VIP)?
[...]

Back 101

Which areas of the GI tract secrete Vasoactive Intestinal Polypeptide (VIP)?
Parasympathetic ganglia in GI sphincters, gallbladder and SI

Front 102

Which cells of the GI tract secrete Intrinsic Factor?
[...]

Back 102

Which cells of the GI tract secrete Intrinsic Factor?
Parietal cells of the stomach

Front 103

Which cells of the GI tract secrete Gastric Acid?
[...]

Back 103

Which cells of the GI tract secrete Gastric Acid?
Parietal cells of the stomach

Front 104

Which cells of the GI tract secrete Pepsin?
[...]

Back 104

Which cells of the GI tract secrete Pepsin?
Chief cells of the stomach

Front 105

How does CCK influence pancreatic secretion?
[...]

Back 105

How does CCK influence pancreatic secretion?
Increase


This is done indirectly.CCK acts on neural muscarinic pathways to trigger pancreatic secretion.

Front 106

How does a decrease in stomach pH influence Gastrin release?
[...]

Back 106

How does a decrease in stomach pH influence Gastrin release?
Decrease

Front 107

How does stomach distention influence Gastrin release?
[...]

Back 107

How does stomach distention influence Gastrin release?
Increase

Front 108

How do Gastrin levels change in Zollinger-Ellision Syndrome?
[...]

Back 108

How do Gastrin levels change in Zollinger-Ellision Syndrome?
Increase

Front 109

How do Gastrin levels change in chronic PPI use?
[...]

Back 109

How do Gastrin levels change in chronic PPI use?
Increase


PPI's work to decrease stomach acid (i.e. increase stomach pH).This in turn triggers Gastrin release.

Front 110

How does a decrease in duodenal pH influence Secretin levels?
[...]

Back 110

How does a decrease in duodenal pH influence Secretin levels?
Increase


Remember, Secretin induces pancreatic HCO3 secretion.

Front 111

How does Somatostatin influence gastric acid and pepsinogen secretion?
[...]

Back 111

How does Somatostatin influence gastric acid and pepsinogen secretion?
Decrease

Front 112

How does a decrease in gastric pH influence Somatostatin release?
[...]

Back 112

How does a decrease in gastric pH influence Somatostatin release?
Increase


Remember, Somatostatin decreases gastric acid secretion.

Front 113

How does Vasoactive Intestinal Polypeptide (VIP) influence intestinal water and electrolyte secretion?
[...]

Back 113

How does Vasoactive Intestinal Polypeptide (VIP) influence intestinal water and electrolyte secretion?
Increase

Front 114

[...] is a protein secreted by parietal cells of the stomach that binds to vitamin B12 in order for it to be absorbed in the terminal ileum.

Back 114

Intrinsic Factor is a protein secreted by parietal cells of the stomach that binds to vitamin B12 in order for it to be absorbed in the terminal ileum.

Front 115

How does Histamine influence gastric acid secretion?
[...]

Back 115

How does Histamine influence gastric acid secretion?
Increase

Front 116

How does ACh influence gastric acid secretion?
[...]

Back 116

How does ACh influence gastric acid secretion?
Increase

Front 117

How does GIP influence gastric acid secretion?
[...]

Back 117

How does GIP influence gastric acid secretion?
Decrease

Front 118

[...] is a gastrin-secreting tumour that yields high levels of acid secretion and ulcers refractory to medical therapy.

Back 118

Gastrinoma is a gastrin-secreting tumour that yields high levels of acid secretion and ulcers refractory to medical therapy.

Front 119

[...] is a GI hormone secreted from G cells that triggers Histamine release from Enterochromaffin-like (ECL) cells in order to increase gastric acid secretion.

Back 119

Gastrin is a GI hormone secreted from G cells that triggers Histamine release from Enterochromaffin-like (ECL) cells in order to increase gastric acid secretion.


Hence, Gastrin has both direct and indirect effects on parietal cells to govern gastric acid release.

Front 120

Which receptor does ACh bind to at parietal cells to trigger gastric acid secretion?
[...]

Back 120

Which receptor does ACh bind to at parietal cells to trigger gastric acid secretion?
M3

Front 121

Which receptor does Histamine bind to on parietal cells in order to trigger gastric acid secretion?
[...]

Back 121

Which receptor does Histamine bind to on parietal cells in order to trigger gastric acid secretion?
H2

Front 122

Which pancreatic enzyme functions in starch digestion?
[...]

Back 122

Which pancreatic enzyme functions in starch digestion?
alpha-amylase


Secreted in its active form.

Front 123

[...], chymotrypsin, elastase and carboxypeptidase are 4 pancreatic enzymes that function in protein digestion and are secreted as proenzymes in zymogen form.

Back 123

Trypsin, chymotrypsin, elastase and carboxypeptidase are 4 pancreatic enzymes that function in protein digestion and are secreted as proenzymes in zymogen form.

Front 124

Trypsin, [...], elastase and carboxypeptidase are 4 pancreatic enzymes that function in protein digestion and are secreted as proenzymes in zymogen form.

Back 124

Trypsin, chymotrypsin, elastase and carboxypeptidase are 4 pancreatic enzymes that function in protein digestion and are secreted as proenzymes in zymogen form.

Front 125

Trypsin, chymotrypsin, [...] and carboxypeptidase are 4 pancreatic enzymes that function in protein digestion and are secreted as proenzymes in zymogen form.

Back 125

Trypsin, chymotrypsin, elastase and carboxypeptidase are 4 pancreatic enzymes that function in protein digestion and are secreted as proenzymes in zymogen form.

Front 126

Trypsin, chymotrypsin, elastase and [...] are 4 pancreatic enzymes that function in protein digestion and are secreted as proenzymes in zymogen form.

Back 126

Trypsin, chymotrypsin, elastase and carboxypeptidase are 4 pancreatic enzymes that function in protein digestion and are secreted as proenzymes in zymogen form.

Front 127

[...] is a pancreatic enzyme that functions to convert proenzyme/zymogens from the pancreas in its active form.

Back 127

Trypsinogen is a pancreatic enzyme that functions to convert proenzyme/zymogens from the pancreas in its active form.


Trypsin is its active form.

Front 128

[...] is a brush-border enzyme on the duodenal and jejunal mucosa that functions to convert Trypsinogen into Trypsin.

Back 128

Enterkinase/Enteropeptidase is a brush-border enzyme on the duodenal and jejunal mucosa that functions to convert Trypsinogen into Trypsin.

Front 129

Which monosaccharide transporter transports all monosaccharides across the basolateral membrane of enterocytes into the blood?
[...]

Back 129

Which monosaccharide transporter transports all monosaccharides across the basolateral membrane of enterocytes into the blood?
GLUT2

Front 130

[...] are unencapsulated lymphoid tissue found in the lamina propria and submucosa of theileum.

Back 130

Peyer's patches are unencapsulated lymphoid tissue found in the lamina propria and submucosa of theileum.

Front 131

Which enzyme catalyzes the rate-limiting step of bile synthesis?
[...]

Back 131

Which enzyme catalyzes the rate-limiting step of bile synthesis?
7-alpha hydroxylase

Front 132

Which type of bilirubin is water soluble?
[...]

Back 132

Which type of bilirubin is water soluble?
Direct bilirubin

Front 133

Which type of bilirubin is unconjugated?
[...]

Back 133

Which type of bilirubin is unconjugated?
Indirect

Front 134

Which type of bilirubin is not water soluble?
[...]

Back 134

Which type of bilirubin is not water soluble?
Indirect

Front 135

To which plasma protein does unconjugated/indirect bilirubin bind?
[...]

Back 135

To which plasma protein does unconjugated/indirect bilirubin bind?
Albumin

Front 136

Which metabolite of Urobilinogen gives urine its yellow colour?
[...]

Back 136

Which metabolite of Urobilinogen gives urine its yellow colour?
Urobilin

Front 137

[...] is an esophageal complication of CREST syndrome that involves esophageal smooth muscle atrophy and a resultant decrease in LES pressure and dysmotility.

Back 137

Esophageal dysmotility is an esophageal complication of CREST syndrome that involves esophageal smooth muscle atrophy and a resultant decrease in LES pressure and dysmotility.


Thereby leads to acid reflux and dysphagia and eventual strictures, Barrett esophagus and apiration.

Front 138

Which type of gastritis is considered nonerosive?
[...]

Back 138

Which type of gastritis is considered nonerosive?
Chronic

Front 139

Which type of chronic gastritis involves the antrum of the stomach?
[...]

