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56 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back
4 parameters used to assess dehydration (objective)
CRT, HR, PCV/TP, serum creatinine
normal fluid intake for adult horse
60 ml/kg/day
hypotonic fluids
-Expands all compartments
-can't increase blood volume
hypertonic fluids
increases blood volume
-must follow with crystalloids
anorexia reduces levels of which 2 electrolytes?
calcium, potassium
anterior enteritis in horses
etiology: usually infectious (Salmonella, Clostidium)
signs: ileus (distention and reflux), tachycardia, peritoneal fluid with high protein and normal cells
-well-fed adult horses
-do surgery if caught early
benzamides (metoclopramide, cisapride)
-works via ACh
-stimulates all parts of intestine
vagotonia (spasmodic colic)
-increased sympathetic tone
-secondary to other colic
-mild
-normal physical exam
epiploic foramen entrapement is linked to ___?
cribbing
strangulating volvulus
etiology: 2-4 month old foals
-secondary (parasites, obstruction, etc)
-signs: colic, bloat
etiology of ileal impaction in horses
bermuda hay, tapeworms, foreign body
horse with severe pain which decreases after reflux
-belly tap: increased protein and cells
anterior enteritis
horse with severe pain, doesn't change after reflux
-belly tap: increased protein and cells
strangulation
horse with severe pain, doesn't change after reflux
-belly tap: normal
ileal impaction
cecal impaction
-most common cecal disease
-type 1: feed impaction
-type 2: motility problem
small colon impaction
-most common small colon disease
-can be caused by Salmonella
-signs: small volume of diarrhea, straining, fever
most common cause of neonatal foal colic
meconium impaction
grades of rectal tears
1- mucosa and submucosa only
2- muscular layer only (forms diverticulum)
3- all layers except serosa/mesorectum
4- full thickness
liver enzymes: SDH
very short half-life
-liver specific
liver enzymes: AST
-liver and muscle origin
liver enzymes: GGT
-most useful in horses
-liver specific
-indicates cholestasis
main clinical sign of Large intestinal impaction
lack of normal fecal output
medical treatment for left dorsal colon displacement in horses
phenylephrine, then jog
large intestinal volvulus
signs: acute, severe pain
-usually counterclockwise twist
-recent foaling
Colic with fever (3 top DDX)
colitits, anterior enteritis, peritonitis
cattle incisor eruption dates
I1: 1.5 years
I2: 2.5 years
I3: 3.5 years
I4: 4.5 years
All incisors in wear by 5 years
Actinobacillus infection in cattle
wooden tongue
-treat with sodium iodide
Actinomycosis in cattle
lumpy jaw
-signs: hard, non-painful mass
-treat with sodium iodide
bovine papular stomatitis
-caused by parapoxvirus
-young, feedlot cattle
oral necrobacillosis
-caused by Fusobacterim
-young, milk-fed calves
-poor cleaning of milk bottles, nipples
foot and mouth disease
-3 hosts: sheep (maintain), pigs (amplify), cattle (indicators)
-
DDX for mid-left abdominal distention in a cow
rumen distention
DDX for lower-left abdominal distention in a cow
vagal indigestion
DDX for mid-right abdominal distention in a cow
cecal or small intestinal disease
-RDA
DDX for lower-right abdominal distention in a cow
abomasal impaction
simple indigestion in cattle
-caused by change in rumen environment
-non-specific signs
normal rumen environment contains gram __ bacteria
negative
clinical signs of acute lactic acidosis
ataxia, weakness, diarrhea, abdominal pain, recumbancy
-shock due to water sequestration into GI tract
types of vagal indigestion and major causes
type 1: failure of eructation (choke, obstruction)
type 2: failure of omasal motility (omasal obstruction, hardware disease)
type 3: abomasal impaction (rough feedstuff impaction)
type 4: late pregnancy obstruction
clinical signs of vagal indigestion
papple shape
-stems in feces
-regurgitation
-weight loss
clin path signs of types 3 and 4 vagal indigestion
low chloride in blood, high in rumen
rumen putrification
milk-fed calves
-milk ferments in rumen
-signs: intermittant bloat, diarrhea
rumen tympany (2 types)
medical emergency (will die of asphyxia)
-free gas bloat: high grain diet causes acidosis and rumen dysfunction
-frothy bloat: legumes or lush grass cause froth
hepatic lipidosis in cattle
-dairy cows following parturition or fat beef cows before parturition
liver abscesses in cattle
-usually Fusobacterium
-secondary to rumen acidosis
-can also occur secondary to naval infections
black disease in cattle
-Clostridium novyi with concurrant hepatic insult (liver flukes)
-bacteria produce necrotizing toxins
bacillary hemoglobinuria
Clostridium hemolyticum with concurrant hepatic insult
-causes anemic infarct in liver
-acute disease, death
-exotoxin in blood causes hemolysis
pyrrolizidine-alkaloid toxicity
-compounds cross-link DNA in hepatocytes
-cells cannot divide
-scar tissue, liver failure
proximal colon distention and duodenal gas
Off-feed pings
-ping on right side
-confused with RDA
clin path of abomasal volvulus
low chloride and potassium in blood
-acid is pooling in abomasum
-potassium low due to ion shift (trades with hydrogen)
-paradoxical acidura
abomasitis
Clostridium perfringens type A
-young calves
-can cause rumen/abomasum tympany, ulcers
-can die suddenly due to enterotoxemia
clin path signs of LDA
metabolic alkalosis
-hypochloremia
-hypokalemia
-paradoxical aciduria
-ketonuria
-hypocalcemia
right paralumbar fossa omentopexy
Dis: not as stable
Adv: good access, can do solo, no trauma to abomasum, LDA doesn't need to be present
right paralumbar fossa pyloro-omentopexy
Dis: pyloric function may be altered
Adv: can do solo, LDA doesn't need to be present
Left paralumbar fossa abomasopexy
Dis: need assistant, long arms, blind suturing
Adv: more stable
right paramedian abomasopexy
Dis: dorsal recumbancy, herniation
Adv: most stable, can ID ulcers