Gas Exchange

Front 1

The part of an animal where gases are exchanged with the environment

Back 1

respiratory surface

Front 2

Gas exchange takes place by _____.

Back 2

diffusion

Front 3

extensions, or outfoldings, of the body surface specialized for gas exchange.

Back 3

gills

Front 4

The respiratory system must be ____.

Back 4

moist

Front 5

The _____ system of insects is an extensive system of branching internal tubes with the respiratory surface found at their tips. The smallest branches exchange gases directly with body cells. Thus, gas exchange in insects requires no assistance from the _____.

Back 5

tracheal
circulatory
circulatory system

Front 6

internal sacs lined with epithelium

Back 6

lungs

Front 7

any mechanism that increases the flow of the surrounding water or air over the respiratory surface

Back 7

ventilation

Front 8

the transfer of a substance from a fluid moving in one direction to another fluid moving in the opposite direction (eg. gas exchange in fish)

Back 8

countercurrent exchange

Front 9

The respiratory surface of gills

Back 9

lamella

Front 10

How is countercurrent exchange beneficial for sea life?

Back 10

the blood comes in contact with water that is closer to beginning its passage over the gills and thus has more O2 available

Front 11

What are the two main advantages of breathing air?
What is the main disadvantage?

Back 11

air has a higher concentration of O2 and is lighter and easier to move than water
loss of water from evaporation

Front 12

Insects don't need a _____ system for gas exchange.

Back 12

circulatory system

Front 13

The thoracic cavity is separated from the abdominal cavity by a sheet of muscle called the _____.

Back 13

diaphragm

Front 14

Where the paths for air and food cross

Back 14

pharynx

Front 15

voice box

Back 15

larynx

Front 16

where air passes into the lungs

Back 16

trachea or wind pipe

Front 17

The trachea forks into two ____, one leading to each lung

Back 17

bronchi (bronchus sin.)

Front 18

Within the lung, the bronchus branches repeatedly into finer and finer tubes called _____.

Back 18

bronchioles

Front 19

millions of tiny dead-end sacs in the lungs where gas exchange occurs

Back 19

alveoli

Front 20

Aveoli are so small that specialized secretions called _____ are required to keep them from sticking shut due to the surface tension of their moist surface.

Back 20

surfactants

Front 21

Exposure to pollutants (particles) can damage the alveoli and, cause ________.

Back 21

chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases (COPD)

Front 22

the alternate inhalation and exhalation of air
the ventilation of our lungs maintains high [__] and low [__] at the respiratory surface

Back 22

breathing
O2
CO2

Front 23

During inhalation, the rib cage _____ as muscles between the ribs ____. At the same time, the diaphram _____, moving downward.

Back 23

expand
contracts
contracts

Front 24

The expanding chest cavity lowers air pressure in the _____ to less than atmospheric pressure.
The air then rushes from a lower pressure to a higher pressure into the ____

Back 24

alveoli

Front 25

Air flowing from a region of higher pressure (outside) to a region of lower pressure (alveoli) is called _____.

Back 25

negative pressure breathing

Front 26

The maximum volume of air that we can breathe is caled ______.

Back 26

vital capacity

Front 27

The exchange of gases between capillaries and the cells around them occurs by diffusion of gases down gradients of _____.

Back 27

pressure

Front 28

Each kind of gas in a mixture accounts for a portion, called the _____, of the mixture's total pressure. This means that each gas will diffuse down a gradient of their own ______ independently of other gases.

Back 28

partial pressure

Front 29

_____ is an iron containing pigment that turns red when bound with O2. It is a ______.

Back 29

hemoglobin
respiratory pigment

Front 30

Hemoglobin contains 4 molecules of ____ each is attached to a polipeptide group called a ____. Ecah of these structures can carry ____.

Back 30

4 O2 molecules

Front 31

Hemoglobin also helps transport ___ and assists in ____ the blood.

Back 31

CO2
buffering

Front 32

Most of the CO2 enters red blood cells, where some of it combines with hemoglobin. The rest reacts forming _____, which then breaks down into ___ and ____. Hemoglobin binds most of the ___, minimizing a change in ___.

Back 32

Carbonic acid
H+
HCO3-
H+
PH

Front 33

As blood flows through capillaries in the lungs, ____ combines with ____ to form ____ which is converted to ____ and ____.

Back 33

HCO3- (bicarbonate)
H+
H2CO3 (carbonic acid)
CO2
Water