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24 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back
What are the two classification methods?
1. Functional classification
2. Structural classification
How are neurons functionally classified?
-Sensory/afferent: APs towards CNS
-Motor/efferent: APs away from CNS
-Interneurons/association: within CNS from one neuron to another
How are neurons structurally classified?
-Multipolar: many dendrites, single axon, most neurons in the CNS and motor neurons
-Bipolar: one dendrite, one axon, sensory organs (eyes)
-Unipolar (pseudo-unipolar): single process extending from cell body - divides into 2 branches - part extending into periphery had dendrite-like sensory receptors
What is the function of a vesicle in axonal transport?
-To release neurotransmitters in the pre-synaptic terminal that either stimulate or inhibit post-synaptic cell
-To move up and down the axon transporting neurotransmitters
What are the neuroglia?
-Nervous tissue "glue"
-Support and protect nerve cells
-Smaller cells but are very numerous
-Account for over half the weight of the brain
What are the 4 types of neuroglia? (supporting cells of the CNS)
1. Astrocytes
2. Ependymal Cells
3. Microglia
4. Oligodendrocytes
What are the functions of astrocytes? What are they?
-Largest and most numerous of glial cells (star-shaped)
-Cover surfaces of blood vessels, neurons and pia mater
-Release chemicals to form tight junctions between endothelial cells of capillaries
-"Blood brain barrier": protect against toxic substances
-Helps maintain a chemical environment
What are the functions of ependymal cells? What are they?
-Line the ventricles of the brain and central canal of spinal cord
-Helps form the choroid plexus and patches form cilia
-Cilia moves CSF that is produces through ventricles
What are the functions of microglia? What are they?
-Specialized macrophages in the CNS
-Phagocytic: inflammation (protective function)
-Can engulf dead tissues, microorganisms, foreign substances, and break them down and destroy them
What are the functions of oligodendrocytes? What are they?
-Smaller and fewer processes
-Cytoplasmic extensions: surround axons
-Form myelin sheaths around portions of several axons
What are the supporting cells of the PNS?
1. Schwann cells
2. Satellite cells
What are the functions of Schwann cells? What are they?
-Wrap around axons
-Forms myelin sheath around portion of only one axon
-Forms lipid layer that allows action potentials to be conducted at a faster rate
What are the functions of satellite cells? What are they?
-Surround neuron cell bodies in ganglia
-Provides nutrients to cell body and support
What is the function of myelin?
To protect and insulate axons from each other
What's the difference between myelinated and unmyelinated axons?
Myelinated: axons conduct signals more rapidly
Unmyelinated: only wraps around axons a single time and doesn't provide as much insulation or protection and has multiple axons
What is white matter?
-Myelinated axons
-Nerve tracts propagate action potentials from one area in the CNS to another
What is gray matter?
-Unmyelinated axons, cell bodies, dendrites, neuroglia
-integrative functions
Where is gray and white matter found... in the brain? In the spinal cord?
In the brain, gray is outer, white is inner

In the spinal cord, white is outer, gray is inner
What are dendrites?
-Create the synapse
-Electrical impulses are received from other neurons
-Cytoplasmic extensions
What's the axon hillock?
-Where the axon meets the soma (cell body)
-Initial segment
-Action potentials are started at trigger zone (axon hillock)
What's the axon?
-Start=initial segment
-End=presynaptic terminal
-Carries nerve signals away from soma
What is a presynaptic terminal?
Contains neurotransmitters that cross the synaptic cleft
What is a node of ranvier?
Gaps between Schwann cells where there's no myelin sheath
What is a collateral axon?
Sends signals to other structures