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69 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Malassezia furfur
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Nonsystemic Fungal Infection
Superficial Keratinized Infection Normal Flora, Lipophilic Yeast Pityriasis or Tinea versicolor Hypopigmented Spots (Chest/Back) KOH Skin scrapings= Spaghetti/meatballs Coppery-Orange fluorsence under wood lamp Tx: Topical Selenium Sulfide |
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Dermatophytes
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Cutaneous Fungal Infections (Nonsystemic)
Filamentous, Monomorphic Skin, Hair, Nails |
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Tineas
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Ringworms
Dermatophytes Cutaneous Fungal Infections Tinea barbae, Corporis, cruris, pedis, unnguium (beard, glabrous skin, jock, athletes foot, Nails) KOH arthroconidia and Hyphae TX: Topical imidazoles or tolnaftate Oral imidazoles griseofulvin |
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Sporothrix schenckii
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Subcutaneous Mycoses
Traumatic Implantation (Subcutaneous) Gardner/Florist lesions (Pulmonary) Urban alcoholics Rose garden sleeper sickness TX: Itraconazole or KI in Milk Dimorphic environmental- hyphae with rosettes Tissue- Cigar shaped yeast in pus |
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Histoplasma capsulatum
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Deep Fungal Infection
Caves, bird feces, soil/dust, Chicken coops Fungus Flu (Pneumonia) AIDS Acute, Hepatosplenomegaly, Calcified healing lesions, Enviroment- Hyphae with microconidia and tuberculate macroconidia Tissue- Sm Intracell yeast in RES cells. (Mold outside Macs) TX: Ketonazole, Ampho B |
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Coccidioides immitis
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Deep Fungal Infection
Inhaled arthroconidia from SW Desert Valley Fever Desert bumps- erythema nodosum and Arthritis Pulmonary lesions--> Calcify. Sputum=spherules with endospores Systemic infections- Meningitis ImmunoComp AIDS Cocci disseminate in 3rd trymester Enviroment- Hyphae breaks into arthroconidia Tissue- Spherules with endospores TX: Ampho B |
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Blastomyces dermatitidis
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Blastomycosis
Acute/Chronic pulmonary disease Unlikely to self resolve disseminate in Immunocomp Enviromental- Hyphae with Nondescript conidia Tissue- Sm Budding yeasts (2-4um), no capsule Vs. Coccidioides (20-60um) and Histoplasma (3-5um in Macs) Mississippi River Beds, Ohio, Canada, Great lakes, N/S Carolinas Sputum=Budding yeasts with double cell walls TX: Ampho B |
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Aspergillus fumigatus
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Opportunistic Fungi
Chronic Granulomatous Disease (Neutropenic) Monomorphic Filamentous, Dichotomously Branched, Acute angles Compost Pits, Moldy Marijuana Allergic BronchoPlumonary Aspergillus Asthma/Allergies grow in MucousPlugs in Lungs Fungus Ball- Free in lung. Surgical removal Invasive Aspergillus Neutropenia,CGD,CF,Burns Invades tissue-->Infarcts/Hemorrhages Nasal Colonization--> Pneumonia, Meningitis Cellulitis in Burns TX: Amp B, Itraconazole |
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Candida albicans
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Opportunistic Fungi
Yeast (Normal Flora), Pseudo-True Hyphae **Mold at 37 Yeast at cooler temps Perleche- dry corner of mouth Oral Thrush- Antibiotics/IC/AIDS Esophagitis-Antibiotics/IC/AIDS Gastritis- Antibiotics/IC/AIDS Septicemia- with skin lesions and endophthalmitis Endocarditis- IV Drug users Cutaneous Infections- Obese, Infants Vaginitis- Diabetic women TX: Topical- Imidazoles Oral- Nystatin Disseminated form- Ampho B Fluconazole |
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Cryptococcus neoformans
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Opportunistic Fungi
Monomorphic Encapsulated Yeasts Soil/Pigeon Droppings Meningitis- Hodgkin, AIDS Acute Pulmonary Disease- DX: Detect Capsule Ag latex agglut India Ink Urease+ cultures TX: AMB+5FC flucytosine until negative culture then Fluconazole |
