Reading...
Play button
Play button
Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
274 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
Arthrodesis
|
bone or joint fusion surgery
|
|
|
Arthroplasty
|
joint replacement surgery
|
|
|
Arthrotomy
|
incision into a joint
|
|
|
Bunionectomy
|
Excision of a bunion
|
|
|
Capsulorrhaphy
|
Suture of a tear in a capsule, especially of a joint capsule to prevent recurring dislocation
|
|
|
Capsulotomy
|
Incision into a capsule
|
|
|
Casting
|
forming a casting in a mold
|
|
|
Cauterize
|
to sear or burn living tissue in order to stop bleeding
|
|
|
Coagulate
|
to clot
|
|
|
Cryosurgery
|
destruction of tissue by application of extreme cold
|
|
|
Debride
|
removal of dead or contaminated tissue
|
|
|
Deepen
|
increase depth
|
|
|
Excise
|
to remove by cutting
|
|
|
Exostectomy
|
abnormal bone growth
|
|
|
Hyfercate
|
destroy tissue by electrocution
|
|
|
Incise
|
To cut into with a sharp instrument
|
|
|
Internal fixation
|
stabilization of fractured bony parts by direct fixation to one another with surgical wires, screws, pins, or plates
|
|
|
Neurectomy
|
Surgical removal of a nerve or part of a nerve
|
|
|
Neurolysis
|
breaking down or destruction of nerve tissue
|
|
|
Osteotomy
|
Surgical division or sectioning of bone
|
|
|
Osteotripsy.
|
filing away a spur of bone on heel
|
|
|
Palliation
|
any form of medical care or treatment that concentrates on reducing the severity of disease symptoms, rather than providing a cure
|
|
|
Percutaneous
|
any medical procedure where access to inner organs or other tissue is done via needle-puncture of the skin
|
|
|
Phalangectomy
|
Excision of one or more phalanges of the hand or foot
|
|
|
Tenectomy
|
excision of a lesion of a tendon or of a tendon sheath
|
|
|
Tenodesis
|
fusion of tendons
|
|
|
Tenotomy
|
cut into tendon
|
|
|
Underscore
|
undercutting, separating 1 layer from another
|
|
|
Analgesia
|
no pain
|
|
|
Anesthesia
|
1. loss of sensation, usually by damage to a nerve or receptor.
2. loss of the ability to feel pain, caused by administration of a drug or other medical intervention |
|
|
Ankylosis
|
stiffening or immobility of a joint resulting from disease, trauma, surgery, or bone fusion
|
|
|
Arteriosclerosis
|
hardening, stiffening of blood vessel (could be thickened and plugged up)
|
|
|
Atherosclerosis
|
plaque forming up in aorta (largest blood vessel)
|
|
|
Arthralgia
|
pain in joint
|
|
|
Arthritis
|
inflammation of a joint
|
|
|
Arthrogram
|
x-ray of joint with dye
|
|
|
Arthroscope
|
an instrument used to view the inside of a joint
|
|
|
Ataxia
|
Loss of the ability to coordinate muscular movement (drunk walking)
|
|
|
Bursitis
|
Inflammation of a bursa, especially in the shoulder, elbow, or knee joint
|
|
|
Carcinoma
|
malignant tumor
|
|
|
Chondritis
|
inflammation of cartilage
|
|
|
Claudication
|
halt or lameness in a person's walk; a limp
|
|
|
Causalgia
|
Pain way out of proportion, due to peripheral nerve injury
|
|
|
Cavoid
|
high arch (makes any foot problems worse)
|
|
|
Crepitation
|
"sand in joint," sign of arthritis
|
|
|
Capsulitis
|
inflammation of joint capsule
|
|
|
Deviation
|
An abnormality
|
|
|
Diabetes Mellitus
|
glucose intolerance disease
|
|
|
Exostosis
|
extra piece of bone
|
|
|
Edema
|
swelling
|
|
|
Erythema
|
vasodilation. redness of the skin due to congestion of the capillaries
|
|
|
Ecchymosis
|
black and blue mark. passage of blood from ruptured blood vessels into subcutaneous tissue, marked by a purple discoloration of the skin
