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50 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is the major cause of physical distress among clients?
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pain
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What is the emotional component of pain?
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suffering
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Name the 4 phases of pain.
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transduction
transmission perception modulation |
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explain the process of pain "transduction".
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the conversion of chemical information at the cellular level into electrical impulses that move toward the spinal cord.
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When does transduction begin?
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When injured cells release chemicals such as substance p, prostaglandins, bradykinin, histamine, and glutamate.
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Where do the chemicals that cause pain excite?
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noriceptors
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What is a nociceptor?
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a type of sensory nerve receptor that is activated by noxious stimuli
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Where are nociceptors located?
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in the skin, bones, joints, muscles, and internal organs.
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Explain the process of "transmission".
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the phase during which stimuli move from the peripheral nervous system toward the brain
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When does transmission begin?
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It occurs when peripheral nociceptors form synapses with neurons within the spinal cord that carry pain impulses and other sensory information such as pressure and temperature changes via fast and slow nerve fibers.
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What are A-delta fibers?
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Large myelinated fibers that carry impulses rapidly at a rate of approximately 5 to 30 meters per second.
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In what phase do A-delta fibers become active?
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Transmission phase
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What kind of pain do A-delta fibers typically carry?
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Sharp, actute initial sensations like those felt when touching a hot iron.
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What result happens when A-delta fibers are activated and the pain is sensed?
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The person withdraws from the pain provoking stimulus.
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What are C-fibers?
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Small unmyelinated fibers that carry impulses at a slower rate of .5 - 2 meters a second.
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What phase do C-fibers become active?
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Transmission phase
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What kind of pain do C-fibers carry?
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Throbbing, aching, or burning sensations that persis after the immediate discomfort.
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What does substance P help with?
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Helps the pain impulses move at sequentially higher levels in the brain, such as the reticular activating system, thalamus, cerebral cortex, and limbic system.
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What is prostaglandin?
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A chemical released from injured cells.
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What does prostaglandin help with?
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Helps speed up the transmission to the brain.
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What is the first thing that happens when the pain impulses reach the thalamus?
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the thalamus transmits the message to the cortex, where the location and severity of the injury are identified.
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What is the second thing that happens when the pain impulses reach the thalamus?
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it notifies the nociceptors that the message has been received and that continued transmission is no longer necessary.
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What is a reson why chonic pain may linger in some people after transmission of the thalamus?
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A malfunction in the secondary process, which is the thalamus notifying the nociceptors that the signal has been received.
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Explain the Perception phase of pain.
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This is the conscious experience of discomfort. When the pain threshold has been reached.
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What is the pain threshold?
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The point at which sufficient pain transmitting stimuli reach the brain.
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What is it concerning when one person may feel more pain than another? Even though the pain levels are actually the same.
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Pain tolerance
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Explain the modulation phase of pain.
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last phase during which the brain interacts with the spinal nerves in a downward fashion to subsequently alter the pain experience.
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What are endogenous opioids?
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naturally produced morphine-like chemicals.
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What are endogenous opioids believed to do?
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diminish the perception of pain
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Name the three endogenous opioids.
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dorphins, dynorphins, and enkelphalins.
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What stimulates the release of the endogenous opioids?
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Two neurotransmitters - serotonin and norepinephrine.
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When endogenous opioids are released, they are thought to bind to sites on the _____ cell's membrane that block the transmission of pain conducting neurotransmitters.
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Nerve
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What are the five types of pain?
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Cutaneous
Visceral Neuropathic Acute Chronic |
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What is cutaneous pain?
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discomfort originating at the skin level.
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What is cutaneous pain caused from?
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Some form of trauma.
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What changes the type of sensation felt from cutaneous pain?
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The depth of the trauma
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Damage confined to the epidermis causes what kind of sensation?
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Burning
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When is pain localized and superficial?
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When it is on the dermis.
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What kind of pain does subcutaneous tissue tissue injuries cause?
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aching and throbbing pain
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What is somatic pain?
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Pain generated from deeper connective tissue
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What type of injuries are somatic pain involved in?
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Injuries to structures such as muscles, tendons, and joints.
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What is visceral pain?
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discomfort arising from internal organs.
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What kind of complications internally contribute to visceral pain?
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disease or injury
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What is referred pain?
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Pain perceived in a general area of the body, usually away from the site of stimulation.
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What kind of pain is not experiences in the exact site where an organ is located?
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Referred pain.
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What type of nervous system symptoms accompany visceral pain?
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Nausea, vomiting, pallor, hypotension, and swelling.
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What is another name for neuropathic pain?
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functional pain
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What is neuropathic pain?
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pain with atypical characteristics. Phantom limb pain. Pain felt after the injury has already been healed.
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What is pain that lasts for a few seconds to less than 6 months?
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Acute pain
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What is chronic pain?
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Pain that lasts more than 6 months.
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