Fundamentals Test 4

Front 1

Which airway of the larynx is considered sterile?

Back 1

Lower

Front 2

What is the most common place for obstructions?

Back 2

larynx

Front 3

Which bronchus is more susceptible to aspiration? why?

Back 3

Right bronchus, because it is vertical

Front 4

where does inhaled air of the lungs come into contact with the pulmonary circulation?

Back 4

alveolar capillary membrane

Front 5

when blood is not adequately oxygenated at the alveolar capillary membrane is called

Back 5

hypoxemia

Front 6

inadequate oxygen levels in the tissues is called

Back 6

hypoxia

Front 7

circulation of blood to all body regions is called

Back 7

perfusion

Front 8

is O2 or Co2 more diffusible through the capillary membrane?

Which provides the primary stimulus to breathe?

Back 8

CO2 for both

Front 9

the atria receives blood from the heart at the...

Back 9

base

Front 10

the ventricles pumps blood out of the heart at the...

Back 10

apex

Front 11

similar to a pacemaker which initiates impulse to rigger a heartbeat?

If this fails, what takes over?

Back 11

SA Node

AV node

Front 12

what are the only arteries that fill during diastole?

Back 12

coronary arteries

Front 13

what is the cardiovascular function regulated by?

Back 13

Autonomic nervous system (ANS)

Front 14

collapse of the alveoli is called?

Back 14

Atelactasis

Front 15

immature pulmonary circulation and hypoventilation lead to?

Back 15

hypercarbia (high co2 levels) and hypoxemia

Front 16

what has little effect in treating asthma?

Back 16

antihistamines

Front 17

what does heat cause?

Back 17

vasodialtion, which increase co2 and oxygenation

Front 18

what happens when your body is cold?

Back 18

it slows cell metabolism (reducing o2 demand) causes vasoconstriction and slows the heart rate

Front 19

what happens to a pregnant woman's blood volume?

Back 19

increases by 30% and additional iron is needed to produce this blood

Front 20

what is the BMI for obesity

Back 20

over 30

Front 21

what is hypercarbia

Back 21

an excess of dissolved co2 in the blood due to hypoventilation. high blood levels of co2 causes anesthetic effect

Front 22

hypocarbia?

Back 22

a low level of dissolved co2 in blood due to hyperventilation. blood co2 levels remain

Front 23

what percentage of blood oxygen is bound to hemoglobin?

Back 23

97%

Front 24

how does the cardiovascular system work?

Back 24

circulates oxygenated blood to organs and tissues and returns deoxygenated blood to the heart, so co2 is exhaled

Front 25

what does severe hypocarbia stimulating th nervous system cause?

Back 25

numbness/tingling and muscle twitching

Front 26

what are the most common causes of impaired pulmonary circulation

Back 26

pulmonary embolus and pulmonary hypertension

Front 27

what happens with high pressure in pulmonary circulation

Back 27

increases workload of the heart which overtime causes right sided heart failure

Front 28

any alterations of this function can interfere with the regulation of breathing

Back 28

Central Nervous System(CNS) function

Front 29

cardiomyopathy

Back 29

heart enlargement and impaired cardiac contractility

Front 30

cardiac ishemia

Back 30

occurs when oxygen requirements of the heart are unmet. prolongation of this leads to MI and angina pectoris(chest pain)

Front 31

What are the two most common reasons tissues can be hypoxic?

Back 31

anemia and carbon monoxide. anemia(iron deficiency) because of low levels of red blood cells, hemoglobin, or both. and carbon monoxide binds tightly to hemoglobin and o2 receptor sites make it impossible for hemoglobin to carry o2

Front 32

Hypermetabolic state such as sepsis and burns increase or decrease oxygen demands?

Back 32

increase

Front 33

hypometabolic states (brain has low O2 requirements) such as hypothermia reduce or increase oxygen demands

Back 33

reduce

Front 34

what is retractions?

Back 34

visible sinking in of the chest cavity

Front 35

What is pulse oximetry?

Back 35

noninvasive estimate of aterial bloos o2 saturation ( SaO2) which reflects the percentage of hemoglobin molecules carrying O2. normal levels is 95%-100%. it measure light absorption by hemoglobin in circulating RBC's.

Front 36

Arterial Blood Gas

Back 36

it measures levels of O2 and CO2 in the aterial blood Ph, partial pressure of PO2, PCO2, SaO2, and HCO3 (bycarbonate level)

Front 37

what is the most accurate measure of arterial blood gases?

Back 37

PO2

Front 38

what is PO2

Back 38

the amount of O2 available to combine with hemoglobin to form oxyhemoglobin. Range is 80-100mmHg

Front 39

What is SaO2

Back 39

O2 that is bound to hemoglobin. Small changes in SaO2 are associated with large changes in PO2. Normal range is 95-100.

Front 40

What is FIO2(fraction of inspired O2)

Back 40

percent of O2 in air the patient is inhaling. norm is 21%

Front 41

What is PCO2?

What does it decrease and Increase with?

Back 41

measure of CO2 dissolved in the blood. norm is 35-45mmhg.

it decreases with hyperventilation and increases with hypoventilation (high levels can have a anaesthetic effect on CNS)

Front 42

Peak Expiratory Flow Rate (PEFR)

Back 42

measures the amount of air that can be exhaled with forcible effort. *patients with asthma use this*

Front 43

Mucolytic agents

Back 43

reduced viscosity and makes secretions easier to remove from the airways (ex:saline)

Front 44

What prevents fluid accumulation?

Back 44

Diuretics

Front 45

Electrocardiogram (ECG)

Back 45

tendering of electrical activity of the heart. it reflects what the nerves are telling the heart muscles to do NOT what the heart muscle is actually doing. Shows P,Q,R,S,T waves.

Front 46

PQRST are...

Back 46

a complete cardiac cycle.

Front 47

p wave

Back 47

represents firin of SA node and conduction of the impulses through the atria

Front 48

QRS complex

Back 48

represents ventricular depolarization and leads to ventricular contreaction

Front 49

T wave

Back 49

represents return of ventricles to an electrical resting state so they can be stimulated again (ventriculation repolarization)
*ventricular repolarization CANNOT be seen on an ECG*

Front 50

What causes upper respiratory infection? (URI)

Back 50

viruses, and are not cured by antibiotics.

Front 51

How does O2 toxicity develop?

Back 51

when O2 concentrations of more than 50 percent are administered for longer than 48-72 hours.

Front 52

Why are humidifiers used?

Back 52

to keep secretions thin and mobile and moisten any try O2

Front 53

How do you promote venous return

Back 53

by elevating the patients legs above the heart (sit in recliner instead of a chair with feet up, TED hose, Sequential compression devices)

Front 54

Thrombus

Back 54

stationary clot in vessel wall

Front 55

Embolus

Back 55

a clot that travels in the bloodstream