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103 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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anabolism
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the sum total of all biosynthetic reactions in the cell
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aseptic technique
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the series of manipulations used to prevent contamination of sterile objects or microbial cultures during handling
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ATP synthase (ATPase)
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a multiprotein enzyme complex embedded in the cytoplasmic membrane that catalyzes the synthesis of ATP coupled to dissipation of the proton motive force
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Autotroph
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an organism capable of biosynthesizing all cell material from CO2 as the sole carbon source
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catabolism
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biochemical reactions leading to the production of usable energy (usually ATP) by the cell
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catalyst
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a substance that accelerates a chemical reaction but is not consumed in the reaction
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chemiosmosis
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the process by which ATP synthesis is linked to dissipation of a proton motive force
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citric acid cycle
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a cyclical series of reactions resulting in the conversion of acetate to two CO2
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coenzyme
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a small nonprotein molecule that participates in a catalytic reaction as part of an enzyme
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complex medium
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a culture medium composed of digests of chemically undefined substances such as yeast and meat extracts
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culture medium
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an aqueous solution of various nutrients suitable for the growth of microorganisms
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defined medium
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a culture medium whose precise chemical composition is known
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electron acceptor
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a substance that can accept electrons from an electron donor, becoming reduced in the process
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electron donor
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a substance that can donate electrons to an electron acceptor, becoming oxidized in the process
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endergonic
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energy requiring
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enzyme
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a protein that can speed up (catalyze) a specific chemical reaction
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exergonic
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energy releasing
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fermentation
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anaerobic catabolism in which an organic compound serves as both an electron donor and an electron acceptor and ATP is produced by substrate=level phosphorylation
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free energy (G)
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energy available to do work; G^0' is free energy under standard conditions
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glycolysis
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a biochemical pathway in which glucose is fermented yielding ATP and various fermentation products; also called the Embden-Meyerhof pathway
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oxidative phosphorylation
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the production of ATP at the expense of a proton motive force formed by electron transport
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photophosphorylation
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the production of ATP from a proton motive force formed from light-driven electron transport
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proton motive force
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an energized state of a membrane resulting from the separation of charge and the elements of water (H versus OH-) across the membrane
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pure culture
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a culture that contains a single kind of microorganism
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reduction potential (E0')
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the inherent tendency, measured in volts, of a compound to donate electrons; E0' is the reduction potential under standard conditions
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respiration
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the process in which a compound is oxidized with O2 (or an O2 substitute) as the terminal electron acceptor, usually accompanied by ATP production by oxidative phosphorylation
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siderophore
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an iron chelator that can bind iron present at very low concentrations
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substrate-level phosphorylation
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production of ATP by the direct transfer of an energy-rich phosphate molecule from a phosphorylated organic compound to ADP
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acidophile
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an organism that grows best at low pH
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aerobe
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an organism that can use oxygen (O2) in respiration; some require oxygen for growth
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aerotolerant anaerobe
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a microorganism unable to respire oxygen (O2) but whose growth is unaffected by the presence of oxygen
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alkaliphile
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an organism that grows best at high pH
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anaerobe
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an organism that cannot use oxygen in respiration and whose growth may be inhibited by oxygen
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autolysis
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spontaneous cell lysis, usually due to the activity of lytic proteins called autolysins
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batch culture
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a closed-system microbial culture of fixed volume
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binary fission
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cell division following enlargement of a cell to twice its minimum size
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cardinal temperatures
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the minimum, maximum, and optimum growth temperatures for a given organism
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divisome
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a complex of proteins involved in cell division processes in prokaryotes
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exponential growth
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growth of a microorganism where the cell number doubles within a fixed time period
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extreme halophile
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a microorganism that requires very large amounts of salt (NaCl), usually greater than 10% and in some cases near to saturation, for growth
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extremophile
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an organism that grows optimally under one or more chemical or physical extremes, such as high or low temperature or pH
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facultative
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with respect to oxygen, an organism that can grow in either its presence or absence
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FtsZ
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a key cell division protein that forms a ring along the division plane to initiate cell elongation
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generation time
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the time required for a population of microbial cells to double
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growth
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an increase in cell number
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halophile
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a microorganism that requires NaCl for growth
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halotolerant
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an organism that does not require NaCl for growth but that can grow in the presence of salt, in some cases, substantial levels of salt
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hyperthermophile
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a microorganism that has a growth temperature optimum of 80 degrees C or greater
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lag phase
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a period preceding the exponential growth phase when cells may be metabolizing but are not yet growing
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mesophile
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an organism that grows best at temperatures between 20 and 45 degrees C
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microaerophile
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an aerobic organism that can grow only when oxygen tensions are reduced from that in air
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pH
