Fundamentals Of Philosophy

Front 1

What is the best translation for the meaning of the word "Philosophy"?

Back 1

Love of wisdome

Front 2

"The examined life is not ________________."

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worth living

Front 3

What ought we do?

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Ethics

Front 4

What is reality?

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Metaphysics

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How do we know anything?

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Epistemology

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What is the nature of correct reasoning?

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Logic

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What is art?

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Esthetics

Front 8

"To be, is to be _____________."

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percieved

Front 9

Someone who believes in the existence of both the mental world and the physical world is called a ______________?

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dualist

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Ancient Greeks believed that the fundamental stuff the universe is made of has to be "ageless and _______."

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deathless

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Scientific reasoning that allows us to know the facts about the material world through the uses of our senses is called _________________ reasoning.

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deductive

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"Each person must be his or her own _________."

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philosopher

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The Greek word for aologia (apology) means __________?

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defense

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There is nothing in the mind that is not first in the __________.

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senses

Front 15

Who said, "Cogito Ergo Sum"?

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Renee Descartes

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Physics

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Greek word meaning "Nature"

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Meta

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"After"

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Physica

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"Physics"

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Modus Ponens

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"the affirming mode"

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Modus Tollens

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"the denying mode"

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Idea

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Derived from the Greek word "form", the term idea was used by Plato no to refer to something mental but to those external realities that exist apart from knowing them.

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Tabula Rasa

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Latin for "blank tablet," a phrase used by John Locke to refer to the human mind before it has received information from the senses. Locke thought that the mind is like a blank slate until the sense impress upon it information about the external world.

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Teleological

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Relation to purposes or goals. The term is derived from the Greek word, "telos," which means end or purpose.

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Percipi

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"to be is to be perceived"

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Deduction

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An argument whose conclusion is claimed to follow necessarily from the premises of the argument. A conclusion based on previous known knowledge/facts. They prove the conclusion conclusively - a valid deductive argument is one in which, if the premise is true, the conclusion must be true.

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Induction

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Both a method of learning about the world by examining empirical reality and a kind of argument demonstrating such knowledge, in which the premises strengthen but do not completely demonstrate the truth of conclusion. Arriving at a conclusion based on a set of observation A type of reasoning that has been a source of great perplexity to philosophers - an inductive argument is one in which the premises if true, make the conclusion probable or likely to be true. Therefore, make it reasonable to accept. Problem of induction - First formulated by David Hume in the 18th century, the problem of induction is the charge that it is not possible to provide a rational justification for inductive references.

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Socrates

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470-399 BCE

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Plato

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428/7-348/7 BCE

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Epicurus

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341-270 BCE

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Pierre Gassendi

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1592-1655

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George Berkeley

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1685-1735

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Fallacy

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is a common error in reasoning.

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Argumentum ad Baculum

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an appeal to force as the basis for accepting or rejecting a point of view.

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Ad Hominem Attack

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when an author attempts to refute another author's position by attacking the person rather than the argument.

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Argument from Ignorance

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whenever it is argues that a proposition is true because it has not been proved false, or a certain proposition is false because it has not been proved true.

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Appeal to Pity

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when a writer makes an appeal to pity in order to get a position accepted.

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Appeal to Authority

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when an author appeals to the testimony of an authority in matters outside that authority's realm of specialization.

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Hasty Generalization

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when an author cites an example that is not typical in order to make general point covering all cases.

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Argumentum ad Populum

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when one attempts to win popular assent to a conclusion by arousing enthusiasm in the masses or appealing to emotional issues of patriotism, motherhood, or decency, rather than by appealing to facts.

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Begging the Question

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whenever a person assumes what the argument is trying to prove.

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Complex Question

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the double or loaded question.

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Equivocation

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whenever an arguments turns on a crucial shift in the meaning of a significant word or phrase.

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Red Herring

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the fallacy of sidetracking the argument from the issues under consideration to a completely different issue.

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Straw Man

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substituting for your opponents simplistic caricature.

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A posteriori

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Refers to the knowledge that is derived from sense

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A priori

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Refers to knowledge that is derived solely from reason independently of the senses. The truth of a priori knowledge is claimed to be both necessary and universal.

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Atomism

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Metaphysical view, originated by ancient Greek philosophers Democritus and Leucippus, which held that all reality is ultimately composed of small bits of stuff called atoms. Atoms are not further divisible; the term atom means uncuttable. The theory was popularized by the writings of the Greek philosopher Epicurus.

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Deontological

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Derived from the Greek word for "ought" and referring to any ethical system which makes the morality of an action depend on one's acting out a sense of duty. Kant's ethical system is deontological.

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Dogmatism

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A term used by Immanuel Kant to refer to philosophical views, and especially metaphysical theories, offering a priori principles that are not rationally grounded.

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Egoism

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The ethical theory that holds that self-interest is the rule of conduct. Psychological egoism is the claim that people in fact only act out of self-interest. Ethical egoism is the view that people ought to act out of self-interest, not that they necessarily do so act.