Back 139

Which type of chronic gastritis involves the antrum of the stomach?
Type B


A before B.

Front 140

Which type of gastric adenocarcinoma is associated with achlorhydria?
[...]

Back 140

Which type of gastric adenocarcinoma is associated with achlorhydria?
Intestinal

Front 141

Which type of peptic ulcer is associated with weight loss?
[...]

Back 141

Which type of peptic ulcer is associated with weight loss?
Gastric ulcer

Front 142

[...] is a malabsorptive disorder caused by Tropheryma whipplei that involves cardiac symptoms, arthralgias and neurologic symptoms.

Back 142

Whipple's Disease is a malabsorptive disorder caused by Tropheryma whipplei that involves cardiac symptoms, arthralgias and neurologic symptoms.

Front 143

Which inflammatory bowel disease is associated with bloody diarrhea?
[...]

Back 143

Which inflammatory bowel disease is associated with bloody diarrhea?
Ulcerative Colitis

Front 144

Which inflammatory bowel disease is associated with kidney stones?
[...]

Back 144

Which inflammatory bowel disease is associated with kidney stones?
Crohn Disease

Front 145

[...] is a GI disorder described as inflammation of a diverticula and classically presents with LLQ pain, fever and leukocytosis.

Back 145

Diverticulitis is a GI disorder described as inflammation of a diverticula and classically presents with LLQ pain, fever and leukocytosis.



May perforate causing peritonitis, abscess formation or bowel stenosis.

Front 146

[...] is a fistula that can appear as a complication of diverticulitis and is described as a fistula between the colon and bladder.

Back 146

Colovesical Fistula is a fistula that can appear as a complication of diverticulitis and is described as a fistula between the colon and bladder.

Front 147

Which chromosomal trisomy is associated with Duodenal Atresia?
[...]

Back 147

Which chromosomal trisomy is associated with Duodenal Atresia?
Down Syndrome

Front 148

In which section of the colon does colorectal cancer present as an exophytic mass with iron deficiency anaemia and weight loss?
[...]

Back 148

In which section of the colon does colorectal cancer present as an exophytic mass with iron deficiency anaemia and weight loss?
Ascending colon

Front 149

[...] is a disorder of iron deposition that involves a classic triad of micronodular cirrhosis, diabetes mellitus and bronze skin colourization.

Back 149

Hemochromatosis is a disorder of iron deposition that involves a classic triad of micronodular cirrhosis, diabetes mellitus and bronze skin colourization.


"BCD"

Front 150

[...] is a clinical feature of cholecystitis that involves abrupt inspiratory arrest upon palpation of the RUQ due to pain.

Back 150

Murphy Sign is a clinical feature of cholecystitis that involves abrupt inspiratory arrest upon palpation of the RUQ due to pain.

Front 151

Which demographic is more commonly affected with pancreatic adenocarcinoma?
[...]

Back 151

Which demographic is more commonly affected with pancreatic adenocarcinoma?

Jewish and African-American males

Front 152

[...] is a congenital defect of the esophagus that results in a connection between the esophagus and trachea that commonly presents with an esophageal atresia.

Back 152

Tracheoesophageal Fistula is a congenital defect of the esophagus that results in a connection between the esophagus and trachea that commonly presents with an esophageal atresia.

Front 153

What is an Esophageal Web?
[...]

Back 153

What is an Esophageal Web?
A thin protrusion of the esophageal mucosa


Typically seen in the upper esopagus

Front 154

[...] is a feature of Zenker's Diverticulum due to food getting trapped in the diverticulum and rotting.

Back 154

Halitosis (Bad Breath) is a feature of Zenker's Diverticulum due to food getting trapped in the diverticulum and rotting.

Front 155

What is the most common primary etiology of Achalasia?
[...]

Back 155

What is the most common primary etiology of Achalasia?
Idiopathic degeneration or damage to Ganglion Cells in the Myenteric Plexus

Front 156

[...] is a type of esophageal false diverticulum that is found above the upper esophageal sphincter at the esophagopharyngeal junction and involves herniation of mucosal tissue at the Killian triangle between the thyro.

Back 156

Zenker's Diverticulum is a type of esophageal false diverticulum that is found above the upper esophageal sphincter at the esophagopharyngeal junction and involves herniation of mucosal tissue at the Killian triangle between the thyro.

Front 157

Which type of esophagitis is commonly associated with aggregations of eosinophils?

[...]

Back 157

Which type of esophagitis is commonly associated with aggregations of eosinophils?

Eosinophilic Esophagitis


This is suggestive of Eosinophilic Esophagitis, not diagnostic. GERD involves eosinophils as well, for example.

Front 158

[...] is a type of GI hernia that will present with audible bowels sounds in the lung areas and potential lung hypoplasia if the defect is congenital.

Back 158

Paraesophageal Hernia is a type of GI hernia that will present with audible bowels sounds in the lung areas and potential lung hypoplasia if the defect is congenital.

Front 159

[...] nodules are a noticeable feature of Squamous Cell Carcinoma of the esophagus.

Back 159

Keratin nodules are a noticeable feature of Squamous Cell Carcinoma of the esophagus.

Front 160

[...] is defined as a bulky, greasy, foul-smelling yellow stool that is a result of excess fecal fat.

Back 160

Steatorrhea is defined as a bulky, greasy, foul-smelling yellow stool that is a result of excess fecal fat.

Front 161

[...] is a type of malabsorption due to defective intraluminal digestion of food from a deficiency of pancreatic enzymes.

Back 161

Pancreatic Insufficiency is a type of malabsorption due to defective intraluminal digestion of food from a deficiency of pancreatic enzymes.

Front 162

[...] is a form of gastritis that involves a loss of the folds of the stomach.

Back 162

Chronic Gastritis is a form of gastritis that involves a loss of the folds of the stomach.

Front 163

What is the gastric acid level in Autoimmune Chronic Gastritis?
[...]

Back 163

What is the gastric acid level in Autoimmune Chronic Gastritis?
Low


Parietal cells are destroyed.

Front 164

What is the Gastrin level in Autoimmune Chronic Gastritis?
[...]

Back 164

What is the Gastrin level in Autoimmune Chronic Gastritis?
High

Front 165

What is the prognosis for Gastric Adenocarcinoma that is confined to the mucosa and submucosa?
[...]

Back 165

What is the prognosis for Gastric Adenocarcinoma that is confined to the mucosa and submucosa?
Good (> 90% 5 year survival)

Front 166

The [...] type of Gastric Adenocarcinoma involves a signet ring infiltrating pattern.

Back 166

The diffuse type of Gastric Adenocarcinoma involves a signet ring infiltrating pattern.



Pale cells in the lamina propria that don't belong there; this should automatically trigger the thought of diffuse type adenocarcinoma

Front 167

[...] is a low grade Gastric Lymphoma associated with Helicobacter pylori infection.

Back 167

Gastric Marginal Zone (MALT) Lymphoma is a low grade Gastric Lymphoma associated with Helicobacter pylori infection.

Front 168

A [...] is an ulcer seen in acute gastritis that results from increased ICP cuasing an increase in vagal stimulation.

Back 168

A Cushing ulcer is an ulcer seen in acute gastritis that results from increased ICP cuasing an increase in vagal stimulation.


Increased vagal stimulation = increased ACh release = increased gastric acid production.

Front 169

Which type of gastric adenocarcinoma is associated with Chronic Autoimmune Gastritis?
[...]

Back 169

Which type of gastric adenocarcinoma is associated with Chronic Autoimmune Gastritis?
Intestinal

Front 170

Which lymphoma is associated with Helicobacter pylori?
[...]

Back 170

Which lymphoma is associated with Helicobacter pylori?
MALT Lymphoma

Front 171

Hypertrophy of the [...] glands are a key diagnostic endoscopic finding in duodenal ulcers.

Back 171

Hypertrophy of the Brunner glands are a key diagnostic endoscopic finding in duodenal ulcers.

Front 172

Where in the stomach are Gastric ulcers commonly found?
[...]

Back 172

Where in the stomach are Gastric ulcers commonly found?
Lesser curvature

Front 173

[...] is a severe form of Acute Hepatitis that involves total liver failure and destruction within 2-3 weeks.

Back 173

Fulminant Hepatitis is a severe form of Acute Hepatitis that involves total liver failure and destruction within 2-3 weeks.


Mortality is very high.

Front 174

What is the most common cause of acute liver failure?


[...]

Back 174

What is the most common cause of acute liver failure?


Acetaminophen overdose


Notice the necrosis on the right, mild fatty change in the center and normal hepatocytes on the left.

