Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
32 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
respiratory gases |
oxygen and carbon dioxide must be exchanged by diffusion only along their concentration gradients |
|
|
gas exchange system |
made of surfaces that ventilate and perfuse |
|
|
ventilation |
the flow of the respiratory medium over the external side of the respiratory surface |
|
|
perfusion |
the flow of blood or other bodily fluids on the internal side of the respiratory system |
|
|
partial pressure |
the concentration of a gas in a mixture |
|
|
barometric pressure |
atmospheric pressure at sea level |
|
|
external gills |
increases A by minimizing the diffusion path of oxygen and carbon dioxide in water |
|
|
internal gills |
protected form predators and damage |
|
|
lungs |
internal cavities for respiratory gas to exchange with air |
|
|
trachae |
air filled tubes in insects |
|
|
countercurrent flow |
water flowing over the gills moves in the opposite direction of blood water moves in through the mouth, over the gills, and out from under the opercular flaps maximizes gas exchange in fish/sharks as the constant water flow maximizes the partial pressure of oxygen on the external surface while minimizing it on the internal surface |
|
|
gills |
supported by gill arches made of gill filaments |
|
|
gill filaments |
covered in lamellae |
|
|
lamellae |
folds on the gill filaments the site of gas exchange in fish and sharks contains afferent and efferent blood vessels |
|
|
afferent blood vessels |
bring the blood back to the gills |
|
|
efferent blood vessels |
takes the blood away from the gills |
|
|
bird lungs |
use unidirectional airflow that runs countercurrent air sacs keep the air moving |
|
|
human lungs |
air enters through the oral cavity or nasal passage |
|
|
pharynx |
the throat |
|
|
larynx |
voice box right above the trachea and below the pharynx |
|
|
trachea |
below the voice box branches into two bronchi |
|
|
bronchi |
branch into bronchioles |
|
|
bronchioles |
branch into alveoli |
|
|
alveoli |
the site of gas exchange surrounded by capillaries |
|
|
emphysema |
damage to the alveoli by smoking |
|
|
hemoglobin |
4 polypeptide subunit protein that transports oxygen around the body each subunit surrounds a heme group |
|
|
heme group |
can reversibly bind to an oxygen molecule |
|
|
positive cooperativity |
the binding of one subunit changes its shapes and makes it easier for the next one to bind results in an increased affinity for oxygen |
|
|
myoglbin |
serves as an oxygen transporter a single polypeptide molecule in muscles and can bind to one oxygen molecule has a higher affinity for oxygen so can bind when hemoglobin would release their oxygen provides a reserve for high metabolic demand for oxygen |
|
|
factors that affect hemoglobin oxygen affinity |
composition pH: the Bohr effect BPG: a byproduct of glycolysis which lowers the affinity for oxygen |
|
|
Bohr Effect |
lower pH reduces affinity the blood in active tissues has a lower pH causing hemoglobin to release oxygen when in the tissues |
|
|
areas of the brain that control breathing |
medulla: breathing is controlled here pons: regulates breathing |
