Functional Human Anatomy Review For Exam 1

Front 1

Describe Anatomical Position

Back 1

Body Erect
Head, Palms, and Feet facing forward

Front 2

Name 2 Movements that Occur in the Sagittal Plane

Back 2

Flexion
Extension
Plantarflexion
Dorsiflexion
Protusion
Retrusion

Front 3

Name 2 Movements that Occur in the Coronal Plane

Back 3

Lateral Flexion
Abduction
Adduction
Inversion
Eversion
Elevation
Depression

Front 4

What are the contents of the cranial cavity?

Back 4

Brain

Front 5

What are the contents of the Mediastinum?

Back 5

Heart
Great Vessels of the Heart
Esophagus
Trachea
Thymus
Lymph Nodes
Thoracic Duct

Front 6

List the overall functions of epithelial tissue (not necessarily what each individual type does)

Back 6

Protection
Absorption
Filtration
Excretion
Secretion
Sensory Reception

Front 7

Where can you find SIMPLE SQUAMOUS EPITHELIUM

Back 7

Kidneys
Lungs
Blood Vessels

Front 8

What is the function of SIMPLE CUBOIDAL EPITHELIUM

Back 8

Secretion
Absorption

Front 9

What is the difference between SECRETION and EXCRETION?

Back 9

Secretion - out of cell, into blood/body fluid

Excretion - out of body

Front 10

What are the defining characteristics of SIMPLE COLUMNAR EPITHELIUM?

Back 10

Tall
Oval Nuclei
Can be Ciliated

Front 11

What is the function of STRATIFIED SQUAMOUS EPITHELIUM?

Back 11

Protection

Front 12

What does it mean if a cell is KERATINIZED?

Back 12

Dead
Strengthening protein for protection

Front 13

Where can you typically find STRATIFIED CUBOIDAL EPITHELIUM?

Back 13

in Excretory Glands (Sweat Glands, Mammary Glands, Salivary Glands)

Front 14

What is the purpose of Transitional Epithelium?

Back 14

to allow for STRETCH

Front 15

What is the difference between endocrine and exocrine glands?

Back 15

Endocrine - ductless

Exocrine - secrete into ducts

Front 16

The smallest contractile unit of a muscle is:

Back 16

Sarcomere

Front 17

Muscle contraction cannot occur without what electrolyte?

Back 17

Calcium

Front 18

Describe Type I muscle fibers

Back 18

Slow Twitch
Oxidative
Postural Muscles
Red in color

Front 19

What type of muscles fatigue quickly

Back 19

Type IIb

Front 20

What are the 4 main functions of muscle

Back 20

Excitability
Contractility
Extensibility
Elasticity

Front 21

Name two movements that work in the frontal/coronal plane.

Back 21

Abduction & adduction

Front 22

What distinguishes the retroperitoneal organs from the peritoneal cavity?

Back 22

They lie in the dorsal aspect of the abdominopelvic region and do NOT have mesenteries.

Front 23

Which type of epithelium tissue can be broken down into non-keratinized and keratinized forms?

Back 23

stratified squamous epithelium

Front 24

Which type of epithelium tissue can be found in the urinary bladder?

Back 24

transitional epithelium

Front 25

What are the four types of connective tissue?

Back 25

Atypical CT, Loose CT, Dense CT, and cartilage

Front 26

Which sensory receptor is for deep pressure and vibration?

Back 26

Vater-Pacini corpuscle

Front 27

What characteristic does calcium phosphate give to bone?

Back 27

makes it strong but not flexible

Front 28

What is the junction called where hyaline cartilage is replaced by bone between the diaphysis and the epiphyses?

Back 28

epiphyseal plate

Front 29

What is an example of a biaxial synovial joint?

Back 29

wrist

Front 30

Which part of the muscle serves as a storage site for calcium?

Back 30

sarcoplasmic reticulum

Front 31

What is the only body part that can perform opposition?

Back 31

The thumbs

Front 32

The mediastinum contains what?

Back 32

The thymus, trachea, esophagus, large arteries and veins to/from the heart, nerves and the pericardial cavity.

Front 33

Which organs are suspended by the mesenteries?

Back 33

The stomach, part of the large intestine, and the small intestine.

Front 34

This type of tissue stretches readily and permits distention of urinary organs

Back 34

Transitional Epithelium

Front 35

These two types of muscles are considered involuntary

Back 35

Smooth muscle and Cardiac muscle

Front 36

This type of sensory receptor detects pain

Back 36

Free nerve ending

Front 37

These type of bone cells break done bone and perform this process

Back 37

Osteoclasts; Osteolysis

Front 38

This type of growth increases bone diameter

Back 38

Appositional Growth

Front 39

This portion of the skeleton is composed of the skull, 3 auditory ossicles, the hyoid bone, the sternum, the rib cage, and the vertebral column.

Back 39

The Axial Skeleton

Front 40

This lubricating fluid is found in joints and nourishes the cartilage

Back 40

Synovial Fluid

Front 41

Name the six functions of the Muscular System

Back 41

Movement of the body
Maintenance of posture
Production of body heat
Communication
Constriction of organs and vessels
Contraction of the heart

Front 42

The ability to respond to neural stimulation is?

Back 42

Excitability

Front 43

How many types of muscle tissue are there? And which one is the only voluntary one?