Front 175

[...] is a liver disease that involves strictures and intervening ductular dilations of the bile ducts, yielding a "string of pearls"/beaded appearance on Cholangiogram.

Back 175

Primary Sclerosing Cholangitis is a liver disease that involves strictures and intervening ductular dilations of the bile ducts, yielding a "string of pearls"/beaded appearance on Cholangiogram.

Front 176

Which hepatitis virus is commonly acquired by travelers?
[...]

Back 176

Which hepatitis virus is commonly acquired by travelers?
HAV

Front 177

[...] is a severe form of acute hepatitis that is commonly seen following HEV infection in pregnant women.

Back 177

Fulminant Hepatitis is a severe form of acute hepatitis that is commonly seen following HEV infection in pregnant women.

Front 178

Which serological HBV antigen is the first to rise and is the key marker of HBV infection?
[...]

Back 178

Which serological HBV antigen is the first to rise and is the key marker of HBV infection?
HBsAg

Front 179

[...] is a complication of portal hypertension that involves fluid accumulation in the peritoneal cavity.

Back 179

Ascites is a complication of portal hypertension that involves fluid accumulation in the peritoneal cavity.

Front 180

CNS deficits secondary to liver failure and decrease in detoxification manifest due to an increase in serum [...] levels.

Back 180

CNS deficits secondary to liver failure and decrease in detoxification manifest due to an increase in serum ammonia levels.

Front 181

What cytokeratin elements are found in Mallory bodies?
[...]

Back 181

What cytokeratin elements are found in Mallory bodies?
Damaged intermediate filaments

Front 182

How do we distinguish between brown coloured Fe deposition at tissue and physiological brown-pigmented Lipofuscin?
[...]

Back 182

How do we distinguish between brown coloured Fe deposition at tissue and physiological brown-pigmented Lipofuscin?
Prussian blue stain distinguishes iron

Front 183

Which cancer has an increased risk of manifesting in Hemochromatosis?
[...]

Back 183

Which cancer has an increased risk of manifesting in Hemochromatosis?
Hepatocellular Carcinoma (HCC)

Front 184

How do Ceruloplasmin levels change in Wilsons Disease?
[...]

Back 184

How do Ceruloplasmin levels change in Wilsons Disease?
Decreased; ceruloplasmin cannot be secreted without incorporated copper

Front 185

Which cancer has a higher risk of manifesting in Wilson's Disease?
[...]

Back 185

Which cancer has a higher risk of manifesting in Wilson's Disease?
Hepatocellular Carcinoma (HCC)

Front 186

[...] is a GI disorder commonly associated with Primary Sclerosing Cholangitis.

Back 186

Ulcerative Colitis is a GI disorder commonly associated with Primary Sclerosing Cholangitis.

Front 187

Which cancer has an increased risk of manifesting in Primary Sclerosing Cholangitis?
[...]

Back 187

Which cancer has an increased risk of manifesting in Primary Sclerosing Cholangitis?
Cholangiocarcinoma

Front 188

[...] is a liver disorder described as liver infarction secondary to hepatic vein obstruction.

Back 188

Budd-Chiari Syndrome is a liver disorder described as liver infarction secondary to hepatic vein obstruction.

Front 189

[...] is a form of pancreatitis that presents with yellow-white chalky foci of fat necrosis.

Back 189

Acute Pancreatitis is a form of pancreatitis that presents with yellow-white chalky foci of fat necrosis.

Front 190

[...] are mucinous cystic lesions of the pancreas that need to be completely resected in order for carcinoma to be ruled out.

Back 190

Mucinous Cystic Neoplasms are mucinous cystic lesions of the pancreas that need to be completely resected in order for carcinoma to be ruled out.

Front 191

[...] is a benign tumour-like lesion of the liver that involves multiple small while nodules of dilated irregular bile ducts in the liver near or within the portal area.

Back 191

Bile Duct Hamartomas (Von Meyenburg Complexes) is a benign tumour-like lesion of the liver that involves multiple small while nodules of dilated irregular bile ducts in the liver near or within the portal area.

Front 192

[...] is a focal liver mass that involves a central scar and all components of regular liver.

Back 192

Focal Nodular Hyperplasia is a focal liver mass that involves a central scar and all components of regular liver.

Front 193

[...] is a liver tumour that involves bile production and a green colour due to hepatocellular differentiation.

Back 193

Hepatocellular Carcinoma is a liver tumour that involves bile production and a green colour due to hepatocellular differentiation.

Front 194

[...] is a congenital malformation in which the head of the pancreas forms a rings around the duodenum, thereby posing a risk of duodenal obstruction.

Back 194

Annular Pancreas is a congenital malformation in which the head of the pancreas forms a rings around the duodenum, thereby posing a risk of duodenal obstruction.

Front 195

[...] is a cause of acute pancreatitis that acts through increased levels of Ca which are able to activate enzymes.

Back 195

Hypercalcemia is a cause of acute pancreatitis that acts through increased levels of Ca which are able to activate enzymes.

Front 196

Rupture of a [...] is a potential cause of acute pancreatitis due to the proximity of the pancreas posterior due to the duodenum.

Back 196

Rupture of a Posterior Duodenal Ulcer is a potential cause of acute pancreatitis due to the proximity of the pancreas posterior due to the duodenum.

Front 197

What type of calcification is seen at the pancreatic parenchyma upon imaging in Pancreatitis?
[...]

Back 197

What type of calcification is seen at the pancreatic parenchyma upon imaging in Pancreatitis?
Dystrophic

Front 198

How is the roundworm Ascaris lumbricoides transmitted?
[...]

Back 198

How is the roundworm Ascaris lumbricoides transmitted?
Fecal-oral

Front 199

[...] is a complication of gallstones that presents as a waxing and waning RUQ pain due to the GB contracting against a stone lodged in the cystic duct.

Back 199

Biliary Colic is a complication of gallstones that presents as a waxing and waning RUQ pain due to the GB contracting against a stone lodged in the cystic duct.


Can present without pain in diabetics.

Front 200

Which liver enzyme is elevated in Acute Cholecystitis due to damage to the bile ducts?
[...]

Back 200

Which liver enzyme is elevated in Acute Cholecystitis due to damage to the bile ducts?
Alkaline Phosphatase

Front 201

[...] is defined as bacterial infection of the bile duct, typically due to ascending infection with enteric gram-negative bacteria.

Back 201

Ascending Cholangitis is defined as bacterial infection of the bile duct, typically due to ascending infection with enteric gram-negative bacteria.

Front 202

What is the major risk factor for Gallbladder Adenocarcinoma?
[...]

Back 202

What is the major risk factor for Gallbladder Adenocarcinoma?
Gallstones, esp with porcelain gallbladder


Porcelain bladder must be excised prophylactically due to the risk of cancer.

Front 203

[...] is a cause of jaundice that occurs due to newborns having transiently low levels of hepatic Uridine Glucuronyl Transferase activity, thereby they are unable to conjugate bilirubin.

Back 203

Phyiological Jaundice of the newborn is a cause of jaundice that occurs due to newborns having transiently low levels of hepatic Uridine Glucuronyl Transferase activity, thereby they are unable to conjugate bilirubin.

Front 204

Which histological feature of Crohn's Disease (shown below) is a key distinguishing feature from Ulcerative Colitis?

[...]

Back 204

Which histological feature of Crohn's Disease (shown below) is a key distinguishing feature from Ulcerative Colitis?

Noncaseating Granulomas

Front 205

[...] is a complication of Ulcerative Colitis where inflammatory mediators disturb the neuromuscular function of bowel leading to massive dilation, ischemia and high risk of perforation.

Back 205

Toxic Megacolon is a complication of Ulcerative Colitis where inflammatory mediators disturb the neuromuscular function of bowel leading to massive dilation, ischemia and high risk of perforation.

Front 206

[...] is a cause of ischemic bowel that results from one segment of bowel telescoping into a segment downstream from it.

Back 206

Intussusception is a cause of ischemic bowel that results from one segment of bowel telescoping into a segment downstream from it.

Front 207

[...] is a colonic polyp that appears similar to hyperplastic polyps but involves serrated growth extending to the crypts, dilated crypts and lateral crypt growth.

Back 207

Sessile Serrated Adenoma is a colonic polyp that appears similar to hyperplastic polyps but involves serrated growth extending to the crypts, dilated crypts and lateral crypt growth.

Front 208

[...] is a type of intestinal adenoma that incorporates both tubules and villi.

Back 208

Tubulovillous adenoma is a type of intestinal adenoma that incorporates both tubules and villi.

