Fundamentals Of Clinical Psych Final

Front 1

Are there really any significant differences in outcome among the different types of psychotherapy?

Back 1

No, lots of studies no conclusive results. DoDo bird effect, every one wins all therapies somewhat equally effective. Now thought myth replace with common factors. Common factors lean toward cognitive and behavioral treatments best

Front 2

Your managed health plan will let you see one of three mental health professionals. One is a marriage counselor, one is a psychologist, and one is a psychiatrist. The counselor has been in practice for 30 years. The psychologist has been in practice for 5 years. The psychiatrist just finished her residency and you will be her first private patient. Given the research on treatment outcome, who should you work with and why?

Back 2

Choose Psychologist = substantial amount of experience, the widest breadth of training, qualifications and professionalism lacking in a counselor, and they may even have prescription privileges. some studies showing young students with supervision best outcome results, more support for effect of experience and professionalism. Still experience cant change narrow training.

Front 3

You tell your friend that you want to be a psychologist and provide psychotherapy services. He tells you that psychology is all common sense and that therapy doesn’t work. How do you respond?

Back 3

unique and unlike normal conversation, goal directed. Intervention in clinical setting method of inducing changes in thoughts, feelings, behaviors. Teaching people how to come to own conclusions. Venting is common sense, therapy is fixing or mending brokenness. Therapy unilateral and based on empirical evidence and conducted with the upmost scientific rigor and ethics.

Front 4

What are the pros and cons of “famous” psychologists like Dr. Phil?

Back 4

Pros: publicity for field of psych and its potential benefits. Cons: do not provide accurate or helpful information, depicts psychology as short sessions and discussions with quick results equal in standard to psuedoscience. Motivation making money and entertainment

Front 5

Which single therapeutic approach do you like best?

Back 5

Eclectic integrative approach with basis in a humanistic perspective, employing CBT techniques. Active listening, empathetic, and unconditional positive regard, meet approaching negative conceptions of one's situation that cause harmful behavior. Eclectic approach allows maintain humanistic with flexibility of whats best for patient.

Front 6

Which three issues that new therapists face scare you the most? How might you be able to better prepare yourself to deal with each?

Back 6

unmotivated patients and parents, dealing with unstable and violent teen in a manner where I may have to break confidentiality due to a perceived threat, cultural issues

Front 7

List and describe three ways that getting paid for services might complicate the practice of clinical psychology.

Back 7

1. Patient may not receive best treatment available. 2. may not get best possible treatment of Dr. due to insurance. 3. clinician holds own needs ahead of patient

Front 8

What are the arguments for and against prescription privileges for therapists? How might this ability change the practice of clinical psychology?

Back 8

Pros: enables psychologist provide wider treatment to wider clients, increase in efficiency and cost, easily care for patients with need for therapy and meds, statistically more psychologists so people who werent getting treatment are now, competitive advantage in health care, generate revenue- Against: De-emphasis of psychotherapy, training issues, restructure education, damage professional relationship with psychiatry and general medicine potentially increasing conflicts, creation of two tiers of clinicians, licensing?

Front 9

Know the relevant clinical and ethical issues implicated in the rise of telehealth

Back 9

adequately assess and diagnose without interacting, handling emergencies long distance, identity of client not positive how can give consent, licensure and state lines issue, mandatory reporting

Front 10

What are the main ways that culture is affecting the practice of clinical psychology?

Back 10

differences between client and clinican significant challenge, language barrier (how much assessment and therapy is lost in translator?), fields has overlooked potentially signficant differences, differing world views and illness myths, empirical studies biased and unrepresentative of diversity

Front 11

What are the usual factors that lead a psychologist to make an ethical violation?

Back 11

6 areas of ethical violations: inexperience or ignorance, underestimation of potential ethical dilemma, unavoidable dilemmas, unknown effects of new treatment, ambiguous guidelines to relevant situation, contradiction between law and ethics, lack of cultural understanding

Front 12

What are the typical ethical violations made by psychologists?

Back 12

Lack of competence in providing particular treatment, improper breach of confidentiality, dual relationships, avoidable violation due to lack of peer consultation to maintain professional responsibility, and a mistake made due to incomplete cultural knowledge

Front 13

What exactly is a dual relationship and why is it not recommended?

Back 13

when professionals assume two or more roles simultaneously or sequentially with a person seeking their help, biases therapy, bartering, more developed the relationship the more possibility of confounds

Front 14

What are boundary crossings and boundary violations? Which is worse? How can you decide if something is a crossing or violation?

Back 14

Boundary crossing: departure from commonly accepted practices, ex: hugging, could negatively impact therapy could help in some situations. Boundary Violation: professional misuse of power to harm or exploit client. Serious breach often illegal

Front 15

What are some ways to avoid ethical and legal troubles?