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Mucor, Rhizopus, Absidia
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Opportunistic Fungi
Nonseptate Filamentous Sporangiospores are inhaled Rhinocerebral infection- Paranasal swelling, Necrotic, Hemorrhagic exudates from nose eyes, Mental lethargy Ketoacidotic Diabetic and Leukemic Patients KOH- Nonseptate Ribbon-like hyphae branch at 90 angles TX: Ampho B |
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Pneumocystis jiroveci
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Opportunistic Fungi
Silver stained Cysts, Obligate Extra Cellular Pneumonia in AIDS, Malnourished/premature Infants/IC Fever, Cough, Short Breath, Nonproductive (exp smokers) Biospy Lung Tissue- H&E Honeycomb X-Ray- Patchy infiltrative (Ground Glass) TX: Trimethoprim/Sulfamethoxazole, (Severe) Dapsone |
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Amebae
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Protozoans
Entamoeba Naegleria Acanthamoeba |
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Flagellates
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Protozoans
(Luminal) Trichomonas Giardia (Hemoflagellates) Leishmania Trypanosoma |
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Ciliates
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Protozoans
Blantidium |
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Apicomplexa
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Protozoans
(Blood/Tissue) Plasmodium Toxoplasma Babesia (Intestinal) Isospora |
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Protozoans
(4 genera) |
Amebae
Flagellates Ciliates Apicomplexa |
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Metazoans
(3 genera) |
Trematodes (flukes)
Cestodes (tapeworms) Nematodes (roundworms) |
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Trematodes
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(Flukes)
Schistosoma Clonorchis Fasciola Fasciolopsis Paragonimus |
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Cestodes
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(Tapeworms)
Diphyllobothrium Hymenolepis Taenia Echinococcus |
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Nematodes
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(Roundworms)
Necator Enterobius Wuchereria/Brugia Ascaris/Ancylostoma Toxocara, Tricuris, Trichinella Onchocerca Dracunculus Eye Worm Loa Loa Strongyloides |
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Entamoeba histolytica
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Amebiasis= dysentery
Inflamm blood/pus in stools, (Trophos ingest RBCs) Inverted Flask-Shaped Lesions--> Lg Intestines Necrosis--> Possible LIVER Abscesses (RUQ Pain) Hepatomegaly Rarely spread to lungs, brain, heart Transmission- Cysts- Fecal Oral Water, Fruits, Veggies DX: Trophozoites/Cysts(4nuclei) in stool TX: Metronidazole followed by Iodoquinol |
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Giardia lamblia
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Giardiasis= Fatty Foul smelling Noninflamm Diarrhea
Transmission- cysts, Fecal Oral(Human/beaver), Water,Food, Daycare Survives Cl Sucking Disks attach to duodenal wall --> Malabsorption DX: Trophs(2nuclei)/cysts(4nuclei) in stool Fecal Ag test TX:Metronidazole |
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Cryptosporidium parvum
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Cryptosporidiosis
Transient (Healthy) to Severe (IC) Diarrhea Transmission- MC water borne parasite, Cysts in food, Water, Swimming pools DX: ACID FAST oocysts in stool. Biopsy- oocysts in intestinal glands TX: Nothing 100% Nitrazoxanide, Puromycin, AAzithromycin |
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Isospora belli
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Transient diarrhea in AIDS (mimics Giardiasis)
Transmission- oocysts Fecal Oral DX: ACID FAST Elliptical oocyst in stool TX: TMP-SMX or Pyrimethamine/Sulfadiazine |
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Cyclospora cayetanensis
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Self limiting Diarrhea in IC (Severe in AIDS)