Front 209

Colonic Adenocarcinoma on the [...] side of the body are usually annular and stenosing. They cause bleeding, bowel dysfunction and cramping.

Back 209

Colonic Adenocarcinoma on the left side of the body are usually annular and stenosing. They cause bleeding, bowel dysfunction and cramping.

Front 210

What does the T in TNM tumour staging signify?
[...]

Back 210

What does the T in TNM tumour staging signify?
Depth of tumour invasion

Front 211

Which abdominal wall fold is associated with omphalocele and gastroschisis if it fails to close?
[...]

Back 211

Which abdominal wall fold is associated with omphalocele and gastroschisis if it fails to close?
Lateral fold

Front 212

Which abdominal wall fold is associated with bladder exstrophy if it fails to close?
[...]

Back 212

Which abdominal wall fold is associated with bladder exstrophy if it fails to close?
Caudal fold

Front 213

What structures make up the portal triad?
[...]

Back 213

What structures make up the portal triad?
Proper hepatic artery; Portal vein; Common bile duct

Front 214

[...] is a surgical maneuver that involves compression of the hepatoduodenal ligament between the thumb and index finger to control bleeding.

Back 214

Pringle maneuver is a surgical maneuver that involves compression of the hepatoduodenal ligament between the thumb and index finger to control bleeding.

Front 215

The [...] is a GI ligament that connects the greater curvature of the stomach to the spleen.

Back 215

The gastrosplenic ligament is a GI ligament that connects the greater curvature of the stomach to the spleen.

Front 216

Which layer of the GI wall contains the epithelium, lamina propria and muscularis mucosa?
[...]

Back 216

Which layer of the GI wall contains the epithelium, lamina propria and muscularis mucosa?
Mucosa

Front 217

Which section of the small intestine is associated with Brunner glands (in the submucosa)?
[...]

Back 217

Which section of the small intestine is associated with Brunner glands (in the submucosa)?
Duodenum

Front 218

In which anatomical direction to arteries that supply non-GI tract structures branch off the abdominal aorta?
[...]

Back 218

In which anatomical direction to arteries that supply non-GI tract structures branch off the abdominal aorta?
Laterally

Front 219

What is the vertebral level of the left renal artery?
[...]

Back 219

What is the vertebral level of the left renal artery?
L1

Front 220

What is the vertebral level of the bifurcation of the abdominal aorta?
[...]

Back 220

What is the vertebral level of the bifurcation of the abdominal aorta?
L4


Bi-four-cation of the abdominal aorta.

Front 221

The [...] is an anatomical landmark at the rectum that forms where the endoderm (i.e. hidgut) meets the invaginating ectoderm.

Back 221

The pectinate/dentate line is an anatomical landmark at the rectum that forms where the endoderm (i.e. hidgut) meets the invaginating ectoderm.

Front 222

[...] are a type of hemorrhoids found above the pectinate line that are not painful as they receive visceral innervation.

Back 222

Internal hemorrhoids are a type of hemorrhoids found above the pectinate line that are not painful as they receive visceral innervation.

Front 223

What is the venous drainage of the rectum below the pectinate line?
[...]

Back 223

What is the venous drainage of the rectum below the pectinate line?
Inferior rectal vein to Internal pudendal vein to Internal iliac vein to the IVC

Front 224

Which zone of the liver is affected first by ingested toxins?
[...]

Back 224

Which zone of the liver is affected first by ingested toxins?
Zone 1/Periportal Zone

Front 225

The [...] is the sphincter that surrounds the common bile duct.

Back 225

The Sphincter of Oddi is the sphincter that surrounds the common bile duct.

Front 226

[...] is a type of Hiatal hernia that involves superior displacement of the gastroesophageal junction, thereby yielding an "hourglass stomach."

Back 226

Sliding Hiatal Hernia is a type of Hiatal hernia that involves superior displacement of the gastroesophageal junction, thereby yielding an "hourglass stomach."

Front 227

Which cells of the GI tract secrete Glucose-dependent Insulinotropic Peptide (GIP)?
[...]

Back 227

Which cells of the GI tract secrete Glucose-dependent Insulinotropic Peptide (GIP)?
K cells

Front 228

Which cells of the GI tract secrete HCO3?
[...]

Back 228

Which cells of the GI tract secrete HCO3?
Mucosal cells of the stomach, duodenum, salivary glands and pancreas

Front 229

How does Gastrin influence gastric acid secretion?
[...]

Back 229

How does Gastrin influence gastric acid secretion?
Increase

Front 230

Which GI hormone is also known as Gastric Inhibitory Peptide (GIP)?
[...]

Back 230

Which GI hormone is also known as Gastric Inhibitory Peptide (GIP)?
Glucose-dependent Insulinotropic Peptide (GIP)

Front 231

How do Motilin levels change in the fasting state?
[...]

Back 231

How do Motilin levels change in the fasting state?
Increase


This is why we tell patients to not feed their children if they happen to swallow something like a coin or marble.Fasting state = increased motilin = increased frequency of MMCs = whatever was ingested will be pooped out sooner.

Front 232

[...] is a GI disorder that involves an increase in lower esophageal sphincter (LES) resting tone due to loss of NO secretion.

Back 232

Achalasia is a GI disorder that involves an increase in lower esophageal sphincter (LES) resting tone due to loss of NO secretion.

Front 233

[...] is a non-alpha, non-beta islet cell pancreatic tumour that secretes VIP, thereby causing copious watery diarrhea, hypokalemia and achlorhydria.

Back 233

VIPoma is a non-alpha, non-beta islet cell pancreatic tumour that secretes VIP, thereby causing copious watery diarrhea, hypokalemia and achlorhydria.


WDHA Syndrome:- Watery Diarrhea- Hypokalemia- Achlorhydria

Front 234

How do prostaglandins influence gastric acid secretion?
[...]

Back 234

How do prostaglandins influence gastric acid secretion?
Decrease


This is why chronic NSAID use can result in gastric ulcers due to increased gastric acid secretion.

Front 235

Which herpesvirus is associated with esophagitis in the immunocompromised that presents with linear ulcers?
[...]

Back 235

Which herpesvirus is associated with esophagitis in the immunocompromised that presents with linear ulcers?
CMV

Front 236

Which type of chronic gastritis is caused by Helicobacter pylori?
[...]

Back 236

Which type of chronic gastritis is caused by Helicobacter pylori?
Type B

Front 237

[...] is disorder of the stomach that involves hypertrophy of the rugae of the stomach so severely that they look like brain gyri.

Back 237

Ménétrier Disease is disorder of the stomach that involves hypertrophy of the rugae of the stomach so severely that they look like brain gyri.

Front 238

Which type of gastric carcinoma is associated with Nitrosamines?
[...]

Back 238

Which type of gastric carcinoma is associated with Nitrosamines?
Intestinal gastric adenocarcinoma

Front 239

Which type of peptic ulcer involves the hypertrophy of Brunner glands?
[...]

Back 239

Which type of peptic ulcer involves the hypertrophy of Brunner glands?
Duodenal

Front 240

Which demographic is associated with Celiac Disease?
[...]

Back 240

Which demographic is associated with Celiac Disease?
Northern Europeans

Front 241

What is the urinary excretion of D-xylose in pancretic insufficiency?
[...]

Back 241

What is the urinary excretion of D-xylose in pancretic insufficiency?
Normal


Remember, D-xylose test gauges for intestinal mucosa defects or bacterial overgrowth.If mucosal function is normal, D-xylose excretion in the urine will be normal.

Front 242

What is the most common disaccharidase deficiency?
[...]

Back 242

What is the most common disaccharidase deficiency?
Lactase Deficiency

Front 243

What type of diarrhea is seen in Lactase Deficiency?
[...]

Back 243

What type of diarrhea is seen in Lactase Deficiency?
Watery, osmotic diarrhea


Due to lactose staying in the lumen.

Front 244

Which inflammatory bowel disease is associated with "string sign" on barium swallow due to bowel wall thickening?
[...]

Back 244

Which inflammatory bowel disease is associated with "string sign" on barium swallow due to bowel wall thickening?
Crohn Disease

Front 245

[...] is a GI diverticulum that is 2 inches long and found 2 feet from the ileocecal valve in 2% of the population.

Back 245

Meckel Diverticulum is a GI diverticulum that is 2 inches long and found 2 feet from the ileocecal valve in 2% of the population.

Front 246

[...] is a GI disorder that involves formation of a meconium plug which obstructs the intestine, thereby preventing stool passage at birth.

Back 246

Meconium Ileus is a GI disorder that involves formation of a meconium plug which obstructs the intestine, thereby preventing stool passage at birth.

