Futato_Hebrew_Terms

Front 1

Final Form (letters)

Back 1

Four letters have the last stroke going straight down and extending below the line.

Front 2

Begadkephat

Back 2

Mnemonic that refers to the six letters that have two pronunciations.

Front 3

Weak Dagesh

Back 3

Indicates the hard pronunciation of the begadkephat letters.

Front 4

Gutturals

Back 4

Four sounds originally made in the throat: alef, hey, Chet, ayin.

Front 5

Vowel letters

Back 5

Letters used to indicate vowels (duh). The masoretes added these from 700-1000 AD. The vowel signs they added were referred to "points."

Front 6

Three Classes of Vowels

Back 6

A
I
U

Front 7

Four lengths of vowels

Back 7

Long
Medium
Short
Very short

Front 8

Syllable

Back 8

Group of letters that are pronounced together in a word. Can be open (consonant + vowel) or closed (consonant + vowel + consonant).

Front 9

Sheva

Back 9

Literally means "nothing." Occurs by itself in place of a vowel. Weakens a vowel, but can stand alone. The vocal sheva represents the sound of a letter without a vowel. The silent sheva provides a stop to a syllable. If a short vowel comes before the consonant under which there is a sheva, the sheva is silent. Otherwise, it is vocal.

Front 10

Strong Dagesh

Back 10

Doubles a consonant.

Front 11

Weak vs. Strong Dagesh

Back 11

If a Dagesh is in a consonant other than a begadkephat, it is strong.

If it is in a begadkephat, it can be weak or strong. If the sound before the begadkephat is a consonant, the Dagesh is weak. If the sound before is a vowel, the Dagesh is strong.

Front 12

Root

Back 12

The core consonants of a word, usually three consonants, minus the vowels and consonantal prefixes or suffixes.

Front 13

Pattern

Back 13

The root plus the characteristic added elements. Changing this changes the meaning of the verb.

Front 14

Conjugation

Back 14

Two types in Hebrew: finite and non-finite. Finite is conjugated for person, gender, and number. Non-finite is conjugated for gender and number or not at all. Changing this changes the use: the time of, or the kind of situation.

Front 15

Paradigm

Back 15

A chart showing verbal forms for person, gender, and number.

Front 16

Parsing

Back 16

Identifying the elements of a verb: pattern, conjugation, person, gender, number, and root n

Front 17

Definite Perfect

Back 17

Expresses completed action in the past. Best translated with the simple past tense.

Front 18

Stative Perfect

Back 18

Expresses a state if being and is best translated with a present tense.

Front 19

Direct Object

Back 19

The object affected directly by the action of the verb.

Front 20

Word Order in Hebrew

Back 20

Typically: verb, subject, and direct object. When the subject or DO is placed before the verb, emphasis is being placed upon it.

Front 21

Tonic, Pretonic, Propretonic

Back 21

Tonic syllable is accented.

Pretonic syllable is one syllable before the accent.

Propretonic syllable is two syllables before the accent.

Front 22

Segolate Nouns

Back 22

Accent is on the next to last syllable.

Typical vowels are segol + segol.

Front 23

Preposition

Back 23

A word placed before a noun or pronoun to show the relation of the noun or pronoun to another part of the sentence: He walked TO the city.

Front 24

Adjective

Back 24

Word that describes a noun.

Front 25

Adjective

Back 25

Word that describes a noun.

Front 26

Geminate Roots

Back 26

Those in which the second and third consonants are identical.

Front 27

Absolute State

Back 27

The "regular" form of the noun.

Front 28

Absolute State

Back 28

The "regular" form of the noun.

Front 29

The Construct State

Back 29

Form of the noun when it is in construction with another noun. This is expressed as "of."

Front 30

Absolute State

Back 30

The "regular" form of the noun.

Front 31

The Construct State

Back 31

Form of the noun when it is in construction with another noun. This is expressed as "of."

Front 32

Strong Roots

Back 32

Regular and follow the standard paradigm.

Front 33

Absolute State

Back 33

The "regular" form of the noun.

Front 34

The Construct State

Back 34

Form of the noun when it is in construction with another noun. This is expressed as "of."

Front 35

Strong Roots

Back 35

Regular and follow the standard paradigm.

Front 36

Weak Roots

Back 36

Irregular, meaning that they differ from the standard paradigm in one way or another. The weakness in weak roots is designated in two ways: its location and nature. Usually means that there is a guttural in one of the three consonants.

Front 37

Assimilation of the Nun

Back 37

I Nun verbs differ from the standard paradigm because when the nun of the root is followed by a non-guttural consonant, the nun assimilates to that consonant.

Front 38

Demonstrative Pronouns

Back 38

Point out the specific person or object referred to: this, that, these, those.

Front 39

Relative Pronouns

Back 39

Relates various parts of a sentence together: who, whom, which, what, where, that, etc.