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the negative logarithm of the hydrogen ion (H+) concentration of a solution
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psychrophile
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an organism with a growth temperature optimum of 15 degrees C or lower and a maximum growth temperature below 20 degrees C
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psychrotolerant
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an organism capable of growth at low temperatures but whose growth temperature optimum is above 20 degrees C
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stationary phase
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the period immediately following exponential growth when the growth rate of the population falls to zero
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thermophile
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an organism whose growth temperature optimum lies between 45 and 80 degrees C
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transpeptidation
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formation of peptide cross-links between muramic acid residues in peptidoglycan synthesis
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viable
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capable of reproducing
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xerophile
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an organism that is able to live, or that lives best, in very dry environments
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aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase
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an enzyme that catalyzes attachment of an amino acid to its cognate tRNA
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anticodon
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a sequence of three bases in a tRNA molecule that base-pairs with a codon during protein synthesis
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antiparallel
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in reference to double-stranded DNA, one strand runs 5'->3' and the complementary strand 3'->5'
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chromosome
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a genetic element, usually circular in prokaryotes and linear in eukaryotes, carrying genes essential to cellular function
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codon
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a sequence of three bases in mRNA that encodes an amino acid
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complementary
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nucleic acid sequences that can base-pair with each other
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DNA gyrase
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an enzyme found in most prokaryotes that introduces negative supercoils in DNA
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DNA polymerase
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an enzyme that synthesizes a new strand of DNA in the 5'->3' direction using an antiparallel DNA strand as a template
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gene
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a segment of DNA specifying a protein (via mRNA), a tRNA, or an rRNA
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genome
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the total complement of genes contains in a cell or virus
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hybridization
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formation of a duplex nucleic acid with strands derived from different sources by complementary base pairing
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messenger RNA (mRNA)
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an RNA molecule that contains the genetic information to encode one or more polypeptides
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operon
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a cluster of genes whose expression is controlled by a single operator
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polymerase chain reaction (PCR)
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a method for the amplification of a specific DNA sequence in vitro by repeated cycles of synthesis using specific primers and DNA polymerase
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promoter
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a site on DNA to which RNA polymerase binds to commence transcription
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ribosomal RNA (rRNA)
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types of RNA found in the ribosome; some participate actively in the process of protein synthesis
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ribosome
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a cytoplasmic particle composed of ribosomal RNA and protein whose function is to synthesize proteins
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RNA polymerase
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an enzyme that synthesizes RNA in the 5'->3' direction using a complementary and antiparallel DNA strand as a template
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semiconservative replication
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DNA synthesis yielding new double helices, each consisting of one parental and one progeny strand
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transcription
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the synthesis of RNA using a DNA template
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transfer RNA (tRNA)
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an adaptor molecule used in translation that has specificity for both a particular amino acid and for one or more codons
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antibiotic
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chemical substance produced by a microorganism that kills or inhibits the growth of another microorganism
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antimicrobial drug resistance
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the acquired ability of a microorganism to grow in the presence of an antimicrobial drug to which the microorganism is usually susceptible
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antimicrobial agent
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a chemical compound that kills or inhibits the growth of microorganisms
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antiseptic (germicide)
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chemical agent that kills or inhibits growth of microorganisms and is sufficiently nontoxic to be applied to living tissues
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autoclave
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a sterilizer that destroys microorganisms with temperature and steam under pressure
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B-lactam antibiotic
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an antibiotic, including penicillin, that contains the four-membered heterocyclic B-lactam ring
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bacteriocidal agent
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an agent that kills bacteria
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bacteriostatic agent
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an agent that inhibits bacterial growth
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broad-spectrum antibiotic
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an antibiotic that acts on both gram-positive and gram-negative Bacteria
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chemotherapeutic agent
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an antimicrobial agent that can be used internally
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decontamination
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treatment that renders an object or inanimate surface safe to handle
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disinfectant
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an antimicrobial agent used only on inanimate objects
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disinfection
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the elimination of microorganisms from inanimate objects or surfaces
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fungicidal agent
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an agent that kills fungi
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fungistatic agent
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an agent that inhibits fungal growth
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inhibition
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the reduction of microbial growth because of a decrease in the number or organisms present or alterations in the microbial environment
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lysis
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loss of cellular integrity with release of cytoplasmic contents
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MIC
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minimum inhibitory concentration -- the minimum concentration of a substance necessary to prevent microbial growth
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pasteurization
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reduction of the microbial load in heat-sensitive liquids to kill disease-producing microorganisms and reduce the number of spoilage microorganisms
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penicillin
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a class of antibiotics that inhibit bacterial cell wall synthesis, characterized by a B-lactam ring
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sanitizer
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agent that reduces, but may not eliminate, microbial numbers to a safe level
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sterilant (sterilizer) (sporicide)
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a chemical agent that destroys all forms of microbial life
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sterilization
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the killing or removal or all living organisms and their viruses from a growth medium
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