|
|
|
Embolism
|
sudden blocking of an artery by a clot or foreign material
|
|
|
Eczema
|
synonomous with dermatitis. An acute or chronic noncontagious inflammation of the skin, characterized chiefly by redness, itching, and the outbreak of lesions that may discharge serous matter and become encrusted and scaly
|
|
|
Fasciitis
|
inflammation of a fascia
|
|
|
Flatfoot
|
lowered arch
|
|
|
Gangrene
|
Death and decay of body tissue, often in a limb, caused by insufficient blood supply and usually following injury or disease
|
|
|
Gout
|
disorder of uric acid metabolism, painful inflammation of the joints
|
|
|
Hemiparesis
|
Slight paralysis or weakness affecting one side of the body
|
|
|
Hemiplegia
|
Paralysis affecting only one side of the body
|
|
|
Hyperglycemia
|
abnormally increased content of glucose in the blood
|
|
|
Hyperuricemia
|
An unusually high concentration of uric acid in the blood
|
|
|
Ischemia
|
A decrease in the blood supply to a bodily organ, tissue, or part caused by constriction or obstruction of the blood vessels
|
|
|
Leiomyoma
|
benign smooth muscle tumor
|
|
|
Lipoma
|
A benign tumor composed chiefly of fat cells
|
|
|
Mycosis
|
any disease caused by fungi
|
|
|
Neoplasia
|
pathological process that results in the formation and growth of a neoplasm
|
|
|
Neuritis
|
inflammation of nerve
|
|
|
Neuroma
|
benign nerve tumor
|
|
|
Osteomyelitis
|
Inflammation of bone and bone marrow
|
|
|
Osteomalacia
|
softening of bone, calcium and vit. D deficiency
|
|
|
Osteopenia
|
deterioration of bone density
|
|
|
Osteoid
|
organic matrix of bone; young bone that has not undergone calcification
|
|
|
Osteitis
|
inflammation of bone
|
|
|
Polyuria
|
excessive secretion of urine
|
|
|
Polyphagia
|
excessive hunger
|
|
|
Polydipsia
|
excessive thirst
|
|
|
Phlebitis
|
inflammation of veins
|
|
|
Pes planus
|
flat foot, pronation syndrome
|
|
|
Rhabdomyoma
|
A benign tumor derived from striated muscle
|
|
|
Radiculitis
|
inflammation of the spinal nerve roots
|
|
|
Sarcoma
|
malignant tumor arising from connective tissues
|
|
|
Subluxation
|
Incomplete or partial dislocation, as of a bone in a joint
|
|
|
Thrombus
|
blood clot formed in a blood vessel or in a chamber of the heart
|
|
|
Trophic
|
neurological deficient problem
|
|
|
Tinea pedis
|
foot fungus
|
|
|
Tophi
|
deposit of urates in the skin and tissue
|
|
|
Tyloma
|
keratosis on bottom of foot
|
|
|
Varicosity
|
dilated vein
|
|
|
–plasty
|
surgical correction/plastic repair
|
|
|
–tripsy
|
crushing something or friction/rasping
|
|
|
–raphy
|
to suture
|
|
|
–osis
|
condition of
|
|
|
–otomy
|
incision into
|
|
|
–lysis
|
to free up
|
|
|
–ectomy
|
removal or excision of
|
|
|
–centesis
|
puncture a joint
|
|
|
–desis
|
fusion/fixing
|
|
|
What is a macule?
|
flat lesion
|
|
|
What is a patch?
|
large macule
|
|
|
What is a papule?
|
solid raised circumscribed lesion, less than 0.5cm
|
|
|
What is a nodule?
|
solid raised legion, 0.5cm-1cm
|
|
|
What is a plaque?
|
solid raised legion, greater than 1cm
|
|
|
Which lesions secondarily form scales?
|
Macule
Patch Lesion Papule Nodule Plaque |
|
|
What is a vesicle?
|
small blister on the skin, 0.5 cm or smaller
|
|
|
What is a bulla?
|
large blister, 0.5cm or greater
|
|
|
What is a pustule?
|
filled with pus
|
|
|
What is lichenification?
|
exaggeration of normal skin from persistent scratching
|
|
|
What is a fissure?
|
crack into dermis
|
|
|
What is excoriation?