Front 247

In which section of the colon does colorectal cancer present as an infiltrating mass with partial colonic obstruction, colicky pain and hematochezia?
[...]

Back 247

In which section of the colon does colorectal cancer present as an infiltrating mass with partial colonic obstruction, colicky pain and hematochezia?
Descending colon

Front 248

[...] is a CNS complication of liver failure that is described as a coarse hand tremor.

Back 248

Asterixis is a CNS complication of liver failure that is described as a coarse hand tremor.

Front 249

Which liver aminotransferase is elevated in viral hepatitis?
[...]

Back 249

Which liver aminotransferase is elevated in viral hepatitis?
ALT > AST


"virALT"

Front 250

How does gamma-glutamyl transferase (GGT) change in alcohol use?
[...]

Back 250

How does gamma-glutamyl transferase (GGT) change in alcohol use?
Increase

Front 251

Which type of Crigler-Najjar Syndrome is less severe and responds to phenobarbital which drives liver enzyme synthesis?
[...]

Back 251

Which type of Crigler-Najjar Syndrome is less severe and responds to phenobarbital which drives liver enzyme synthesis?
Type II

Front 252

Which hematological disorder is associated with Wilson Disease?
[...]

Back 252

Which hematological disorder is associated with Wilson Disease?

Hemolytic anaemia

Front 253

A Tracheoesophageal Fistula will present with vomiting and polyhydramnios due to the associated [...] that commonly occurs with it.

Back 253

A Tracheoesophageal Fistula will present with vomiting and polyhydramnios due to the associated esophageal atresia that commonly occurs with it.

Front 254

[...] is an esophageal disorder characterized by aperistalsis, partial/incomplete relaxation of the LES upon swallowing and increased resting tone of the LES.

Back 254

Achalasia is an esophageal disorder characterized by aperistalsis, partial/incomplete relaxation of the LES upon swallowing and increased resting tone of the LES.

Front 255

[...] is a serious complication of Mallory-Weiss/Beorhaave's Syndrome that occurs when the stomach wall is penetrated.

Back 255

Mediastinitis is a serious complication of Mallory-Weiss/Beorhaave's Syndrome that occurs when the stomach wall is penetrated.

Front 256

[...] is an esophageal disorder where reflux of gastric acid/contents causes enlargement of the esophageal mucosa and submucosa.

Back 256

GERD is an esophageal disorder where reflux of gastric acid/contents causes enlargement of the esophageal mucosa and submucosa.

Front 257

[...] is an esophageal disorder that involves dilated submucosal veins in the lower 1/3 of the esophagus.

Back 257

Esophageal Varices is an esophageal disorder that involves dilated submucosal veins in the lower 1/3 of the esophagus.

Front 258

Which segment of the esophagus is typically affected by Esophageal Adenocarcinoma?
[...]

Back 258

Which segment of the esophagus is typically affected by Esophageal Adenocarcinoma?
Lower 1/3

Front 259

Which segment of the esophagus is commonly affected by Squamous Cell Carcinoma of the Esophagus?
[...]

Back 259

Which segment of the esophagus is commonly affected by Squamous Cell Carcinoma of the Esophagus?
Upper or middle 1/3

Front 260

The basis of all etiologies of squamous cell carcinoma of the esophagus is [...] of the mucosa.

Back 260

The basis of all etiologies of squamous cell carcinoma of the esophagus is irritation of the mucosa.

Front 261

Which intestinal enzyme is targeted by antibodies in Celiac's Diseas?
[...]

Back 261

Which intestinal enzyme is targeted by antibodies in Celiac's Diseas?
Tissue Transglutaminase (tTG)

Front 262

What is the genetic inheritance of Abetalipoproteinemia?
[...]

Back 262

What is the genetic inheritance of Abetalipoproteinemia?
Autosomal Recessive

Front 263

[...] is a feature of Chronic Gastritis that occurs in response to reduced acid production in parallel to mucosal atrophy.

Back 263

Antral G-Cell Hyperplasia is a feature of Chronic Gastritis that occurs in response to reduced acid production in parallel to mucosal atrophy.

Front 264

[...] is a benign gastric lesion usually seen with atrophic gastritis with intestinal metaplasia or familial polyposis.

Back 264

Gastric Adenoma is a benign gastric lesion usually seen with atrophic gastritis with intestinal metaplasia or familial polyposis.

Front 265

[...] is a gastric cancer of well differentiated neuroendocrine cells associated with endocrine cell hyperplasia.

Back 265

Gastric Carcinoid Tumour is a gastric cancer of well differentiated neuroendocrine cells associated with endocrine cell hyperplasia.

Front 266

[...] is a type of gastric cancer involving spindle shaped cells that arises in the wall of the stomach.

Back 266

Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumours (GIST) is a type of gastric cancer involving spindle shaped cells that arises in the wall of the stomach.

Front 267

What tyrosine kinase receptor is expressed in Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumours (GISTs)?
[...]

Back 267

What tyrosine kinase receptor is expressed in Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumours (GISTs)?
c-KIT

Front 268

[...] is a congenital disorder involving hypertrophy of the pyloric smooth muscle.

Back 268

Pyloric Stenosis is a congenital disorder involving hypertrophy of the pyloric smooth muscle.

Front 269

The projectile vomiting in Pyloric Stenosis is [...] as there is no bile in the stomach and duodenal contents are unable to enter the stomach.

Back 269

The projectile vomiting in Pyloric Stenosis is non-bilious as there is no bile in the stomach and duodenal contents are unable to enter the stomach.

Front 270

[...] are a type of drug that can cause acute gastritis through decreased levels of PGE2.

Back 270

NSAIDs are a type of drug that can cause acute gastritis through decreased levels of PGE2.

Front 271

[...] is a prostaglandin that increases gastric mucous production and gastric blood supply.

Back 271

PGE2 is a prostaglandin that increases gastric mucous production and gastric blood supply.

Front 272

Increased ICP leads to increased stimulation of Cranial Nerve [...], thereby leading to ACh release onto parietal cells and hence gastric acid production.

Back 272

Increased ICP leads to increased stimulation of Cranial Nerve X, thereby leading to ACh release onto parietal cells and hence gastric acid production.

Front 273

Which type of autoantibodies are associated with chronic autoimmune gastritis (type A)?
[...].

Back 273

Which type of autoantibodies are associated with chronic autoimmune gastritis (type A)?
Anti-Parietal cells; Anti-Intrinsic factor.

Front 274

What type of Hypersensitivity is Chronic Autoimmune Gastritis?

[...]

Back 274

What type of Hypersensitivity is Chronic Autoimmune Gastritis?
Type IV

Front 275

The [...] type of Gastric Adenocarcinoma presents as a large, irregular ulcer with heaped up margins, typically at the lesser curvature of the antrum.

Back 275

The intestinal type of Gastric Adenocarcinoma presents as a large, irregular ulcer with heaped up margins, typically at the lesser curvature of the antrum.

Front 276

[...] is a stage of fatty liver disease that is described as reversible fatty change that typically occurs with moderate alcohol intake.

Back 276

Steatosis is a stage of fatty liver disease that is described as reversible fatty change that typically occurs with moderate alcohol intake.

Front 277

Fibrosis in the fatty liver disease [...] starts around hepatocytes in the central acinar zone.

Back 277

Fibrosis in the fatty liver disease Steatohepatitis starts around hepatocytes in the central acinar zone.

Front 278

What stain is used to visualize intracellular iron?


[...]

Back 278

What stain is used to visualize intracellular iron?


Prussian Blue

Front 279

[...] is a type of liver cirrhosis that arises from prolonged obstruction of the extrahepatic biliary tree that causes damage and changes within the liver.

Back 279

Secondary Biliary Cirrhosis is a type of liver cirrhosis that arises from prolonged obstruction of the extrahepatic biliary tree that causes damage and changes within the liver.



Involves an increase in pressure of the intrahepatic ducts resulting in injury/fibrosis and bile stasis.
Complicated by ascending cholangitis.Cirrhosis with cholestasis typically always manifest.

Front 280

[...] is a form of passive hepatic congestion that arises following right-sided heart failure or Budd-Chiari Syndrome.

Back 280

Nutmeg Liver is a form of passive hepatic congestion that arises following right-sided heart failure or Budd-Chiari Syndrome.

Front 281

[...] is defined as inflammation of the liver parenchyma.

Back 281

Hepatitis is defined as inflammation of the liver parenchyma.

Front 282

Symptoms of acute hepatitis last less than [...] months.

