Fungal Infections

Front 1

Mycosis

Back 1

Condition or disease caused by a fungus.

Front 2

Septicemia aka Bacteremia

Back 2

Blood poisoning, the presence of bacteria actively multiplying in the blood stream. Patients are said to be "septic".

Front 3

Five categories of Mycoses?

Back 3

1. Superficial Mycoses
2. Cutaneous Mycoses
3. Subcutaneous Mycoses
4. Systemic Mycoses
5. Opportunistic Mycoses

Front 4

Categories of Mycoses are based upon?

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1. Mode of transmission
   
2. Level of tissue infected

Front 5

Superficial Mycoses

Back 5

• Will respond favorably to over the counter topical preparations.
• Infection level is the superficial epidermis or scalp

Front 6

Tinea Versicolor

Back 6

• Superficial Mycosis
  
• Caused by Pityrosporum orbiculare (is a yeast, normal flora of some individuals)

Clinical Characteristics:

• Patient will develop multiple dark brown scaly patches on skin, usually on the back.
• Geography: Cosmopolitan Distribution
• Population: Most often found in young adults
• Predisposing factors: Poor nutrition, poor hygiene, excessive sweating, pregnancy.
• Treatment: Ketacanozole cream for 11-22 days

Front 7

Black Piedra

Back 7

• Superficial Mycosis
• Caused by Piedraia hortae
• Clinical Characteristics:
• Infection of the hair shaft on scalp, beard, or pubic region.
• Hair shaft is surrounded by mold, causing it to break
• Geography: Usually seen in the tropics
• Population: Anyone
• Treatment: cut any hair infected, see a doctor

Front 8

Cutaneous Mycoses

Back 8

• a.k.a. dermatomycoses
  
• caused by dermatophytes (break down keratin)
• Transmission by direct contact or phomites
• Level of tissue infected is hair, skin, and nails.
• Treatment consists of over the counter topical or oral medication

Front 9

Tinea Capitis

Back 9

• Cutaneous mycosis
• Caused by Microsporum spp. and Trichophyton spp.
• Clinical Characteristics:
• Typically a scalp infection
• Fungus hyphae grow down into the hair follicle
• Will see patches of permanent hair loss
• Normal flora of the scalp tend to cause secondary infections
• Diagnosed with a woods lamp which flouresces at 365 nanometers
• Geography: Cosmopolitan Distribution
• Population: Most often pre-adolescent children
• Predisposing factors: Contact with infection, poor hygiene, wet skin for prolonged period
• Treatment: Medicated shampoo containing ketoconazole

Front 10

Tinea Cruris (Jock itch)

Back 10

• Cutaneous Mycoses
  
• Caused by Trichophyton rubrum
• Clinical Characteristics:
• Often found in skin folds of the groin
• Severe cases produce raised, scaley, weeping legions on skin
• Geography: Most common in tropics, but Cosmopolitan
• Population:More common in men than women
• Predisposing factors: Places where people congregate
• Treatment: Keep skin clean and dry, avoid irritating clothing, start with over the counter ointments, then see doctor. Miconezole is very effective

Front 11

Tinea Pedis (Athletes foot)

Back 11

• Cutaneous Mycoses
• Most common fungal infection
• caused by Trichophyton mentagrophytes
• Clinical Characteristics:
• Usually begins between toes
• Painful itchy patch of skin
• Can progress to raised scaly weeping legions
• Geography: Cosmopolitan Distribution
• Population: Anyone, however usually over 10 years old
• Predisposing Factors: Moist and warm conditions, walking barefoot in public places
• Treatment: Depending on severity, can use Lotrimin, or tinactin

Front 12

Subcutaneous Mycoses

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• Infections that begin beneath the surface of the skin
• Caused by saprophytes (soil inhabitants that decompose organic material)
• Transmission usually by puncture wound in which spores or hyphae are implanted beneath the skin

Front 13

Chromomycosis

Back 13

• Subcutaneous mycoses
• Caused by Fonsecaea pedrosoi, Phialophora verrucosa
• Clinical Characteristics:
• Usually occurs on lower leg or foot
• Occurs when puncture wound implants hyphae or spores underneath the skin
• As legions gain size they erupt from the surface of the skin
• Legions may persist for years
• Geography: South America
• Population: Men between 30 and 50 years
• Treatment: Amphotericin B (IV), and surgical excision of the lesion

Front 14

Sporotrichosis

Back 14

• Subcutaneous Mycoses
• Caused by Sporothrix schenckii
• Which is found in soil, vegetable matter, and moist wood
• Clinical Characteristics:
• If inhaled causes respiratory infection
• If implanted by puncture wound, localized legions will develop, ulcerate, usually minimally painful
• Geography: Cosmopolitan, more common in Central and South America
• Population: Anyone
• Predisposing Factors: Puncture Wound
• Treatment: Treated with saturated solution of potassium iodide, taken three times a day orally

Front 15

Systemic Mycoses

Back 15

• Fungal infections throughout entire body
• Transmission usually by inhalation of spores or hyphae
• Infection usually begins in the lungs

Front 16

Coccidioidomycosis (Valley Fever)

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• Caused by inhalation of spores of Coccidioides immitis
• Lives in dry, alkaline, hot soil
• Prominent in Southwestern U.S. and parts of Mexico
• Clinical Characteristics:
• Most cases are asymptomatic
• May experience mild respiratory symptoms
• 1% will develop acute pneumonia
• 1/2 of those will progress to systemic infection
• Geography: Southwest and Mexico
• Population: Anybody
• Predisposing Factors: Must inhale large quantities of spores or hyphae, usually from wind or natural disaster
• Treatment: Amphotericin B (IV)

Front 17

Histoplasmosis (Mississippi Valley Fever)

Back 17

• Systemic Mycoses
• Caused by Histoplasma capsulatum
• Which grows in the manure of bats, chickens, and starlings
• Clinical Characteristics:
• Doesnt usualy cause disease
• About 0.1% will become significantly ill
• Causes general feeling of illness, fever, chest pains, dry non productive cough
• Geography: North America, usually Mississippi valley
• Population: Anyone, usually infants or elderly
• Predisposing Factors: Inhaling large quantities of spores
• Treatment: Amphotericin B (IV)

Front 18

Opportunistic Mycoses

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• Infections seen in severely immuno-compromised people
• Transmission by inhalation of spores, or normal flora becomes opportunistic

Front 19

Aspergillosis

Back 19

• Caused by Aspergillus fumigatus which is a ubiquitous mold
• Clinical Characteristics:
• Causes three disease forms:
  

1. Allergic Aspergillosis causes asthma type symptoms due to the organism's growth within the bronchial membrane of the patient
2. Aspergilloma or fungus ball, colonizes cavities in the lung forming a ball of fungus
3. Invasive form broadly infects the lung tissues, causing nicrosis (dying) of the lung tissue

• Geography: Cosmopolitan Distribution
• Population: Immuno-compromised individuals
• Treatment: Treat underlying disease, then use amphotericin B, or surgically remove Aspergiloma

Front 20

Systemic Conidiosis

Back 20

• Normal flora caused Opportunistic Mycoses
• Caused by Candida albicans
• Might begin as thrush infection, and travel down system, eventually entering the blood stream
• Geography:Cosmopolitan Distribution
• Population: Seriously immuno-compromised
• Treatment: Depends on disease origin, could include nystatin or amphotericin B