Transmission- oocysts in water DX: Acid Fast Spherical oocysts in stool. UV Fluorescence TX: TMS |
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Microsporidia
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Microsporidiosis= Debilitating Diarrhea in AIDS
Spread to Neurological and Hepatitis Transmission- oocyst in water DX: Gram+, AcidFast Spores in stools TX: None |
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Trichomonas vaginalis
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Asym or Frothy Yellow/Green Vaginal Discharge
Strawberry cervix Transmission- Trophozoites during sex Only Trophozoite existance DX: Motile (Tear-drop) Trophozoites, Meth Blue, Corkscrew Motility TX: Metronidazole |
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Naegleria
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Free living Amebia
Primary Amebic MeningoEncephalitis (PAM) Severe Prefrontal Headache, Fever, Nausea, Alt. Smell Transmission- Free living amebae invades nasal mucosa in polluted Warm Fresh Water DX: Motile Tropho in CSF Culture- Amebae leave trails in plate lined with gram- bacteria TX: Ampho B |
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Acanthamoeba
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Free living Amebia with "teeth"
Keratitis Granulomatous Amebic Encephalitis (GAE) in IC Transmission- Amebae or Airborne cysts in Contact Solution or polluted water DX: TX: Keratitis- topical Miconazole and Propamidine Isothionate GAE- Ketoconazole Sulfamethazine |
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Plasmodium vivax
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Malaria with Relapse (Hypozoites in Hepatocytes)
Infects Reticulocytes ONLY Disease effects metabolism, Hg, RBC lysis--> Anemia and Agglutination Symptoms- Paroxysms, Chills, Fever Spike, Malarial Rigors(during RBC lysis) Host Humans- Asex, Schizogony takes place in liver Anopheles/Mosquitos- Gametogony, Sex and sporogony takes place. Sporozoites injected Benign Tertian 48hr Fever Spikes Blood smears- Enlarge host cells(Ameboid Tropho) DX: Large Irreg Rings in RBCs TX: Chloroquine PO4, Then primaquine |
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Plasmodium ovale
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Malaria with Relapse (Hypozoites in Hepatocytes)
Infects Reticulocytes ONLY Disease effects metabolism, Hg, RBC lysis--> Anemia and Agglutination Symptoms- Paroxysms, Chills, Fever Spike, Malarial Rigors(during RBC lysis) Host Humans- Asex, Schizogony takes place in liver Anopheles/Mosquitos- Gametogony, Sex and sporogony takes place Benign Tertian 48hr Fever Spikes Oval, Jagged, infeected RBCs DX: Large Irreg Rings in RBC TX: Chloroquine PO4, Then primaquine |
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Plasmodium malariae
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Malaria infects Mature RBCs ONLY
Disease effects metabolism, Hg, RBC lysis--> Anemia and Agglutination Symptoms- Paroxysms, Chills, Fever Spike, Malarial Rigors(during RBC lysis) Vascular Occlusion/Hemorrhage/Necrosis (Cerebral/Renal Fail/Lungs) Host Humans- Asex, Schizogony takes place in liver Anopheles/Mosquitos- Gametogony, Sex and sporogony takes place Quartan or Malarial 72hr Fever Spikes (Recrudescence) Blood smears- Bar and Band forms; Fosette schizonts NO persistent stage DX: Band/Rectangle in RBCs TX: Chloroquine PO4, Then primaquine |
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Plasmodium falciparum
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Malaria Infects both RBCs and Reticulocytes
End organ damage. Vascular occulusion hemorrage Necrosis Disease effects metabolism, Hg, RBC lysis--> Anemia and Agglutination Symptoms- Paroxysms, Chills, Fever Spike, Malarial Rigors(during RBC lysis) Host Humans- Asex, Schizogony takes place in liver Anopheles/Mosquitos- Gametogony, Sex and sporogony takes place Malignant Tertian Irreg Fever Spikes (Cerebral Malaria) Blood smears- Multi ring forms crescent-shaped gametes DX: Small Rings in RBCs TX: Chloroquine PO4 |
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Trypanosoma cruzi
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Protozoa Hemoflagellates (Lives in Most Cells)
