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35 Cards in this Set

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  • Back
types of weathering
physical, chemical
physical weathering
-breakup of massive rock (bedrock) into small particles through the action of physical forces acting at or near Earth's surface
-produces regolith
-disintegrates rock mechanically without altering chemical features
- frost action, salt-crystal growth, unloading (exfoliation)
chemical weathering
- chemical change in rock-forming minerals through exposure to atmospheric conditions in the presence of water
- decays rock by chemical reactions
- oxidation, hydrolysis, acid action
causes of physical weathering
daily heating and cooling of rock surface, wedging of the rock by growing plant roots
controlling factors of chemical weathering
water, temperature
frost action
- rock breakup by forces accompanying the freezing of water
- caused by the repeated growth and melting of ice crystals in rock fractures (joints)
salt-crystal growth
-a form of weathering in which rock is disintegrated by the expansive pressure of growing salt-crystals during dry weather periods when evaporation is rapid
-caused by the growth of salt crystals in rock pores in arid dry climates
- breaks individual grains of rock free, and creates landforms such as niches and arches. It can also damage brick and concrete
unloading (exfoliation)
-caused by the removal of weight, rock expansion and the formation of sheeting structure
-unloading of the weight of overlying rock layers can cause some types of rock to expand and break loose into thick shells
oxidation
- chemical union of free oxygen with metallic elements in minerals
- oxygen dissolved in water chemically reacts with minerals and forms oxides (iron rust)
hydrolysis
- chemical union of water molecules with minerals to form different, more stable mineral compounds
- granular disintegration of crystal rock structure by water
acid action
carbon dioxide dissolved in water produces carbonic acid which disintegrates some minerals (limestone, marble)
major external forces responsible for creation of landforms
running water, wind, waves, glacial ice
stream carrying capacity
the ability to carry stream load, increases greatly as velocity increases in times of flood
general energy balance of a stream flow
95% overcoming external and internal friction in the channel in a unit of time
5% causing erosion and moving load
major forms of stream erosion
hydraulic action, stream abrasion, corrosion
hydraulic action
stream erosion by the force of flowing water against stream sides and bed
stream abrasion
material being carried in stream roll and bounce off the bed and walls and break off other material

- erosion of bedrock of a stream channel by impact of particles carrid in a stream and by rolling of larger rock fragments over the streambed
corrosion
chemical processes of weathering in a stream
- erosion of bedrock of a stream channel by chemical reactions between solutions in stream water and mineral surfaces
how do alluvial terraces form
form when an aggrading river loses its sediment input and begins degrading it's bed, leaving terraces behind as it cuts deeper into its sediment filed valley
processes of wind erosion
deflation, abrasion
deflation
the process of lifting and transporting loose particles of soil and regolith in turbulent suspension from dry surfaces by wind
wind abrasion
the process of bedrock erosion caused by solid particles carried by wind
landforms made by wind deposition
dunes, loess
glacier
body of ice that forms when ice becomes too thick, then its lower layers become plastic, ice mass begins to move and a glacier forms

2 forms: alpine glaciers, continental ice sheets
major landforms deposited by glaciers
stratified drift, till, moraines, drumlins
major landforms made by deposits of glacial melt water
outwash plain, kettle, esker, delta kame
runoff
the flow of water from continents to oceans by way of stream flow and ground water flow
runoff intensity is defined by:
amount of precipitation, rate of evaporation, permeability of surface rock and the soil, vegetation density, angle of slope
subsystems of a stream system
catchment system, transport system, depositional system
fluvial process
work of the stream, consists of 3 processes: erosion, transportation, deposition
ways of stream transportation
-in solution (e.g. CaC03 from limestone)
-in suspension (the finest solid particles)
-by saltation (mechanical transport of large solids)
ablation
the loss of ice and snow by evaporation and melting
forms of wind erosion
delation hollows, dust storms
deposition
occurs if stream load is greater than stream capacity
stream flow (discharge)
volume of water flowing past a cross section of channel in a unit of time (m3 per second)