|
patient scratched themself
|
|
|
Heloma durum
|
corn on dorsum of foot
|
|
|
Heloma molle
|
mascerated corn; from sweat between toes
|
|
|
Heloma vascularis
|
blood vessel in keratotic tissue
|
|
|
Heloma neurofibrosum
|
nerve in keratotic tissue
|
|
|
Heloma milliare
|
multiple spotted, tiny hyperkeratosis
|
|
|
Tyloma
|
keratosis on bottom of foot
|
|
|
Porokeratosis
|
keratin in sweat gland
|
|
|
IPK
|
intractable plantar keratosis
|
|
|
What condition is associated with a violatious appearance?
|
Lichen Planus
|
|
|
What is the cause of Lichen Planus?
|
epidermal/dermal destruction
|
|
|
Verrucae vulgaris
|
common wart
|
|
|
Filiform wart
|
on the face
|
|
|
Verrucae plantaris
|
on plantar surface of the foot
|
|
|
Venereal warts
|
on genitalia
|
|
|
Juvenile warts
|
flat warts on kids face and foot
|
|
|
Mosaic wart
|
they combine to make one large wart
|
|
|
What is the diagnostic feature of warts?
|
pinpoint bleeding and hurt when compressed
|
|
|
What are the treatments for warts?
|
acids
cryosurgery electrolysis duct tape Main idea is to get bodies own immune system to attack virus |
|
|
What causes warts?
|
herpes virus
|
|
|
What is eczema?
|
it is a symptom, not a disease, inflammation of skin; vasodilation of the papillary layer
|
|
|
Treatment for contact dermatitis
|
Epsom salts, saline compress, epinephrine
|
|
|
Contact dermatitis
|
Allergic contact dermatitis
|
|
|
Atopic dermatitis
|
primarily by patient history, severe dermatitis, maybe recurrent, lots of allergies and asthma
|
|
|
Treatment Atopic dermatitis
|
epsolm salt
antihistamine |
|
|
Neurodermatitis (Lichen Simplex Chronicus)
|
Itch/scratch cycle, when scratch causes inflammation and itch…
|
|
|
Treatment of Neurodermatitis (Lichen Simplex Chronicus)
|
Let patient scratch with pads of fingers with lotion, 2 wks heal
|
|
|
Venous Statis Dermatitis
|
Blockage of outflow/lack of sufficient drainage
Dermal vessel vasodilation – papillary edema |
|
|
Treatment for Venous Statis Dermatitis
|
Relieve the edema
|
|
|
Nakolski's sign
|
scratch skin and it falls off
|
|
|
Pemphigus
|
allergic reaction to basement membrane – may kill or break desmosomes with lysis of epidermis
|
|
|
Acquired Vitiligo
|
hypopigmentation, discrete discolored patches
|
|
|
Congenital Vitiligo
|
albinism
|
|
|
Tinea Versicola
|
fungus mimics vitiligo
|
|
|
Intertrigo
|
bacterial infection caused by gram (+) rod
|
|
|
Infectious lesions
|
tinea pedis, bacteria, fungus, virus
|
|
|
Nevi
|
moles
|
|
|
Skin tags
|
connective tissue surrounded by epidermal folds
|
|
|
Tx for skin tags
|
clip or burn off
|
|
|
External Ulcers
|
traumatic ulceration
due to pressure |
|
|
Internal Ulcers
|
venous ulceration
no blood flow could be diabetic |
|
|
Txs for Nail infections
|
Debridement
Topical medications – nystatin Oral medications – good for fungal Surgical |
|
|
What is the prevention and proper hygiene for nail infections?