Chagas Disease (American Trypan) Early- (Trophos in blood) Romana Sign, Fever, Fatigue, Body aches, Vom/diarrhea Later- (Amastagotes with Cells) Cardiac Muscle (CHF), Megaesophagus, Megacolon Liver, Brain Transmission- Reduviid Bug (Kissing/Cone bug) Feces Scratching transplants flagellated Trypomastigotes Reservoirs- cats, dogs, armadillos, opossums DX: Bloody films motile trypomastigotes TX: Benzimidazole |
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Trypanosoma brucei gambiense/rhodesiense
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Protozoa Hemoflagellates (Always Extracellular)
African Sleeping Sickness *Antigenic Variation* 1st- Fever, Headaches, JointPain, Itching, Back/Neck lymph 2nd- Neurologic confusion, coordination, Day slumber, Insomnia Anemia, endocrine, Cardiac, Kidney Transmission- Tsetse fly Saliva containing Trypomastigotes Reservoirs- Human/Wild Animals DX: Trypos in blood/CSF. High Ig levels in CSF TX: Acute- Suramin Chronic- Melarsoprol |
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Leishmania donovani
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Viseral Leishmania
Promastigotes phago--> Amastigotes Protozoa, Hemoflagellates Visceral Leish (Kala Azar) Malaria-like, Fever, Pancytopenia, Splenomegaly, Hepatomegaly Transmission- Sandfly Bite Reservoir- (Urban) Humans, (Rural) Rodents/Wild animals DX: Amastigotes in Macs. BM/Liver/Spleen TX: Stibogluconate Na |
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Leishmania Mexicania
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Cutaneous Leishmania
Oriental Sore Disfiguring Face lesions (buttons/boils) Transmission- Sandfly Bite Reservoir- Humans/Rodents/wild animals DX: Amastigotes in Macs. cutaneous lesions TX: Stibogluconate |
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Leishmania brazilanse
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Mucocutaneous leishmania
Mucosal + Cartilage |
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Babesia microti
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Apicomplexa
Babesiosis- Hemolytic, Malaria-like Transmission- Ixodes Tick throughout the US Co-infections with Borrelia DX: Giemsa Stain blood smear= Tetradin RBCs Maltese Cross, Hamster inoculation TX: Clindamycin+Quinine |
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Toxoplasma gondii
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Apicomplexa
Healthy- Mild Flu-like, Lymphadenopathy, fever, Bradyzoites encysts Pregos- Flu-like Early Fetus- Severe Congenital infections. Intracerebral calcifications, chorioretinitis, Hydromicroencephaly Later Fetus- Asym, Lead to Blindness in teens AIDS- Leading cause of focal CNS disease. Ring Enhancing lesions Transmission- Cat (essential host), Animals (intermed host) Tachyzoites/Bradyzoites 1) Ingestion of Raw Meat 2) Cat feces DX: Serology High or High IgM, X-ray/CT Muscle/brain Ca cyst TX: Pyrimethamine+Sulfadiazine |
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Schistosoma mansoni
Schistosoma japonicum |
Intestinal Schisto
Asym, ill feeling, Rash at entrance, Katayma Fever Eggs lodged in intestine wall--> obst Colon Eggs in Liver--> increase in BP Enlarged spleen, Fluid in Ab Aquired- Contact with Water, Skin penetration Progression- Skin penetration (itching)-->Mature in veins of mesentery-->eggs in liver DX: Eggs with Beaks in Stool TX: Praziquantel |
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Schistosoma haematobium
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Vesicular/Urinary Schisto
Egypt Africa Hematuria, Calc bladder, Hydronephrosis Aquire- Water Progression- Skin penetration-->mature in bladder veins--> Eggs in bladder wall-->bladder carcinoma DX: Eggs with Beaks in stool TX: Praziquantel |
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Schistosoma (nonhuman)
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Swimmers Itch
Dermatitis at Penetration (2-3 days later) Raised Papules Reservoir/Host- birds DX: TX: Trimeprazine, Calamine, Sedatives |
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Trematodes
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Flukes
Fat Fleshy leaf-shaped Worms Hermaphroditic except Schisto Complicated Life cycles 2+Hosts Operculated eggs (except schisto) which contaminate water 1st intermediate hosts are Snails |