Back 15

a rule-based approach, which prevents counselors being creative in decision-making. Counselors must use their best judgment in situations to determine if there is a potential for harm or a misuse of power. It is important to minimize risk of exploitation and boundary crossing. One could do so by being alert to potential or actual conflicts of interest, maintaining supervision or consultation relationships, being aware that isolation is often a major factor in ethical violations, meeting your personal needs in other areas of your life, knowing that relationships should focus on client at all times, and having a clear understanding of ethics and attention to professional boundaries.

Front 16

Why do we have ethics codes? What purpose do they serve?

Back 16

provide the best therapy for clients. Rules are important when power dynamics are established. psychologists generally have a high degree of responsibility that often significantly impacts the lives of others. In fact, psychological is one of the few fields that has adapted ethical guidelines that hold members to a much higher standard than the law.

Front 17

Know the 5 basic principles of the APA ethics code.

Back 17

5 principles: (1) beneficence and nonmaleficence- bring benefit not harm to those you work with, (2) fidelity and responsibility- establish trusting relationships and understand the implications of your work the and the responsibility that brings, (3) integrity- seek to promote accuracy, honesty, and truthfulness in the science, teaching, and practice of psychology, (4) justice- fairness and justice entitles all persons to access and benefit from the contributions of psychology, and (5) respect for people’s rights and dignity-rights of individuals to privacy, confidentiality, and self determination.

Front 18

What are some general ethical issues affecting practice?

Back 18

aware of personal competence, treat with respect void of discrimination, personal attitudes should not affect therapy, no dual relationships, practice with empirical basis to avoid harm, keep detailed accurate notes, seek supervision and consultation

Front 19

What is competence? How might it relate to the threat of malpractice?

Back 19

only provide therapy they are qualified for, keep up to date on therapies and know current advances, when not updated not giving best therapy and thus liable for malpractice

Front 20

What is informed consent? What are the elements of IC? Why is IC important in therapy?

Back 20

procedure necessary for therapy that includes the therapy procedures, risks, benefits, and alternatives, explains the right to withdraw from treatment, explains supervision, privilege communication, the financial cost of counseling, any special arrangements, and the competencies of the counselor, and the nature of treatment (experimental treatment should be indicated), and confidentiality and it limits.

Front 21

When can you break confidentiality? Why is this important?

Back 21

client or others in immediate danger, when a client needs hospitalization, when a counselor is performing a court ordered evaluation, when the client sues the counselor, and when the client uses a mental disorder as a legal defense, and when an underage child is being abused.

Front 22

Know the ethical decision making model.

Back 22

7 steps: 1) identify the problem or dilemma, 2) consider any laws, rules, ethical principles and guidelines that might apply, 3) examine your own sense of right and wrong, your sense of duty and responsibility (the dictates of your conscience), 4) generate possible courses of action, 5) consider the consequences of each course of action, 6) seek consultation when necessary, and 7) select the best course of action

Front 23

What things might influence a person’s ability to make ethical decisions?

Back 23

knowledge and understanding of the ethical principles of one’s profession, personal and professional experiences, moral maturity and development, motivation (egoistic self-interest vs. altruistic other-focused), intuitive and critical-evaluative processes, values, attitudes, beliefs, pressures of the moment, and multiple identities of the therapist. Influence of therapist values, including ideal family, preservation of marriage, gender roles and double standards, child rearing, sexual behavior, affairs, age-related biases, cultural stereotypes and prejudices, LGBT issues, pro-choices and pro-life, and faith-based values, have the potential to influence ethical decisions making and therapeutic outcomes

Front 24

What are some ways to minimize risk of exploitation and boundary crossing? What are some good questions to ask yourself in these situations? What are some good safeguards?

Back 24

setting healthy boundaries from the outset, involving the client in setting the boundaries of the professional or nonprofessional relationship, informed consent, be aware of unavoidable dual relationships and their implications, consult with other professionals often, when risk for harm is high work under supervision, document exactly whats in question, live by the ethics code!

Front 25

All therapies are cultural. What are the implications of this?

Back 25

Most therapies having been established in these countries hold an American or European based worldview, inherently individualistic, bring diagnosis into consideration as to whether they are valid or not. Regular therapy already has cultural value that must be accounted for, cultural adaptation of these therapies do not start blank

Front 26

Can we assume ESTs-EBTs apply to groups on which they have not been tested? Why?

Back 26

All should be readily available to the clinician for any patient. studies should be investigated and studied by clinician for ethnic generalizability when treating one of a different culture. translation is not sufficient. Look for appropriate sample in study, evidence some generalize to latinos and African Americans but should be explored further.

Front 27

- How do Ollendick et al respond to this idea? What are their main points? In what ways do you agree and disagree with their position?

Back 27

not compelling enough evidence to support adaptations that are significant changes to the active ingredients of a treatment. This implies that there is an underlying mechanism to empirically supported treatments that may be generalizable across populations. If culturally adapted treatments are manualized, the differences may imply a specific, noteable aspect relative to each member of a culture that the therapist then applies to further clients.

Front 28

What are some potential ways biases may present themselves?