|
Daily bathing
Avoid occlusive footwear Antifungal powders Avoid bare feet in public showers Dry feet thoroughly, including interdigital spaces Disinfect shoes |
|
|
Enthesiopathy
|
tendon inserting into bone
|
|
|
Bunion
|
Abnormal enlargement of the MTP @ the base of the hallux
|
|
|
Causes of Bunions
|
inflammation and usually results from chronic irritation and pressure from poorly fitting footwear
localized hypertrophy/swelling of the medial aspect of the 1st MPJ often caused by an inflammatory bursa medial bunion associated with HAV |
|
|
Brachymetatarsia
|
Condition in which one of five metatarsals is abnormally short, causing a short toe
|
|
|
Blue Toe Syndrome
|
occurs when a bunch of little emboli (little blot clots) shower into one of the digits
|
|
|
Bursitis
|
Inflammation of a bursa
|
|
|
Claw toe
|
Toe that is contracted @ PIPJ and DIPJ
|
|
|
Capsulitis
|
Inflammation of a joint capsule
|
|
|
Diabetic Osteolysis
|
Bone disappears when u increase osteoclasts, demineralization occurs because you are breaking down the bone
|
|
|
Digiti Minimi Varus
|
5th toe, the phalanx is turned inwards toward the midline with overlapping toe
|
|
|
Forefoot Varus
|
forefoot inversion
|
|
|
Forefoot valgus
|
forefoot eversion
|
|
|
Gouty Arthritis
|
form of arthritis caused by deposits of needle-like crystals of uric acid
disorder of purine metabolism |
|
|
Dry Gangrene
|
tissue changes lead to dessication and mummification
|
|
|
Wet gangrene
|
bacterial superinfection occurs, causing a liquefying necrosis
Remove body part |
|
|
Hallux Abducto Valgus
|
hallux is abducted and everted and usually patient will also have a bunion
|
|
|
Hallux Extensus
|
deformity in which the hallux is held rigidly in the extended position
too much force on metatarsal heads |
|
|
Hallux Interphalangeus
|
abduction deformity of IPJ of Hallux
distal phalanx abducted to side |
|
|
Hallux Limitus
|
can't dorsiflex hallux
|
|
|
Hallux Varus
|
adduction of hallux
|
|
|
Hammertoe
|
contraction of PIPJ
|
|
|
Heloma
|
corn
|
|
|
Hypertrophy
|
increase in size of tissue- metatarsal head
|
|
|
Intermetatarsal Neuroma
|
tumor on nerve in metatarsal or between metatarsal
|
|
|
Mallet Toe
|
contraction of DIPJ
|
|
|
Metatarsalgia
|
pain in metatarsal heads
|
|
|
Metatarsus Adductus
|
adduction of metarsus from midline of body
|
|
|
Morton’s Neuroma
|
occurs in the 3rd IPJ and is a benign swelling along a nerve in foot that carries sensations from toes
|
|
|
Onychauxis
|
thicker nail
|
|
|
Onychocryptosis
|
ingrown nail
|
|
|
Onychpgryphosis
|
long curved nail
|
|
|
Onchomycosis
|
Nail fungus
|
|
|
Paronychia
|
inflammation of the nail fold surrounding the nail plate
|
|
|
Planterflexed Metatarsal
|
Planterflexing of a metatarsal
|
|
|
Sprain
|
stretch (mild)
partial tear (moderate) total tear/bleeding (severe) |
|
|
Splay Foot
|
widen metatarsal angles (between 1st and 2nd metatarsals and 4th and 5th metatarsals)
very flexible foot |
|
|
Subungual Exostosis
|
boney growth beneath nail distal to phalanx of a hallux
|
|
|
Subungal Hematoma
|
Blood under nail
|
|
|
Tailor's Bunion
|
bunion on 5th metatarsal base
|
|
|
Tendonitis
|
inflammation of tendon
|
|
|
Verrucae
|
wart
|
|
|
Charcot Foot
|
progressive degenerative condition that affects the joints in the feet
|
|
|
Dorsal Exostosis
|
cavoid arch
|
|
|
Ganglionic cyst
|
outpocketing of synovial tissue
|
|
|
Kohler’s Disease
|
avascular necrosis of bone (navicular)
|
|
|
Arthritis
|
inflammation of joints causing pain, swelling, and stiffness
|
|
|
Avascular Necrosis
|
death of tissue due to depletion of blood supply or a disorder
|
|
|
Calcaneovalgus
|
child born with hyper mobile foot
|
|
|
Congenital Vertical Talus
|
head of talus vertical
|
|
|
Club Foot
|
abduction, inversion, and equinas deformity
|
|
|
Heel Spur Syndrome
|
exostosis, periostitis, plantar fascitis, or heel neuroma
|
|
|
Heel Neuroma
|
neuroma of the heel
|
|
|
Periostitis
|
Inflammation involving the periosteum
|
|
|
Plantar Fascitis
|
inflammation of the plantar fascia tendon
|
|
|
Pronation Syndrome
|
eversion and abduction when the foot is in the dorsiflexed position
|
|
|
Pes Cavus
|
high arched foot
|
|
|
Supination Syndrome
|
Inversion and adduction when the foot is in planterflexed position;
|
|
|
Tarsal Coalition
|
Abnormal union of 2 or more bones in the hindfoot and midfoot
|
|
|
push-up test
|
push up on metatarsal base. If toes straighten, it is a flexible hammertoe
|
|
|
What is the extensor substitution on the theory of the etiology of hammertoes?
