Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
56 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
4 parameters used to assess dehydration (objective)
|
CRT, HR, PCV/TP, serum creatinine
|
|
normal fluid intake for adult horse
|
60 ml/kg/day
|
|
hypotonic fluids
|
-Expands all compartments
-can't increase blood volume |
|
hypertonic fluids
|
increases blood volume
-must follow with crystalloids |
|
anorexia reduces levels of which 2 electrolytes?
|
calcium, potassium
|
|
anterior enteritis in horses
|
etiology: usually infectious (Salmonella, Clostidium)
signs: ileus (distention and reflux), tachycardia, peritoneal fluid with high protein and normal cells -well-fed adult horses -do surgery if caught early |
|
benzamides (metoclopramide, cisapride)
|
-works via ACh
-stimulates all parts of intestine |
|
vagotonia (spasmodic colic)
|
-increased sympathetic tone
-secondary to other colic -mild -normal physical exam |
|
epiploic foramen entrapement is linked to ___?
|
cribbing
|
|
strangulating volvulus
|
etiology: 2-4 month old foals
-secondary (parasites, obstruction, etc) -signs: colic, bloat |
|
etiology of ileal impaction in horses
|
bermuda hay, tapeworms, foreign body
|
|
horse with severe pain which decreases after reflux
-belly tap: increased protein and cells |
anterior enteritis
|
|
horse with severe pain, doesn't change after reflux
-belly tap: increased protein and cells |
strangulation
|
|
horse with severe pain, doesn't change after reflux
-belly tap: normal |
ileal impaction
|
|
cecal impaction
|
-most common cecal disease
-type 1: feed impaction -type 2: motility problem |
|
small colon impaction
|
-most common small colon disease
-can be caused by Salmonella -signs: small volume of diarrhea, straining, fever |
|
most common cause of neonatal foal colic
|
meconium impaction
|
|
grades of rectal tears
|
1- mucosa and submucosa only
2- muscular layer only (forms diverticulum) 3- all layers except serosa/mesorectum 4- full thickness |
|
liver enzymes: SDH
|
very short half-life
-liver specific |
|
liver enzymes: AST
|
-liver and muscle origin
|
|
liver enzymes: GGT
|
-most useful in horses
-liver specific -indicates cholestasis |
|
main clinical sign of Large intestinal impaction
|
lack of normal fecal output
|
|
medical treatment for left dorsal colon displacement in horses
|
phenylephrine, then jog
|
|
large intestinal volvulus
|
signs: acute, severe pain
-usually counterclockwise twist -recent foaling |
|
Colic with fever (3 top DDX)
|
colitits, anterior enteritis, peritonitis
|
|
cattle incisor eruption dates
|
I1: 1.5 years
I2: 2.5 years I3: 3.5 years I4: 4.5 years All incisors in wear by 5 years |
|
Actinobacillus infection in cattle
|
wooden tongue
-treat with sodium iodide |
|
Actinomycosis in cattle
|
lumpy jaw
-signs: hard, non-painful mass -treat with sodium iodide |
|
bovine papular stomatitis
|
-caused by parapoxvirus
-young, feedlot cattle |
|
oral necrobacillosis
|
-caused by Fusobacterim
-young, milk-fed calves -poor cleaning of milk bottles, nipples |
|
foot and mouth disease
|
-3 hosts: sheep (maintain), pigs (amplify), cattle (indicators)
- |
|
DDX for mid-left abdominal distention in a cow
|
rumen distention
|
|
DDX for lower-left abdominal distention in a cow
|
vagal indigestion
|
|
DDX for mid-right abdominal distention in a cow
|
cecal or small intestinal disease
-RDA |
|
DDX for lower-right abdominal distention in a cow
|
abomasal impaction
|
|
simple indigestion in cattle
|
-caused by change in rumen environment
-non-specific signs |
|
normal rumen environment contains gram __ bacteria
|
negative
|
|
clinical signs of acute lactic acidosis
|
ataxia, weakness, diarrhea, abdominal pain, recumbancy
-shock due to water sequestration into GI tract |
|
types of vagal indigestion and major causes
|
type 1: failure of eructation (choke, obstruction)
type 2: failure of omasal motility (omasal obstruction, hardware disease) type 3: abomasal impaction (rough feedstuff impaction) type 4: late pregnancy obstruction |
|
clinical signs of vagal indigestion
|
papple shape
-stems in feces -regurgitation -weight loss |
|
clin path signs of types 3 and 4 vagal indigestion
|
low chloride in blood, high in rumen
|
|
rumen putrification
|
milk-fed calves
-milk ferments in rumen -signs: intermittant bloat, diarrhea |
|
rumen tympany (2 types)
|
medical emergency (will die of asphyxia)
-free gas bloat: high grain diet causes acidosis and rumen dysfunction -frothy bloat: legumes or lush grass cause froth |
|
hepatic lipidosis in cattle
|
-dairy cows following parturition or fat beef cows before parturition
|
|
liver abscesses in cattle
|
-usually Fusobacterium
-secondary to rumen acidosis -can also occur secondary to naval infections |
|
black disease in cattle
|
-Clostridium novyi with concurrant hepatic insult (liver flukes)
-bacteria produce necrotizing toxins |
|
bacillary hemoglobinuria
|
Clostridium hemolyticum with concurrant hepatic insult
-causes anemic infarct in liver -acute disease, death -exotoxin in blood causes hemolysis |
|
pyrrolizidine-alkaloid toxicity
|
-compounds cross-link DNA in hepatocytes
-cells cannot divide -scar tissue, liver failure |
|
proximal colon distention and duodenal gas
|
Off-feed pings
-ping on right side -confused with RDA |
|
clin path of abomasal volvulus
|
low chloride and potassium in blood
-acid is pooling in abomasum -potassium low due to ion shift (trades with hydrogen) -paradoxical acidura |
|
abomasitis
|
Clostridium perfringens type A
-young calves -can cause rumen/abomasum tympany, ulcers -can die suddenly due to enterotoxemia |
|
clin path signs of LDA
|
metabolic alkalosis
-hypochloremia -hypokalemia -paradoxical aciduria -ketonuria -hypocalcemia |
|
right paralumbar fossa omentopexy
|
Dis: not as stable
Adv: good access, can do solo, no trauma to abomasum, LDA doesn't need to be present |
|
right paralumbar fossa pyloro-omentopexy
|
Dis: pyloric function may be altered
Adv: can do solo, LDA doesn't need to be present |
|
Left paralumbar fossa abomasopexy
|
Dis: need assistant, long arms, blind suturing
Adv: more stable |
|
right paramedian abomasopexy
|
Dis: dorsal recumbancy, herniation
Adv: most stable, can ID ulcers |