Back 282

Symptoms of acute hepatitis last less than 6 months.

Front 283

Symptoms of chronic hepatitis last longer than [...] months.

Back 283

Symptoms of chronic hepatitis last longer than 6 months.

Front 284

The [...] phase of HBV infection is the period where IgM antibodies have nearly resolved the infection.

Back 284

The window phase of HBV infection is the period where IgM antibodies have nearly resolved the infection.


From this point, either chronic infection or immunity is yielded. If protective Anti-HBsAg IgG is made in time and in enough quantity, immunity and resolution is achieved.

Front 285

Which hormone is elevated in cirrhosis due to decreased detoxification and causes gynecomastia, spider angiomas and palmar erythema?
[...]

Back 285

Which hormone is elevated in cirrhosis due to decreased detoxification and causes gynecomastia, spider angiomas and palmar erythema?
Estrogen (Hyperestrinism)

Front 286

What is the most common cause of secondary Hemochromatosis?
[...]

Back 286

What is the most common cause of secondary Hemochromatosis?
Chronic blood transfusions


There is no physiological way to get rid of iron physiologically, hence each bag of blood is another bag of iron.Commonly seen in beta-thalassemia patients.

Front 287

What change in skin colour is seen in Hemochromatosis?
[...]

Back 287

What change in skin colour is seen in Hemochromatosis?
Bronze colouration

Front 288

How does % Saturation change in Hemochromatosis?
[...]

Back 288

How does % Saturation change in Hemochromatosis?
Increased

Front 289

[...] is a benign tumour of hepatocytes associated with oral contraceptive use.

Back 289

Hepatic Adenoma is a benign tumour of hepatocytes associated with oral contraceptive use.

Front 290

Which bacterial genus that grows in grains and nuts is associated with Hepatocellular Carcinoma?
[...]

Back 290

Which bacterial genus that grows in grains and nuts is associated with Hepatocellular Carcinoma?
Aspergillus; via aflatoxins

Front 291

What is the mechanism through which Aflatoxins from Aspergillus induces Hepatocellular Carcinoma?
[...]

Back 291

What is the mechanism through which Aflatoxins from Aspergillus induces Hepatocellular Carcinoma?
Induction of p53 mutations

Front 292

[...] is a liver cancer associated with elevated serum alpha-fetoprotein levels.

Back 292

Hepatocellular Carcinoma is a liver cancer associated with elevated serum alpha-fetoprotein levels.

Front 293

[...] is a benign multicystic neoplasm of the pacnreas that is glycogen rich and has clear cuboidal epithelium.

Back 293

Pancreatic Serous Cystadenoma is a benign multicystic neoplasm of the pacnreas that is glycogen rich and has clear cuboidal epithelium.



Typically seen in the seventh decade of life; more common in females

Front 294

Which type of drug is commonly associated with Hepatic Adenoma?
[...]

Back 294

Which type of drug is commonly associated with Hepatic Adenoma?
Oral Contraceptives in women


Regresses with drug withdrawal

Front 295

[...] is a cause of Acute Pancreatitis that acts through contraction of the Sphincter of Oddi at the pancreatic ampulla, thereby causing a decrease in pancreatic drainage.

Back 295

Alcohol is a cause of Acute Pancreatitis that acts through contraction of the Sphincter of Oddi at the pancreatic ampulla, thereby causing a decrease in pancreatic drainage.

Front 296

[...] is a feature of pancreatic carcinoma that presents with swelling, erythema, and tenderness at the extremitis.

Back 296

Migratory Thrombophlebitis (Trousseau's Sign) is a feature of pancreatic carcinoma that presents with swelling, erythema, and tenderness at the extremitis.

Front 297

The [...] is a surgical procedure that involves en bloc removal of the head and neck of the pancreas, proximal duodenum and gallbladder.

Back 297

The Whipple Procedure is a surgical procedure that involves en bloc removal of the head and neck of the pancreas, proximal duodenum and gallbladder.

Front 298

[...] is a characteristic of chronic cholecystitis due to herniation of the gallbladder mucosa into the muscular wall.

Back 298

Rokitansky-Aschoff sinus is a characteristic of chronic cholecystitis due to herniation of the gallbladder mucosa into the muscular wall.

Front 299

[...] is a gallbladder cancer that arises from the glandular epithelium that lines the GB wall.

Back 299

Gallblader Adenocarcinoma is a gallbladder cancer that arises from the glandular epithelium that lines the GB wall.

Front 300

[...] is defined as yellow discoloration of the skin.

Back 300

Jaundice is defined as yellow discoloration of the skin.

Front 301

What is the earliest sign of jaundice?
[...]

Back 301

What is the earliest sign of jaundice?
Scleral Icterus

Front 302

Which hepatic enzyme conjugates bilirubine?
[...]

Back 302

Which hepatic enzyme conjugates bilirubine?
Uridine Glucuronyl Transferase (UGT)

Front 303

[...] is a cause of jaundice that will involve dark urine due to an elevated level of urinary urobilinogen.

Back 303

Extravascular Hemolysis is a cause of jaundice that will involve dark urine due to an elevated level of urinary urobilinogen.


Remember, urobilinogen is NOT UCB, it is a metabolite of CB.

Front 304

[...] is a cause of jaundice that typically only presents following stress (e.g. infection) and is otherwise not clinically significant.

Back 304

Gilbert Syndrome is a cause of jaundice that typically only presents following stress (e.g. infection) and is otherwise not clinically significant.

Front 305

[...] is a cause of jaundice that involves a total absence of Glucuronyl Transferase, thereby causing death via kernicterus in a few years.

Back 305

Crigler-Najjar Syndrome is a cause of jaundice that involves a total absence of Glucuronyl Transferase, thereby causing death via kernicterus in a few years.


Presents early in life.

Front 306

Which liver fluke is associated with obstructive jaundice?
[...]

Back 306

Which liver fluke is associated with obstructive jaundice?
Clonorchis sinensis

Front 307

[...] is a type of Microscopic Colitis that involves an increased amount of surface intraepithelial lymphocytes.

Back 307

Lymphocytic Colitis is a type of Microscopic Colitis that involves an increased amount of surface intraepithelial lymphocytes.

Front 308

Which area of the GI tract commonly involves Colonic Angiodysplasia?
[...]

Back 308

Which area of the GI tract commonly involves Colonic Angiodysplasia?
Right Colon

Front 309

Which IBD involves skip lesions or segmental inflammation?

[...]

Back 309

Which IBD involves skip lesions or segmental inflammation?

Crohn's Disease

Front 310

[...] is an IBD that can be triggered by smoking.

Back 310

Crohn's Disease is an IBD that can be triggered by smoking.

Front 311

[...] is an IBD that cannot be definitely classified as either Crohn's Disease of Ulcerative Colitis.

Back 311

Indeterminate Colitis is an IBD that cannot be definitely classified as either Crohn's Disease of Ulcerative Colitis.


About 10% of cases.

Front 312

What gene is mutated in Familial Adenomatous Polyposis?
[...]

Back 312

What gene is mutated in Familial Adenomatous Polyposis?
Adenomatous Polyposis Coli (APC)

Front 313

What is the first gene mutated in the Adenoma-Carcinoma sequence?
[...]

Back 313

What is the first gene mutated in the Adenoma-Carcinoma sequence?
APC

Front 314

Colonic Adenocarcinoma on the [...] side of the body typically involves polypoid structure and cause fatigue and iron deficiency anaemia.

Back 314

Colonic Adenocarcinoma on the right side of the body typically involves polypoid structure and cause fatigue and iron deficiency anaemia.

Front 315

Which embryological structure develops into the GI tract from the distal 1/3 of the colon to the anal canal above the pectinate line?
[...]

Back 315

Which embryological structure develops into the GI tract from the distal 1/3 of the colon to the anal canal above the pectinate line?
Hindgut

Front 316

Which abdominal wall fold is associated with sternal defects if it fails to close?
[...]

Back 316

Which abdominal wall fold is associated with sternal defects if it fails to close?
Rostral fold

Front 317

Which chromosomal trisomy is associated with duodenal atresia?
[...]

Back 317

Which chromosomal trisomy is associated with duodenal atresia?
Trisomy 21


Occurs due to a failure of the duodenum to recanalize.

Front 318

During which week of gestation does the midgut herniate through the umbilical ring?
[...]

Back 318

During which week of gestation does the midgut herniate through the umbilical ring?
6th week

Front 319

[...] is a congenital GI disorder that involves extrusion of the abdominal contents through the lateral abdominal folds.

