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67 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Conducting Airways |
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Anatomic Dead Space |
ex: 150lb x 1ml = 150ml dead space |
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Airway Resistance |
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Cause of Raw |
Bronchoconstriction - due to inflammation, smooth muscle constriction, secretions, or tumors
Endotracheal Tube (ET) being too small or kinked |
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Upper Airway Consists of: |
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Oral Cavity (Mouth) |
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Uvula |
- Soft fleshy structure hanging from soft palate - Prevents food from going into Nasal cavity - Can cause OSA (obstructive sleep apnea) if too large
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Tongue |
- Skeletal muscle tissue located on floor of oral cavity *most common cause of airway obstruction in unconscious patient |
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Tonsils |
- located on each side of oral cavity |
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Hard and Soft Palate |
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Nasal Cavity |
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Roof of Nasal Cavity |
Formed by: - nasal bones - frontal process of maxilla - cribform plate of ethmoid bone |
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Floor of Nasal Cavity |
Formed by: -Palatine process of maxilla -Palatine bones (same as roof of mouth) |
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Alar Cartilage |
Lower portion of nose
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Vestibule |
Space inside the alae (in alar cartilage) containing the vibrissae - vibrissae are hair follicles that filter the inspired air |
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Nares |
-Openings through which air enters the nasal cavity - Formed by the nasal septum |
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Septum |
- Internal cartilage of the nose -separates nasal cavity into 2 chambers |
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Conchae/Turbinates |
-3 bony shelves (turbinates) projecting into the nose - where inspired air contacts with warm, moist, nasal passages *important in humidifying and warming gases -very vascular - Divides nasal cavity into Superior, Middle, and Inferior passages
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Pharynx |
Passageway for inspired air between nasal cavity and larynx -Oropharynx -Nasopharynx -Laryngopharynx |
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Oropharynx |
Palatine tonsils "the tonsils" are located here |
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Nasopharynx |
Pharyngeal tonsils (adenoid tonsils) & Auditory tubes are located here
-Auditory tubes purpose is to equalize pressure in middle ear. -Middle ear mucosa is continuous with pharynx mucosa
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Laryngopharynx |
-Air passageway between base of tongue and esophagus -Gag reflex located here -Gag prevents aspiration of food and liquid
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Larynx |
Air passageway between pharynx and trachea -Cartilage -Epiglottis -Vocal cords |
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Thyroid Cartilage |
"Adams Apple" -largest cartilage (in that area) |
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Cricoid Cartilage |
*only rigid structure that completely encircles the airway
Cricothyrotomy- Emergency opening of the airway performed on the ligament between the cricoid and thyroid cartilage
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Epiglottis |
Diverts the food away from the trachea and esophagus during swallowing |
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Vocal Cords |
2 pairs of folds of muscle on the interior of the larynx *False vocal cords- upper pair of folds *True vocal cords- Lower pair of folds |
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Glottis |
-Space between the two pairs of vocal cords
-Opening into the lower airway (lower respiratory tract) (trachea)
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Upper Airway Protective Mechanisms |
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The Lower Airways
Tracheobronchial tree |
Trach tree refers to the lower airways leading to the lungs |
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Lower Airways Consist of: |
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Cartilaginous Airways |
Airways with cartilage
trachea > main stem bronchi > lobar bronchi > segmental bronchi > sub segmental bronchi
*cartilage is important to give structure and support to keep airway open |
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Trachea |
-supported by cartilage - 10-12cm long - 1.5 - 2.5cm diameter - located midline in neck |
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Carina |
Area just before trachea divides into L & R main stem bronchus |
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Right Main Stem Bronchus |
-Bronchi are LARGE air passages -Branches off from trachea @ a 25 degree angle -supported by cartilage (Endotrach tube- if pushed too far, will only go into and feed R MSBronchus) |
