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34 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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type I error
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rejecting the null hypothesis (= no difference; also: alpha-error)
accepting null hypothesis incorrectly = type II |
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multivariate analysis
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multiple regression analysis, logistic regression, Cox hazard function
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ANOVA
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determines whether means of normal distributions are identical
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Chi-square
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can more than two sampled populations be considered equal?
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beta-1 selective beta blocker
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betaxolol
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iop elevating potential, order
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dexa, pred, lopred, fluoromethoone, hydrocortisone, tetrahydratriamcinolone
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dexamethasone at 6 weeks, IOP elevation
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42% of patients above 20, 6% above 30
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photoreceptor outer segment turnover
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10 days
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neural crest
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corneal stroma and endothelium, TM, iris stroma, CB stroma, ciliary muscles, sclera, connective tissue of extraocular muscles
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mesoderm
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extraocular muslces, sclera (small area temporally), vascular endothelium, Schlemm's canal, blood
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neural ectoderm
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posterior iris epithelium, sphincter and dilator pupillae, ciliary epithelium, neural retina, RPE, optic nerve
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surface ectoderm
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lacrimal gland, lids, lashes, epidermal structures, conjunctival epithelium, corneal epithelium
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vitreous: primary, secondary, tertiary
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primary: hyaloid system, posterior portions of tunica vasculosa lentis
secondary: main vitreous body tertiary: development of the zonular apparatus |
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myelination of the ON
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starts in 7th month of gestation, completed 1 month after birth
completed at 1 month after birth starts at chiasm and progresses toward lamina cribrosa |
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what EOM does not receive blood from CRA?
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LR (lacrimal artery)
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tear pump action
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Rosengren-Doane
contraction of orbic causes positive pressure in tear sac, forcing tears into nose through vavle of Hasner - one eyelids open and move laterally, negative pressure is produced in tear sac and maintained by vavle of Hasner - once eyelids are fully open, puncta pop open and negative pressure draws tears into ampullae and canaliculi - up to 20% evaporation in adults 60% through inferior punctum |
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volume of drop, cul de sac
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50 microliter = drop, 10 microliter = cul-de-sac, only 50% of drug that reaches the sac is present 4 minutes later due to tearing
0.5% timolol = 5 mg/1 ml, 5 microgram/microliter * 50 microliter * 10% cul de sac = 25 microgram or 250 microgram (0.25 mg) if taken sub-lingual |
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anesthetics: ester vs amide
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ester: hydrolized by plasma choliesterase and metabilizen in liver, cocaine, tetracaine, proparacaine, procaine benoxinate
amide: longer duration and less sytemic toxicity, metabolized in liver, lidocaine, pepivacaine, bupivacaine |
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sympathetic innervation
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long postganglionic nerves
ACh at preganglionic, NE at postganglionic terminal cocaine: block reuptake, hydroxyamphetamine: increase release |
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parasympathetic innervation
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short postganglionic nerves
nicotinic: somatic motor and preganglionic autonomic nerves muscarinic: postganglionic parasympathetic nerves (iris sphincter, ciliary muscle) |
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potency of steroids
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Fluocinolone
fluoromethalone dexamethasone betamethasone prednisolone prednisone triamcinolone hydrocortisone cortisone |
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vancomycin
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glycopeptide, gr pos, staph (MRSA), strep (PCN resistant), bacillus, p. acnes, clsotridium diff
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cephalosporins
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more resistant to beta-lactamases
1st gen: cefazoliin, cephalexin (keflex) - gr pos (staph, strep), some gr neg 2nd gen: cefuroxime (zinacef), better gr neg but less gr pos, anderobic: H influ, Neisseria 3rd gen: cetriaxone (rocephin), ceftazidime; better gr negative (pseudomonas |
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fluoroquinolones
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cidal (as PCN/sporins), aerobic gr neg, some gr pos (HIB, pseudomonas, enterobact, s aur, clamyd, ricket, mycobact
2nd gen: cipro, oflox 3rd gen: levoflox (quixin) 4th gen: gatiflox, moxiflox (extended spectrum gr pos) |
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drugs: optic neuropathy
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quinine: can cause NLP
isoniazid, rifampin, ethambutol |
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betablocker with the least effect on B2
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betaxolol
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most appropriate tx for neurosyphilis
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PCN G IV
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fluoroquinolones least effective against
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anaerobic cocci
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antiallergy
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cromolyn - mast cells
H1-blockers, mast cell stabilizers, NSAID - ketotifen (zaditor), azelastine (optivar), epinastine (elestat) Mast cell _ eaosinophil suppressor: lodoxamide (alomide) H1-blocker _ mast cell: olopatadine (patanol), also has some H2 (hyperemia block) |
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surface ectoderm
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lens, corneal and conj epithelium, lid epithelium lacrimal gland, nasolacrimal system
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neural crest cells
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corneal stroma, endothelium, iris stroma, TM, part of schlem's canal, sclera (except temporal portion), sheaths and tendons of EOMs, ciliary muscle, nonpigmentedd layer of CB, chroidal stroma, melanocytes, orbital bones, connective tissue of orbit and blood vessels
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3 waves of neural crest cell migration
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during 7th week: corneal and TM endothelium, keratocytes, iris stroma
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mesoderm
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endothelium of blood vessels, temporal sclera, EOMs, schlemm's canal?, vitreous
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neural ectoderm
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sensory retina, RPE, nonpigmented CB epithelium?, pigmented CB epithelium, iris epithelium, spincter and dilator, ON, sympathetic ganglion, LGB, ;pigment granules, erectgor pili muscle
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