|
weak tibialis anterior m. causes other extensors to fire harder, which messes up the dynamics b/w other extensors (and gives one hammertoes)
|
|
|
What is the flexor substitution on the theory of the etiology of hammertoes?
|
weak soleus muscle compensates and fires stronger than normal. FDL will upset dynamic and will cause toes to buckle proximally
|
|
|
What is the flexor stabilization on the theory of the etiology of hammertoes?
|
when intrinsic muscles (lumbricals or interrosie) are weak, FDL becomes a deforming force, which causes hammers toes. This causes contracted extensor hood to be a “holding force” maintaining the toes in their contracted position
|
|
|
What are the 3 stages of the healing process?
|
inflammation
proliferation remodeling |
|
|
How long is the inflammation stage?
|
0-4 days
|
|
|
How long is the proliferation stage?
|
5-25 days
|
|
|
How long is the remodeling stage?
|
26+ days
|
|
|
What are the 3 events during the inflammation stage?
|
vascular event
cellular event hemostatic event |
|
|
What occurs during the vascular event?
|
ends of blood vessels constrict and vasodilation of rest of blood vessels
|
|
|
What occurs during the cellular event?
|
mast cells have lysed and release histamine which is a vasodilator
|
|
|
What occurs during the hemostatic event?
|
fibrin deposition
platelet aggregation clotting cascade |
|
|
What occurs during the proliferation stage?
|
collagen proliferation by fibroblasts
|
|
|
What occurs during the remodeling phase?
|
collagen bundles begin to realign based on stressors put on them
takes place after 3 weeks |
|
|
What is the effect of infection on the healing process?
|
provocation without resolution
chaos-inflammation, proliferation, and remodeling stages occuring at once |
|
|
What is the gram stain of gram + bacteria?
|
purple
|
|
|
What is the gram stain of gram - bacteria?
|
red
|
|
|
What is the role of the osteogenic precursor cells in bone growth?
|
capable of undergoing cell division
|
|
|
What are the major blood supplies to the long bones?
|
1.) Epiphyseal
2.) Metaphyseal 3.) Diaphyseal 4.) Periosteal |
|
|
What is the bacteria one must think of whenever one hears "bone infection?"
|
S. aureus
|
|
|
Is the anti-toxin for tetanus immunization active or passive?
|
passive
|
|
|
Is the tetanus toxoid for tetanus immunization active or passive?
|
active
|
|
|
When should you give the anti-toxin?
|
For tetanus prone wound if unknown or less than 3 doses (toxoid) immunization
Not needed in Non-tetanus prone wound |
|
|
When should you do with a tetanus prone wound?
|
If either: Unknown or less than 3 doses of toxoid immunization OR more than 5 years since last (toxoid) booster
-so… if patient has had 3 doses toxoid immunization and is less than 5 years since last toxoid booster NO toxoid would be needed even in a “dirty wound” |
|
|
What should you do with a non tetanus prone wound?
|
If unknown or less than 3 doses of toxoid immunization OR more than 10 years since last booster (less than 3 doses= has not finished the tetnus series)
-so… if patient has had 3 doses toxoid immunization and is less than 10 years since last toxoid booster NO toxoid would be needed in a “clean wound” |
|
|
How can you test a person for osteoid osteoma?
|
give aspirin and pain goes away-osteoid osteoma present
give aspirin and pain doesn't go away-something else |
|
|
Define bacteriostatic
|
inhibits growth
|
|
|
What are the bacteriostatics?
|
erythromycin
clindamycin tetracycline lincomycin chloramphenicol sulfonamides |
|
|
Define bacteriocidal
|
destroys cell at or near the MIC
|
|
|
What are the bacteriocidals?