Back 319

Gastroschisis is a congenital GI disorder that involves extrusion of the abdominal contents through the lateral abdominal folds.


The contents are not covered by peritoneum.

Front 320

Which sex is more commonly affected by Congenital Pyloric Stenosis?
[...]

Back 320

Which sex is more commonly affected by Congenital Pyloric Stenosis?
Males


Seen in 1/600 live births.

Front 321

Which embryological structure gives rise to the pancreas?
[...]

Back 321

Which embryological structure gives rise to the pancreas?
Foregut

Front 322

Which embryological pancreatic buds contribute to the uncinate process of the pancreas?
[...]

Back 322

Which embryological pancreatic buds contribute to the uncinate process of the pancreas?
Ventral bud

Front 323

Which portion of the esophagus is retroperitoneal?
[...]

Back 323

Which portion of the esophagus is retroperitoneal?
Lower 2/3

Front 324

The [...] is a GI ligament that connects the liver to the anterior abdominal wall.

Back 324

The falciform ligament is a GI ligament that connects the liver to the anterior abdominal wall.

Front 325

What structure is contained within the Hepatoduodenal Ligament?
[...]

Back 325

What structure is contained within the Hepatoduodenal Ligament?
Portal Triad


Portal vein; Proper hepatic artery; Common bile duct.

Front 326

What structure is contained in the Gastrocolic Ligament?
[...]

Back 326

What structure is contained in the Gastrocolic Ligament?
Gastroepiploic arteries

Front 327

What is the frequency of basal electric rhythm at the ileum?
[...]

Back 327

What is the frequency of basal electric rhythm at the ileum?
8-9 waves/min

Front 328

What histological type of epithelium is seen at the esophagus?
[...]

Back 328

What histological type of epithelium is seen at the esophagus?
Nonkeratinized stratified squamous epithelium

Front 329

Which section of the small intestine is associated with Peyer's patches (in the lamina propria and submucosa)?
[...]

Back 329

Which section of the small intestine is associated with Peyer's patches (in the lamina propria and submucosa)?
Ileum

Front 330

In which anatomical direction do arteries that supply the GI tract branch off the abdominal aorta?
[...]

Back 330

In which anatomical direction do arteries that supply the GI tract branch off the abdominal aorta?
Anteriorly

Front 331

[...] is a cardiovascular syndrome that occurs when the transverse/third portion of the duodenum is entrapped between the SMA and aorta, thereby causing intestinal obstruction.

Back 331

Superior Mesenteric Arter (SMA) Syndrome is a cardiovascular syndrome that occurs when the transverse/third portion of the duodenum is entrapped between the SMA and aorta, thereby causing intestinal obstruction.

Front 332

What is the main artery that supplies derivatives of the midgut?
[...]

Back 332

What is the main artery that supplies derivatives of the midgut?
SMA


Includes distal duodenum to the proximal 2/3 of the transverse colon.

Front 333

What is the parasympathetic innervation of derivatives of the foregut?
[...]

Back 333

What is the parasympathetic innervation of derivatives of the foregut?
CN X (vagus)

Front 334

What is the vertebral level of the Superior Mesenteric Artery (SMA)?
[...]

Back 334

What is the vertebral level of the Superior Mesenteric Artery (SMA)?
L1

Front 335

What is the vertebral level of the Inferior Mesenteric Artery (IMA)?
[...]

Back 335

What is the vertebral level of the Inferior Mesenteric Artery (IMA)?
L3

Front 336

The [...], Splenic Artery and Left Gastric artery are the 3 main branches of the celiac trunk.

Back 336

The Common Hepatic Artery, Splenic Artery and Left Gastric artery are the 3 main branches of the celiac trunk.

Front 337

The Common Hepatic Artery, [...] and Left Gastric artery are the 3 main branches of the celiac trunk.

Back 337

The Common Hepatic Artery, Splenic Artery and Left Gastric artery are the 3 main branches of the celiac trunk.

Front 338

The Common Hepatic Artery, Splenic Artery and [...] are the 3 main branches of the celiac trunk.

Back 338

The Common Hepatic Artery, Splenic Artery and Left Gastric artery are the 3 main branches of the celiac trunk.

Front 339

The [...] anastamoses with the left colic artery.

Back 339

The middle colic artery anastamoses with the left colic artery.

Front 340

The middle colic artery anastamoses with the [...].

Back 340

The middle colic artery anastamoses with the left colic artery.

Front 341

[...] is a clinical manifestation of portal HTN at the esophagus due to portosystemic anastomoses between the left gastric artery and the esophageal artery.

Back 341

Esophageal varices is a clinical manifestation of portal HTN at the esophagus due to portosystemic anastomoses between the left gastric artery and the esophageal artery.

Front 342

Which type of hemorrhoids are found above the pectinate line?
[...]

Back 342

Which type of hemorrhoids are found above the pectinate line?
Internal hemorrhoids

Front 343

[...] is a GI disorder described as a tear in the anal mucosa below the pectinate line.

Back 343

Anal Fissure is a GI disorder described as a tear in the anal mucosa below the pectinate line.


Presents with pain while pooping, blood on the toilet paper.Typically located posteriorly due to poor perfusion in that area.

Front 344

Which zone of the liver is affected 1st by viral hepatitis?
[...]

Back 344

Which zone of the liver is affected 1st by viral hepatitis?
Zone 1/Periportal Zone

Front 345

Which zone of the liver contains the cytochrome P450 system?
[...]

Back 345

Which zone of the liver contains the cytochrome P450 system?
Zone 3/Centrilobular Zone

Front 346

Which zone of the liver is most sensitive to metabolic toxins?
[...]

Back 346

Which zone of the liver is most sensitive to metabolic toxins?
Zone 3/Centrilobular Zone

Front 347

What are the contents of the Spermatic Cord?
[...]

Back 347

What are the contents of the Spermatic Cord?
External spermatic fascia; Cremasteric muscle and fascia; Internal spermatic fascia

Front 348

Which abdominal fascia gives rise to the internal spermatic fascia?
[...]

Back 348

Which abdominal fascia gives rise to the internal spermatic fascia?
Transversalis fascia

Front 349

What is the site of protrusion in a Direct Inguinal Hernia?
[...]

Back 349

What is the site of protrusion in a Direct Inguinal Hernia?
Abdominal Wall

Front 350

Which type of inguinal hernia involves protrusion of the bowel through the internal inguinal ring, external inguinal ring and into the scrotum?
[...]

Back 350

Which type of inguinal hernia involves protrusion of the bowel through the internal inguinal ring, external inguinal ring and into the scrotum?
Indirect Inguinal hernia

Front 351

Which type of inguinal hernia herniates lateral to the inferior epigastric artery?
[...]

Back 351

Which type of inguinal hernia herniates lateral to the inferior epigastric artery?
Indirect

Front 352

Which type of inguinal hernia is associated with failure of the processus vaginalis to close?
[...]

Back 352

Which type of inguinal hernia is associated with failure of the processus vaginalis to close?
Indirect inguinal hernia


Can also result in hydrocele.The path of an indirect inguinal hernia follows the path of descent of testes and it is covered by all 3 layers of the spermatic fascia.

Front 353

Which sex is more commonly affected by Indirect Inguinal Hernia?
[...]

Back 353

Which sex is more commonly affected by Indirect Inguinal Hernia?
Males

Front 354

Which type of inguinal hernia protrudes through the inguinal (Hasselbach's) triangle?
[...]

Back 354

Which type of inguinal hernia protrudes through the inguinal (Hasselbach's) triangle?
Direct inguinal hernia

Front 355

Which type of inguinal hernia is typically seen in older men?
[...]

Back 355

Which type of inguinal hernia is typically seen in older men?
Direct

Front 356

Which sex is more commonly affected by Femoral Hernias?
[...]

Back 356

Which sex is more commonly affected by Femoral Hernias?
Females

Front 357

[...] is a type of gastrointestinal hernia that protrudes below the inguinal ligament through the femoral canal and below/lateral to the pubic tubercle.

Back 357

Femoral hernia is a type of gastrointestinal hernia that protrudes below the inguinal ligament through the femoral canal and below/lateral to the pubic tubercle.

Front 358

What is the leading cause of bowel incarceration?
[...]

Back 358

What is the leading cause of bowel incarceration?
Femoral hernia

Front 359

What are the contents of the inguinal (Hasselbach's) triangle?
[...]

Back 359

What are the contents of the inguinal (Hasselbach's) triangle?
Inferior epigastric vessels; Lateral border of the rectus abdominus; Inguinal Ligament

Front 360

Which cells of the GI tract secrete CCK?
[...]