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Empiricism

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The view that all human knowledge is derived from the senses.

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Epistemology

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The philosophical discipline that inquires into the nature, origins, and limits of human knowledge; theory of knowledge.

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Eudaemonism

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Normative ethical theory that takes the ultimate aim of human life to be the fulfillment of a human being's natural capacities.

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Hedonism

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Derived from the Greek word for pleasure, hedonism is the ethical philosophy that holds the view that pleasure is the goal of life. Most philosophical hedonist have held, however, that intellectual pleasures are superior to sensual pleasures.

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Idealism

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The metaphysical view that explains reality as consisting entirely of immaterial minds and their ideas; according to idealist, all reality is mind-dependent. Often postulated as an absolute mind, as in Hegel's idealism; or God, as in Berkeley's idealism.

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Libertarianism

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The theory that human beings possess free will and that this freedom consists in the ability to make choices that are not the result of causal determinism.

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Materialism

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The view that all reality is matter. Anything that is real is to be explained in terms of matter and the motion of matter.

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Metaethics

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A philosophical investigation of the terms and principles used in an ethical system, as opposed to an attempt to deal with an actual ethical problem.

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Metaphysics

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The philosophical inquiry into the nature of ultimate reality.

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Monism

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A metaphysical theory that explains reality in terms of a single substance of principle. Both materialism and idealism are monistic views.

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Normative

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The function of philosophy concerned with establishing standards for distinguishing the correct from the incorrect, whether in wars of reasoning, believing, esthetic judgements, or acting.

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Ontological

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Derived from the Greek word, "being," the term relates to the question of the being of anything. The ontological argument is an arguments for God's existence based solely on an analysis of the concept of the being of God. Ontology is the metaphysical inquiry into the nature of being in general.

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Pragmatism

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The epistemological theory that the principle aim of inquiry and value of knowledge is the promotion of effective action as opposed to the representation of the true nature of reality.

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Rationalism

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The view that appeals to reason, not in the senses, as the source of knowledge. In its most extreme form, rationalism insists that all knowledge is derived from reason.

Front 65

Tell me about Socrates life and his philosophical approach.

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Socrates was the father of Western Philosophy. For Socrates, philosophy was a way of life. He said that, "The unexamined life is not worth living." He wrote nothing and did not establish any schools, we learn of his life through the writings of his student, Plato. He spent his whole life questioning his associates and seeking to discover the truth. Socrates was condemned to death because he was said to be teaching people to not believe in the Gods and corrupting the young men of Athens by making them critical of authority. "Phaedo" was he the last hours Socrates had with friends and was then administered with Hemlock. Hemlock is the poison he drank as a method of execution described by law. Socrates chose that escaping his death would be wrong and that was not what he was teaching. He argued that one should never do wrong. escaping his death would be disobeying the state, disobeying the state would be wrong. Socrates chose to honor his commitment to truth and morality even though it cost him his life.

Front 66

Give Aquinas' five arguments for God. Tell me which, if any, is most compelling for you and why.

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1. Argument from change (whatever is moved is moved by another, for nothing can be moved except in its potentiality to that towards it is moved)

2. Argument from efficient causality (There is no known case in which a thing is found to be the efficient cause of itself)

3. Argument from possibility and necessity (in nature things that are possible to be and not to be)

4. Argument from gradations of being (The must be something which is to all beings the cause of their being, goodness, and every other perfection; and this we call God.

5. Argument from design ( Some intelligent being exists by whom all natural things are directed to their end.)

Front 67

Discuss the problem of evil, give it's three broad views of what it is. Does the problem convince you of God's non-existence?

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1. Evil is the absence of good. Hate is the absence of love. There is no such as evil. This view is very abstract. Offers little in the way of common sense for the person being confronted with such a violent situation.

2. Evil is just part of the cosmos. It is part of the natural make up. This view domesticates evil by rendering it part of our character. It is not a force that is greater than we are, because it comes from us. This view offers little hope.

3. Evil matures us. Just as teens rebel against parents to become their own person, so we rebel against our own moral sense God has given us. "Whatever doesn't kill you makes you stronger." -Nietsche

Stregnth - Through these trials we mature into a stronger person, in which is true.

Weakness - Is the purpose of all evil really for our education/excercise?

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Thomas Aquinas

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1225-1274

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Modal modesty

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A claim that is about whether something is possible or impossible. Conceivable or inconceivable.

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Jean-Jacques Rousseau

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1712-1778

Social Contract

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John Locke

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1632-1704

An Essay Concerning Human Understanding

Two Treatises on Government

A letter Concerning Toleration

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Declaration of Independence

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Thomas Jefferson

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David Hume

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1711-1776

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Berkeley

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1681-1735

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Immanuel Kant

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1724-1804

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William James

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1842-1910

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Epicurus

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341-270 BC

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Phineas Gage

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Tamping Iron