|
penicillins
cephalosporins aminoglycosides vancomycin |
|
|
What drug is the only exception to the agonist/antagonist rule?
|
clindamycin
|
|
|
Name the gram + cocci
|
Staph
Strep Pneumo |
|
|
Name the gram + rods
|
Listeria
Clostridia Dipthroides |
|
|
Name the gram - cocci
|
Gonococcus
Meningococcus think of GM |
|
|
Name the gram - rods
|
Enterobacteracea
Pseudomonas |
|
|
What drugs are used on gram + aerobes?
|
penicillins
1st generation cephalosporins |
|
|
What drugs are used on gram - aerobes?
|
aminoglycosides
2nd and 3rd generation cephalosporins |
|
|
What drugs are effective on the pseudomonas?
|
antipseudomonal penicillin/cephalosporin
plus antipseudomonal aminoglycoside |
|
|
What is the agonist rule for giving drugs?
|
Agonist: using two drugs of the same class
giving a bacteriostatic drug with another bacteriostatic drug giving a bacteriocidal drug with another bacteriocidal drug |
|
|
What is the antagonist rule for giving drugs?
|
Antagonist: using one drug from each of the two classes
giving a bacteriostatic drug with a bacteriocidal drug Best to avoid this situation |
|
|
What drugs are used on anaerobes?
|
penicillins
|
|
|
What drugs are used on Bacteroides Fragilis?
|
Clindamycin or metronidazole
|
|
|
What is the complication of using Clindamycin?
|
pseudomembranous colitis (inflammation of gut)
will know when patient gets diarrhea |
|
|
When bugs is Unasyn used on?
|
everything except Pseudomonas
|
|
|
When should the Quinolones be used?
|
good aerobic coverage only
|
|
|
When should the Clavulonates be used?
|
excellent broad spectrum aerobic and anaerobic coverage
|
|
|
What is the rule for giving children antibiotics?
|
Clark's rule:
wt in pounds/150= %of adult dose |
|
|
What are the PENICILLIN-RESISTANT PENICILLINS?
|
Cloxacillin
Oxacillin Naphcillin Dicloxacillin Methacillin Pneumonic: “CONDM”, as in the ‘Condom’ Series |
|
|
What are the Aminopenicillins?
|
Ampicillin and Amoxicillin
Ampicillin is twice as strong as Amoxicillin Therefore, use half as much Ampicillin |
|
|
What are the natural penicillins?
|
PenVK (oral)
PenG (IV, for surgery) |
|
|
ANTI-PSEUDOMONAL PENICILLINS
|
Azlocillin
Pipercillin Mezlocillin Carbenicillin Ticarcillin Pneumonic: “A PM CTi” |
|
|
What is the Trough?
|
Blood drawn before each dose
Lowest point in blood |
|
|
What is the Peak?
|
Blood drawn after each dose
Highest point in blood |
|
|
Aminoglycosides
|
Tobramycin
Amikacin Netalmycin Gentamycin Pneumonic: “T.A.N.G.” |
|
|
With regards to the trough and peak, when should a shot be given?
|
Should be below the trough and after given shot should be below the peak
|
|
|
What are the conditions that promote diabetes?
|
Obesity
Hyperthyroidism Pregnancy Infection Pancreatic tumors |
|
|
What are the initial signs of diabetes?
|
1. Polydipsia: increased thirst
2. Polyphagia: increased hunger 3. Polyuria: inrecased urination 4. Weakness: generalized |
|
|
What is the clinical progression of ketoacidosis?
|
gradually starts with polyuria, polydipsia, polyphagia and weakness
|
|
|
What is the cause of SOMOGYI PHENOMENON?
|
Doctors cause this!!
Doctor gives excess insulin |
|
|
What bacteria cause osteomyelitis in infants?
|
Staph Aureus
Hemolytic Strep E-Coli |
|
|
What bacteria cause osteomyelitis in a child at 14 months?
|
Staph Aureus
S. Epidermidis Salmonella |
|
|
What bacteria cause osteomyelitis in an adult?
|
Staph aureus
Psuedomonas Neisseria gonorrhea |
|
|
What is the "deforming force" which hammers back the toes in flexor stabilization?
|
FDL
|
|
|
What is the "holding force" maintaining the toes in their contracted position in flexor stabilization?
|
the contracted extensors
|