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Left Main Stem Bronchus |
-Bronchi are Large air passages - Branches off from trachea @ a 40-60 degree angle -Supported by cartilage |
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Lobar Bronchi |
-Large airways direct gases to the upper lobes, middle lobes, and lower lobes of the lungs -Supported by cartilage |
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Segmental Bronchi |
-Large airways always directs gases to specific segments in each lobe of the lung -10 segments in R lung -8 segments in L lung -supported by cartilage |
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Sub segmental Bronchi |
-progressively smaller airways -1-4 mm -supported by cartilage |
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Bronchioles |
*Small airways less than 1mm in diameter - NOT supported by cartilage
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Terminal Bronchioles |
-end of conducting airways -0.5 mm diameter -NOT supported by cartilage |
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Histology of Tracheobronchial Tree |
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Epithelial Lining |
-pseudo stratified ciliated columnar epithelium cells -200 cilia per cell *NO cilia past terminal bronchioles |
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Epithelial Lining cont. Mucous Blanket & Mucociliary Escalator |
Mucous Blanket- covers epithelial lining. -goblet cells, submucosal glands, and bronchial glands produce mucous. Mucociliary escalator- cilia moving in wavelike motion to move particles at a rate of 2cm/min |
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Epithelial Lining cont. Gel/Sol Layer |
Gel- particles are caught in viscous layer
Sol- cilia movement, propels particles to larynx |
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Lamina Propia |
-sub mucosal layer -consists of smooth muscle fiber *(when they constrict, they squeeze the airway, and the patient wheezes) *- Mast cells- release HISTAMINE and LEUKOTRINES |
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Cartilaginous Layer |
-outer layer of tracheobronchial tree -protects and supports the airway -keeps airway open |
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Respiratory Zone |
Acinus, parenchyma, and functional units
*Anatomical structures where gas exchange occurs* Consists of:
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Respiratory Bronchioles |
-smaller airways leading gases to the functional units
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Alveolar Ducts & Alveolar Sacs |
Ducts- openings to sacs
Sacs- groups of pouches leading to alveoli
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Alveoli |
*Out pouching of walls through which gas exchange between alveolar air and capillary blood takes place |
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Primary Lobule |
- respiratory bronchioles, ducts, sacs and alveoli collectively make this
*approx. 130,000 primary lobules in the lungs |
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Alveolar Epithelium |
Type I cells: thin cells, site of internal gas exchange
Type II cells: produce surfactant, which decreases surface tension on alveoli |
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Pores of Kohn |
- Holes in walls of alveolar septum
-permits gas to move between adjacent alveoli |
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Alveolar Macrophage |
-located in lining of alveolar surface
-purpose: to remove bacteria and foreign particles |
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The Lung |
-Highly elastic tissue and collagen fibers called lobes
Fissures- dark lines that divide lobes |
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Right Lung vs Left Lung |
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Interstitum |
**Interstitum collagen LIMITS distensibility |
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Pulmonary Vascular System |
- vessels that bring the blood flow to & from the alveoli |
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Pulmonary Arteries |
*Delivers DEOXYGENATED blood to arterioles |
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Pulmonary Arterioles |
*Delivers DEOXYGENATED blood to pulmonary capillaries |
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Pulmonary Capillaries |
-surround alveoli *GAS EXCHANGE occurs here |
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Pulmonary Venules |
*Delivers OXYGENATED blood to pulmonary veins |
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Pulmonary Veins |
*Delivers OXYGENATED blood back to the heart |
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Alveolar - Capillary Membrane (AC Membrane) |
*Point of gas exchange where pulmonary capillaries surround alveoli -Diffusion moves O2 from alveoli into capillary blood -Diffusion moves CO2 from the venous blood into the alveoli ***Internal Gas Exchange can being ONCE INSPIRED GAS REACHES ALVEOLI |
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Diffusion |
-Movement of MOLECULES from are of high concentration to an area of lower concentration
*Diffusion of O2 &CO2 across AC membrane is a result of high concentration and resulting diffusion gradients |
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P A O2 = PAO2 V |
Partial pressure of oxygen in the Alveoli V= venous |