Back 28

Biases are reflected when we neglect social and community factors to focus unduly on individualism, assess clients that have not been normed for respective population, judgement only from the perspective of whats normal in therapist culture

Front 29

When should you refer?

Back 29

when moral, religious, or political values are centrally involved in a client’s presenting problems that reach the therapist's boundaries of competence, cause extreme discomfort, unable to maintain objectivity, concerns about imposing own values

Front 30

What are the main issues that Castro et al identify? Which do you think is the most important? Why?

Back 30

2025 = U.S. 35% ethnic, ethnic children 48%, Latinos largest group. Practitioners individually make adjustments to make treatment culturally relevant, creation of interventions with help of respective community increase programs chances, life experiences molded by informational aspects, affective motivational aspects, environmental aspects

Front 31

In what ways might you conflict with clients? How can you tell if you the issue is big enough that something needs to be done?

Back 31

Differing world view, cooperation vs competition, communication styles, locus of control, beliefs about psychological problems and therapy, source of clients problem, clients expectations of what therapy is, concept of self, somatization relative to culture

Front 32

What did we learn from Benish et al? How is it different from Griner and Smith?

Back 32

Benish: culturally adapted therapies are more effective and that the illness myth accounts for this benefit. Griner and Smith: they work but are not necessarily more effective and there is not a huge difference. It is moderated solely by the treatment of the illness myth. Implication: illness myths are important, find them out and adjust treatment, need further training on them.

Front 33

What is culturally responsive CBT? Which 3 steps do you find most helpful, which 1 do you think would be most challenging for you?

Back 33

most helpful: religion and spiritual orientation, ethnic racial identity, sexual orientation. Most challenging: age and generational influences, gender, developmental disabilities

Front 34

What are some issues in adapting therapies to minority ethnic groups?

Back 34

Somatization- different cultures express distress differently: use of catharsis, transference and countertransference, working with interpreter, concept of self, over or under attribution to culture by either party.

Front 35

How can your increase your ability to provide culturally appropriate services?

Back 35

Increase awareness of our own multiple identities and values, and our attitudes and biases toward those who are different- According to Sue and Sue, a culturally sensitive therapist will have acquired: knowledge of diverse culture and lifestyles, skill and comfort in using innovative treatment methods, actual experience working with culturally diverse clients

Front 36

Do client tend to prefer therapists from their own cultural group?

Back 36

lower drop out rates, more attended session, Exception when working with monolingual non-english speaking clients results are similar regardless of match

Front 37

How do specialties overlap?

Back 37

specialties overlap often because they are interested in accomplishing the same goals (common factors)

Front 38

What are the disadvantages of subspecialties?

Back 38

Decreases communication within the field; for example the same phenomenon will be coined different in different subspecialties.

Front 39

How might someone who specializes in forensic psychology help the Unabomber?

Back 39

- Forensic psychology is the application of psychology to the legal and criminal justice system. Therefore a forensic psychology would help the Unabomber by providing assessments and treatments. A forensic psychologist also may interview him to make sure he is not only mentally fit for court but whether or not some mental dysfunction or irrational idea was the motivation for his actions. If he is not fit for court, the forensic psychologist investigates whether or not this is a real profile or the person is faking.

Front 40

How might a child clinical psychologist help someone with a possible learning disability?

Back 40

A child psychologist will employ their knowledge of the appropriate time scale development of child physical, social, cognitive, and behavioral development in order to properly make the assessment of whether or not a child has a learning disability. From here, they may then work to discover the origins of the child’s behavior and the possible stressors relative to childhood that may be decreasing the state of the child’s condition.

Front 41

What is the ADA and what does it have to do with clinical psychology?

Back 41

This is the Americans with Disabilities act. Psychologists as employers can discriminate but know whether disability affects work. Facilities that provide a service to the public must be accessible to disabled people.

Front 42

What is executive coaching and why is it so popular?

Back 42

professionals consult with executives to become better leaders and managers as well as develop strategies to improve interpersonal relationships, productivity, and efficiency. popular as application of psychology to industry executive, get lots of cheese

Front 43

What are the skills needed to be an effective consultant?

Back 43

Good interpersonal and communication skills, group and problem solving skills, ability to work with organizations, ethical conduct, empathy, genuine, create trusting environment, good at gathering info, access to work place and understanding of group dynamics

Front 44

What are the stages of consultation?

Back 44

Stages of consultation include understanding the question, assessment, intervention, termination, and follow-up

Front 45

What are the factors that lead to failure as a consultant?

Back 45

marketing themselves to much, set expectations to high, acceptance of job without adequate knowledge, consultant may be viewed as hostile to those in business

Front 46

Why might psychologists consult with peers?

Back 46

natural human need to vent and divulge troubles in our lives to others. Given the confidential nature of the profession, a psychologist cannot take his work home with home so he or she may find it beneficial to discuss their worries with their peers who not only maintain confidentiality but, understand the nature of the work being done.