Fxn Neuro Lec 22

Front 1

The reticular formation occupies the central core of the brainstem known as what?

Back 1

the tegmentum in the pons and midbrain

Front 2

Lesions of the reticular formation, especially of upper brain stem levels can cause what?

Back 2

devastating neurological defecits such as loss of consciousness, and gaze paralysis

Front 3

What are some of the sensory inputs to ARAS?

Back 3

spinothalamic, trigeminal and acoustic systems

Front 4

Does the dorsal column system contribute inputs appreciably to the ARAS?

Back 4

NO

Front 5

What feature of the neurons of the ARAS makes them well designed to receive multiple inputs from different sources?

Back 5

long radiating dendrites

Front 6

Where do the outgoing fibers from ARAS ascend in ?

Back 6

central tegmental tract

Front 7

Where do the ascending fibers go to from ARAS?

Back 7

Intralaminar thalamic nuclei

Front 8

Intralaminar thalamic nuclei have localized or diffuse projections to cortical areas?

Back 8

Diffuse projections to widespread cortical areas

Front 9

Is strong stimulation from intact sensory pathways alone enough to reverse the unconscious state?

Back 9

No, you need ARAS activity to maintain consciousness

Front 10

This system maintains consciousness, arouses someone from sleep, mediates cortical activity during REM, and makes cortical neurons more excitable to ascending systems?

Back 10

Ascending Reticular Activating System

Front 11

What is the location of the descending medial pathway for pain modulation?

Back 11

next to the midline fo the medulla

Front 12

What kinds of cells are in the descending medial pathway for pain modulation?

Back 12

Large serotonergic neurons

Front 13

What are some of the inputs to the descending medial pathway for pain modulation?

Back 13

pain suppresion systems such as the midbrain periaquaductal gray

Front 14

Where do outputs from the descending medial pathwway for pain modulation go to ?

Back 14

bilaterally to lamina 1 and 2 to suppress pain

Front 15

This system is responsible in producing analgesia in response to fight or flight?

Back 15

Descending Medial Pathway for Pain modulation

Front 16

The pontine reticulospinal tract arises from the giant nuclie of cells located where?

Back 16

medial reticular zone of pons and rostral medulla

Front 17

Th medullar reticulospinal tract originates from giant nuclei found where?

Back 17

medial reticular zone of the mid-medulla

Front 18

Which reticulospinal motor pathway descends uncrossed in the MLF to all spinal levels?

Back 18

pontine reticulospinal tract

Front 19

Which reticulospinal motor pathway descends bilaterally via the ventrolateral funiculus to all spinal levels?

Back 19

medullary reticulospinal tract

Front 20

Which reticulospinal motor pathway facilitates muscle tone and mediates phasic motor activity particularly for axial and proximal limb muscles?

Back 20

PRST

Front 21

Which reticulospinal motor pathway is inhibitory and plays a rol in the atonia seen during REM sleep?

Back 21

MRST

Front 22

Various catecholaminergic cell groups throughout the intermediate region of the medullary and pontine reticular formation perform what function?

Back 22

control blood pressure and heart rate (autonomic control)

Front 23

Where do projections from the catecholaminergic cell groups project to?

Back 23

thoracic IML (sympathetic preganglionic cell column) and rostrally to the hypothalamus

Front 24

The ventrolateral catecholaminergic cell group plays a particularly important role in what?

Back 24

blood pressure

Front 25

What is the location of cells that are involved in serotonergic pathways?

Back 25

raphe nuclei (midline of the brain stem)

Front 26

What do the ascending serotonergic neurons function in?

Back 26

"gating" or suppressing sleep mechanisms

Front 27

Serotonergic neurons that innervate blood vessels cause dilation or constriction?

Back 27

vasoconstriction

Front 28

agents that block serotonin neurotransmission are used in the treatment of what?

Back 28

migraines

Front 29

What monoaminergic transmitter is made within cells located in the tegmentum of the upper pons just lateral to the periaqueductal gray within the locus ceruleus?

Back 29

noradrenaline

Front 30

Norepinephrine (noradrenaline) is released throughout the CNS in situations that require what?

Back 30

vigilance and focused attention

Front 31

Neurons that synthesize dopamine can be found where?

Back 31

substantia nigra, pars compacta, and ventral tegmental region (ventral to red nucleus)

Front 32

Degeneration of dopamine-containing neurons in the pars compacta can lead to what

Back 32

Parkinsons

Front 33

An overriding dominance of dopaminergic activity due to loss of other functions in the forebrain, can be seen in patients with?

Back 33

schizophrenia

Front 34

This small cell group lateral to the mammilary bodies houses histamine synthesizing neurons?

Back 34

tuberomammillary nucleus

Front 35

What does the histaminergic pathway in the CNS function as?

Back 35

stimulating arousal during wakefulness, and functions in sleep-wake cycle

Front 36

Inability to remember moments just before the injury is called what?

Back 36

retrograde amnesia

Front 37

Inability to remember events after the injury is called?

Back 37

Anterograde amnesia

Front 38

What is the immediate biomechanical effect that can cause concussion?

Back 38

rotation of the neuraxis at flexure of brainstem with diencephalon

Front 39

What does the release of glutamate do that causes some of the symptoms of concussion?

Back 39

increases metabolic demand and reduces O2 levels

Front 40

Decreased cerebral metabolsim of what can persist for days to months after the injury?

Back 40

glucose

Front 41

What are the two main CNS structures involved with coma and other altered states of consciousness?

Back 41

diffuse cortical damage; damage to brainstem at upper pontine or midbrain levels

Front 42

Consciousness involves the coordinated action of what three things?

Back 42

cerebral cortex, thalamus, and ARAS

Front 43

Does cortical or thalamic damage need to be extensive in order to alter the state of consciousness?

Back 43

Yes, should be a mass lesion or herniation

Front 44

Damage to a small region is worse in the cortex or upper brainstem in terms of altering the state of consciosness?

Back 44

upper brainstem

Front 45

The largest subgroup of patients presentign with altered states of consciousness have what kind of impairment?

Back 45

metabolic interuption of neuronal activity (subcellular processes are disrupted)

Front 46

What are the "big three" causes of altered states of consciousness?

Back 46

intoxication, stroke, cranial trauma

Front 47

What are the three main states of altered consciousness?

Back 47

Coma, vegetative, minimally conscious

Front 48

A patient who is unresponsive and does not open eyes to stimulation exhibits what state of consciousnes?

Back 48

coma

Front 49

a patient who is unresponsive but opens eyes and expresses random reflexes and emotions is in what state of consciousness?

Back 49

vegetative

Front 50

A patient who is awake, alert, and communicative but can only open eyes and move eyelids is suffereing from what?

Back 50

Locked in syndrome

Front 51

Variable or inconsistent state of awareness, communication, and movement on commands is found in what state of consciosness?

Back 51

Minimally-conscious state