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Clonorchis sinensis
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Trematodes (Starts in Snails)
Chinese Liver Fluke Ingestion of fish with cysts--> Billary Ducts--> Liver Enlargment (eggs laid in bile ducts)--> Pigmented Gall Stones, Cancer Jaundice, Diarrhea, Vomit, Nausea Reservoir Host- Dog/Cat/Human Aquire- Raw fish ingestion DX: TX:Praziquantel |
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Fasciola Hepatica
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Sheep Liver Fluke
Anemia, Weight Loss, Diarrhea, Fever, Night sweats Reservoir Host- Sheep/Cattle/Human Aquire- Ingestion of Water-cress TX: Praziquantel |
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Fasiolopsis buski
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Giant Intestinal Fluke
Asym, Diarrhea, Ab Pain, Fever, acites, anasarca Reservoir Host- Pig/Dog/Rabbit/Human Aquire- ingestion water chestnuts, Aquatic Veg DX: eggs in stool TX: Praziquantel |
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Paragonimus westermani
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Lung Fluke
Acute-Diarrhea, ab pain, Fever Cough, Hepatosplenomegaly Later- Mimics T.B. Cough, chest pain, dyspnea, Rash, Cough up eggs Reservoir Host- Humans/Dogs/Cats/Pigs Aquire- Ingestion of Raw Crabs, Crayfish TX: Praziquantel |
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Cestodes
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Tapeworms
Scolex, Neck, Proglottids Hermaphroditic, Proglottids= M/F organs No GI tract DX: eggs/prglottids in feces Complex life- extraintestinal larvae Infections more serious in Intermediate Hosts |
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Taenia Saginata
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Beef Tapeworm
IH- Cattle DH- Humans Asymp or Vague Ab pains, Malnutrition Attach in sm Intestine Scolex- No Hooks Proglottids- 12-25 Transmission- Rare Beef with cysticerci DX: eggs/proglttids in feces TX: Praziquentel |
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Taenia solium
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Pork Tapeworm Slavic Countries
IH-Pigs/Rare Human DH Humans Scolex- Hooks Proglottids- 5-10 IH- Cysticercosis(eggs)--> Larvae develop in Brain, Eye, Lung, Heart Seizures/Blindness/Neurologic DX: Xray, CT (Ca cysts), Biopsy TX: Prazi DH- Intestinal tapeworm (Larvae). Ingestion of Raw Pork with Cysticeri Asymp to Vague pain, Malnutrition DX: Eggs/Proglottids in stool TX: Prazi |
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Diphyllobothrium latum
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Fish Tapeworm (Largest Parasite)
IH(2)-Crustaceans,Fish/rare human DH- Humans/Mammals IH Sparganosis-larvae penetrate intestinal wall & encyst Drinking Pond Water with Copepods DX: Biopsy TX: Prazi DH- Intestinal Worm, Megaloblastic anemia (Vit B12 Def) Eating raw Fish with sparganum DX: eggs/proglott in stool TX: Praz |
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Echinococcus Granulosus
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Hydatid Tapeworm (Dog/Sheep Cycle)
IH- Herbivores (rare human) DH- Carnivors in sheep rasing areas Hydatid Cyst Disease Cyst develop in Liver or Lung. (Eosinophil) Rupture cause anaphalaxis Transmission- ingestion of eggs-->Blood-->Liver/Lung DX: Imaging, serology TX: Surgery, Albendazole |
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Echinococcus multilocularis
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IH-Rodents DH-Dogs/Cats
Alveolar Hydatid Cyst Disease Transmission- Ingestion of eggs DX: Imaging TX: Surgical Resectioning |
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Nematodes
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Roundworms
Round unsegmented bodies Transmitted by... ingestion of eggs (Enterobius, Ascaris, Trichuris) Larval Invasion of Skin (Necator, Ancylostoma, Strongyloides) Ingestion of larvae in meat (Trichinella) Larvae in Insects(Wuchereria, Loa Loa, Mansonella, Onchocerca, Dracunculus) |
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Enterobius vermicularis
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Pinworm (1st helminth in US)