Back 360

Which cells of the GI tract secrete CCK?
I cells

Front 361

Which cells of the GI tract secrete Gastrin?
[...]

Back 361

Which cells of the GI tract secrete Gastrin?
G cells

Front 362

Where in the stomach are G cells found?
[...]

Back 362

Where in the stomach are G cells found?
Antrum

Front 363

Where in the small intestine are S cells located?
[...]

Back 363

Where in the small intestine are S cells located?
Duodenum

Front 364

How does CCK influence gallbladder contraction?
[...]

Back 364

How does CCK influence gallbladder contraction?
Increase

Front 365

How does Gastrin influence gastric motility?
[...]

Back 365

How does Gastrin influence gastric motility?
Increase

Front 366

How does an increase in stomach pH influence Gastrin secretion?
[...]

Back 366

How does an increase in stomach pH influence Gastrin secretion?
Increase

Front 367

How does Phenylalanine influence Gastrin release?
[...]

Back 367

How does Phenylalanine influence Gastrin release?
Increase

Front 368

How does Tryptophan influence Gastrin release?
[...]

Back 368

How does Tryptophan influence Gastrin release?
Increase

Front 369

How does Glucose-dependent Insulinotropic Peptide (GIP) influence gastric acid secretion?
[...]

Back 369

How does Glucose-dependent Insulinotropic Peptide (GIP) influence gastric acid secretion?
Decrease

Front 370

How does Glucose-dependent Insulinotropic Peptide (GIP) influence insulin release?
[...]

Back 370

How does Glucose-dependent Insulinotropic Peptide (GIP) influence insulin release?
Increase

Front 371

How does an increase in fatty acids, amino acids and oral glucose influence Glucose-dependent Insulinotropic Peptide (GIP) release?
[...]

Back 371

How does an increase in fatty acids, amino acids and oral glucose influence Glucose-dependent Insulinotropic Peptide (GIP) release?
Increase


Oral glucose loads are used more rapidly by the body versus equivalent IV doses due to the GIP secretion it stimulates.

Front 372

[...] is a GI hormone secreted by the small intestine that functions to produce migratory motor complexes (MMCs).

Back 372

Motilin is a GI hormone secreted by the small intestine that functions to produce migratory motor complexes (MMCs).


Hence, motilin receptor agonists are used to stimulate intestinal peristalsis.

Front 373

[...] is a macrolide antibiotic that also acts as a Motilin agonist, thereby stimulating intestinal peristalsis.

Back 373

Eryhtromycin is a macrolide antibiotic that also acts as a Motilin agonist, thereby stimulating intestinal peristalsis.

Front 374

How does Secretin influence pancreatic HCO3 secretion?
[...]

Back 374

How does Secretin influence pancreatic HCO3 secretion?
Increase


This is integral for duodenal digestion.The HCO3 secretion into the duodenum neutralizes the incoming acidic bile and allows pancreatic enzymes to function.

Front 375

How does Secretin influence gastric acid secretion?
[...]

Back 375

How does Secretin influence gastric acid secretion?
Decrease

Front 376

How does Somatostatin influence insulin and glucagon release?
[...]

Back 376

How does Somatostatin influence insulin and glucagon release?
Decrease

Front 377

How does vagal stimulation influence Somatostatin release?
[...]

Back 377

How does vagal stimulation influence Somatostatin release?
Decrease


Remember, the PSNS generally increases GI secretion. Somatostatin however works to generally decrease GI secretion. Hence, the PSNS inhibits somatostatin release.

Front 378

How does Nitric Oxide influence Lower Esophageal Sphincter (LES) tone?
[...]

Back 378

How does Nitric Oxide influence Lower Esophageal Sphincter (LES) tone?
Decrease


NO pretty much causes smooth muscle relaxation everywhere. LES included.

Front 379

How does Gastrin influence gastric acid secretion??
[...]

Back 379

How does Gastrin influence gastric acid secretion??
Increase

Front 380

How does Somatostatin influence gastric acid secretion?
[...]

Back 380

How does Somatostatin influence gastric acid secretion?
Decrease

Front 381

How does a decrease in pH influence pepsin activity?
[...]

Back 381

How does a decrease in pH influence pepsin activity?
Increase


Pepsin is activated by gastric acid via conversion from pepsinogen.

Front 382

Which intracellular signalling cascade is associated with ACh (M3) and Gastrin (CCKB) action at parietal cells?
[...]

Back 382

Which intracellular signalling cascade is associated with ACh (M3) and Gastrin (CCKB) action at parietal cells?
Gq --> IP3/DAG --> increased Ca

Front 383

Which enzyme on the brush border of the duodenum and jejunum functions to convert trypsinogen into trypsin?
[...]

Back 383

Which enzyme on the brush border of the duodenum and jejunum functions to convert trypsinogen into trypsin?
Enterokinase/Enteropeptidase

Front 384

Where in the GI tract are bile acids absorbed?
[...]

Back 384

Where in the GI tract are bile acids absorbed?
Terminal ileum

Front 385

[...] are a specialized cell found in peyer patches that sample and present antigens to immune cells.

Back 385

M cells are a specialized cell found in peyer patches that sample and present antigens to immune cells.

Front 386

Which immunoglobulin isotype is transported across the epithelium into the gut from Peyer patches in the lamina propria to deal with intraluminal antigens?
[...]

Back 386

Which immunoglobulin isotype is transported across the epithelium into the gut from Peyer patches in the lamina propria to deal with intraluminal antigens?
IgA


i.e. secretory IgA

Front 387

To which compound is bilirubin conjugated?
[...]

Back 387

To which compound is bilirubin conjugated?
Glucuronate

Front 388

Which type of bilirubin is conjugated with glucuronate?
[...]

Back 388

Which type of bilirubin is conjugated with glucuronate?
Direct

Front 389

Which hepatic enzyme functions to conjugate bilirubin with glucuronate?
[...]

Back 389

Which hepatic enzyme functions to conjugate bilirubin with glucuronate?
UDP-glucuronyl transferase

Front 390

Which metabolite of Urobilinogen gives feces its brown colour?
[...]

Back 390

Which metabolite of Urobilinogen gives feces its brown colour?
Stercobilin

Front 391

Where is Urobilinogen made?
[...]

Back 391

Where is Urobilinogen made?
In the gut by normal flora

Front 392

Which infectious disease is a possible secondary cause of Achalasia?
[...]

Back 392

Which infectious disease is a possible secondary cause of Achalasia?
Chagas Disease


Caused by Trypanosoma cruzi.

Front 393

Which malabsorptive disorder is associated with Dermatitis herpetiformis?
[...]

Back 393

Which malabsorptive disorder is associated with Dermatitis herpetiformis?
Celiac Disease

Front 394

What is the cause of appendicitis in children?
[...]

Back 394

What is the cause of appendicitis in children?
Lymphoid hyperplasia

Front 395

[...] is an anatomical landmark found 1/3 of the distance from the ASIS to the umbilicus.

Back 395

McBurney Point is an anatomical landmark found 1/3 of the distance from the ASIS to the umbilicus.


Relevant in appendicitis.

Front 396

Which demographic is most commonly affected by Zenker diverticulum?
[...]

Back 396

Which demographic is most commonly affected by Zenker diverticulum?
Elderly males

Front 397

[...] is the final and irreversible form of alcoholic liver disease that presents with a micronodular, irregularly shrunken liver with a "hobnail" appearance.

Back 397

Alcoholic Cirrhosis is the final and irreversible form of alcoholic liver disease that presents with a micronodular, irregularly shrunken liver with a "hobnail" appearance.

Front 398

Which liver aminotransferase is elevated in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease?
[...]

Back 398

Which liver aminotransferase is elevated in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease?
ALT > AST

Front 399

[...] is a CNS disorder secondary to liver disease that involves disorientation/asterixis (mild) to difficult arousal/coma (severe).

Back 399

Hepatic Encephalopathy is a CNS disorder secondary to liver disease that involves disorientation/asterixis (mild) to difficult arousal/coma (severe).

Front 400

Which osmotic laxative is used to treat Hepatic Encephalopathy?
[...]

Back 400

Which osmotic laxative is used to treat Hepatic Encephalopathy?
Lactulose

Front 401

Which 2 viruses are associated Reye Syndrome due to aspirin administration?
[...]

Back 401

Which 2 viruses are associated Reye Syndrome due to aspirin administration?
VZV and Influenza B

Front 402

What is the most common cause of Acute Pancreatitis?
[...]

Back 402

What is the most common cause of Acute Pancreatitis?

Alcohol; Gallstones