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35 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Water Velocity/current
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speed of h2o in any region of channel
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Average speed
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speed at .8*surface velocity
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As river enlarges
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Width>depth>velocity
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Hydrograph
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plot of discharge over time
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Intermittent/flashy
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Strong effect on biota frequent flooding
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Snow & rain
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Strong/intermediate effect on biota
frequent and predictable flooding |
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Mesic ground water
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weak effect
infrequent flooding |
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Snowmelt
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Seasonally strong effect on biota
infrequent, predictable flooding |
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reach
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section with riffles, runs, and pools a few 100 meters long (not if bottom= sand or large boulders
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Thalweg
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line of fastest flow
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meander size
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function of discharge---11 times channel width
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Dissolved solutes
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Nutrients
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suspended load/total suspend solids/turbidity
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particles that cause the water to be cloudy, floating in water column
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Bed load
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travels near bottom
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competence
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largest particles that can be moved as bed load
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channelizing
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increases velocity and erosion
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graben lake
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rift lakes - multiple faults, one slips down, depression formed
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Horst lakes
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one side of a plate slips down forming an angled bottom lake
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Natural damming
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landslides, lava flows, glacial moraines, beaver ponds - generally small
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cirque or tarn lakes
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proceeding glaciers score the earth - large #, esp in temperate regions
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Paternoster lakes
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glaciers scour land, form down in valleys - great lakes
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Fjord lakes
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long glacial lakes formed in valleys - meets sea so salty moraine forms to lock it in as lake
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Terminal Moraines
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rate forward = backward
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Caldera/maar lakes
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explosions/pockets of steam --crater lake
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sinkholes
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water dissolved limestone--generally small--allentown in 1994
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fluvial - oxbow or levee
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meanders pinch off -- river overflows then fills
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bathymetric map
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depth-contour map of lake bottom
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retention time or water residence time
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how long water or pollutants stay in lake--hours to thousands of years
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shoreline development
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1=perfect circle larger value = more highly dissected and lower depth
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lake more productive if
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low mean depth since winds mix nutrients and more area for prim. producers
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fetch
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length of lake-longer=larger waves
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langmuir circulation cells
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wind moves water surface forward and water comes up to replace it form streaks oriented with the wind
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langmuir cells part 2
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diffusion of heat and mass
vertical transport of plankton erodes thermoclines |
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seiche
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when the entire surface of a lake "rocks"
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internal seiche
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surface water calm, hypolimnion rocks
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