Asymp, Perianal itching (Worm in lg intestine) Transmission- Eggs, Autoinfect, Person-Person Hatch in Sm Intestines--> Live in Colon-->Lay eggs outside anus Eggs= **NO Eggs in Stool** ova with flat side DX: Sticky swab perianal TX: Pyrantel, Mebendazole |
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Trichuris trichiura
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Whipworm
Asymp-->bloody diarrhea, Anemia, Prolapse, decrease in Vit A, Appendicitis, PROLAPSE Transmission- eggs ingested DX: Barrel shaped eggs in stool (bipolar plugs) TX:Albendazole |
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Acaris lumbricoides
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1st World Wide & Largest Roundworm
Ascariasis- Asymp--> Peritonitis, hepatosplenomegaly, Pneumonia(Dyspnea) Bowl Billiary obstruction (W/out Anemia) Transmission- Eggs ingested, Hatch in sm Intestines, Migrate blood vessels, larvae migrate thru lungs (cough) and mature in lg intestine. DX: Eggs in stool (Bile stained, Knoby, Circular) TX: mebendazole, Surgery, Pneumonia Therapy |
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Toxocara canis & cati
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Dog&Cat roundworm
Asymptom until worms migrate throughout body. Blindness Eye migration Larvae cant mature in human Transmission- Ingested eggs, Handeling puppies, eating dirt TX: Mebendazole |
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Necator americanus
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Hookworm
"Ground itch" at penetration site Coughing, Chest pain Wheezing with Anemia Nausea, Vomit, Constipation/diarrhea Transmission- Filariform larva penetrates skin (bare feet)-->Migrates to heart and lung--> up Respiratory tract-->Stomach DX: Fecal larvae and Ova (Thin Wall) in Stool TX: Mebendazole, Fe tharapy |
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Ancylostama braziliense & caninum
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Dog & Cat Hookworm
Cutaneous Larva Migrans- Intense Skin Itch Filariform Larva Penetrates skin but does not mature TX: Thiabendazole |
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Strongyloides stercoralis
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Threadworm
Early: Pneumonitis, ab pain, Diarrhea Late: Malabsorbtion, Ulcers, Bloody Stools Transmission- Filariform penetrates skin and Autoinfection. Migrates to lungs--> Small Intestine (Larvae mature Diarrhea) DX: Larvae in stool TX: Thiabendazole |
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Trichinella spiralis
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Trichinosis
Gastroenteritis, Muscle Pain, Fever Facial edema, Myalgia Eosinophilia, Hemorrhages Transmission- Ingestion of encysted larvae in wild game meat DX: Steroids+Mebendazole TX: Muscle biopsy |
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Brugia malayi
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Elephantiasis
Transmission- mosquito bite TX: Surgery, Ivermectin+ diethylcarbamazine (DEC) |
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Wucheria bancrofti
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Elephantiasis
Transmission- mosquito bite TX: Surgery, Ivermectin+ diethylcarbamazine (DEC) |
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Loa Loa
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African Eye Worm
Pruritus Calabar Swellings (Ams/legs) Subconjunctival migration Transmission- Chrysops (Mango fly) TX: Surgical Removal of worms + DEC DX: Microfilariae in blood, Eosino |
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Onchocera volvulua
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River Blindness
Leopard Rash(scattered papules)--> edema, lymph, 2nd Bacterial Infections--> loss of elastic Microfilariae migrate through eye. Transmission- Black Fly DX: Skin snips from calabar swellings TX: Removal of worms, DEC or Ivermectin |
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Dracunculus medinensis
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Guiea Worm, Fire Serpent
Creeping eruptions, Ulcerations, Rash Transmission- Drinking water with copepods DX: Increased IgG TX: Worm removal+Metronidazole |