Back 43

3 types
Skeletal muscle

Front 44

When does the muscle contraction end? And what other factors can end a muscle contraction?

Back 44

When calcium is fully pumped out
When there no more ATP and there is no release of the cross bridges.

Front 45

Motor units will vary in terms of?

Back 45

The number of muscle fibers they contain
Sensitivity to stimuli

Front 46

What is osteoblasts?

Back 46

Bone building cells, lays down bone matrix

Front 47

What are the two cavities that the body is broken down into?

Back 47

Dorsal cavity
Ventral cavity

Front 48

In the pleural cavity which layer is closest to the body wall?

Back 48

Parietal pleura

Front 49

Name ALL the organs that the Abdomino-pelvic cavity contains

Back 49

Stomach, intestines, liver, bladder, some reproductive organs, and the rectum.

Front 50

Name the two distinctive layers of the integumentary system and tell which one is superficial and which one is deep.

Back 50

Epidermis is the superficial layer
Dermis is the deep layer.

Front 51

Resembles both stratified squamous and columnar. Lines the ureters, urinary bladder and part of the urethra

Back 51

Transitional Epithelium

Front 52

The layer that is closest to or covers the organ

Back 52

Visceral serosa

Front 53

Provides support and suspension to hold the viscera in place while still allowing some limited movement

Back 53

Mesentery

Front 54

Region between the 2 pleural cavitites that contains the thymus, esophagus, trachea, large arteries and veins to heart

Back 54

Mediastinum

Front 55

Sensory receptors that respond to deep pressure and vibration

Back 55

Pacinian Corpusble

Front 56

Immature cells responsible for the production of new bone

Back 56

Osteoblasts

Front 57

Outer layer of the bone that serves as a site of attachment for ligaments and tendons providing protection & durability

Back 57

Periosteum

Front 58

When a joint allows movement only along one axis

Back 58

Monoaxial

Front 59

Movable joints

Back 59

Diarthrosis

Front 60

During contraction, Ca ions enter the pre-synaptic cleft and initiate the release of this neurotransmitter

Back 60

ACh (Acetylcholine)

Front 61

Name the functions of the skeletal system

Back 61

Provides support and framework
Stores minerals and lipids
Production of Blood cells
Protects easily damaged tissue and organs
Leverage

Front 62

Name the cells of the osseous tissue

Back 62

Osteogenic
Osteoblasts
Osteoclasts
Osetocytes

Front 63

Where are osteocytes located?

Back 63

between the spaces (or lacunae ) between layers (lamellae)

Front 64

characteristices of compact bone

Back 64

dense
have osteons
varies with thickness form bone to bone

Front 65

characteristics of spongy bone

Back 65

very pourous
lighter than compact bone
no osteons
surround bone marrow or medullary cavity
a.ka.a trabeculae

Front 66

what are the two types of connective tissue in bone

Back 66

endosteum-thin layer
periosteum-dense layer

Front 67

What are the two types of ossification and when do they occur?

Back 67

Intramembranous-occurs in the fetal period
Endochondral-begins with the formation of hyaline cartilage during the fetal period

Front 68

What is the epiphyseal plate and epiphyseal line and how does it occur?

Back 68

Hyaline cartilage is replace by bone at the junction between the diaphysis and epiphyses- the line occurs when there is not more cartilage

Front 69

what are the major joint types

Back 69

fibrous joints
cartilaginous joints
synovial joints

Front 70

what is the hightest level of organization

Back 70

the organism

Front 71

Name the 5 layers of the epidermis from superficial to deep.

Back 71

stratum corneum... stratum lucidum... stratum granulosum... stratum spinosum...stratum basale

Front 72

Name and describe the two layers of the Dermis from deep to superficial.

Back 72

Reticular Layer- anchor, very strong, has elastic fibers and some collagen. Can has slight stretch.

Papillary Layer (Dermal Papillae)- Contains blood vessels, nerve innervations, and projects into outer layer of skin giving a person their fingerprints.

Front 73

What is the fatty adipose layer deep to the dermis that shares some of the skin's functions?

Back 73

the Hypodermis

Front 74

Meissner's corpuscle do what?

Back 74

touch receptor for fine touch. also known as the two-point discrimination receptor.

Front 75

Vater-Pacini corpuscle does what?

Back 75

senses deep pressure and deep vibration.

Front 76

Krause's corpuscle does what?

Back 76

receptor for cold temperatures

Front 77

Free Nerve Endings in the skin are used for...

Back 77

reception of pain

Front 78

Hair Follicle is used in sensory stimulation for what type of touch?

Back 78

Light touch

Front 79

What is the difference between a callus and a blister

Back 79

callus: thickening response to persistent friction; continual adaptive response prevents waring-away of skin

blister: short term severe friction that causes separation of the epidermis from dermis by a fluid-filled pocket; short term trauma

Front 80

These are caused by extreme stretching of skin, tearing the dermal layer; produces scars in dermis that are not elastic

Back 80

stretch marks

Front 81

These are interspersed between the epidermis and the dermis and are extensions of epidermal layer

Back 81

Skin appendages
hair and hair follicles (epidermal)
sebaceous glands and follicles (epidermal)
sweat glands (dermal)
nails (epidermal)

Front 82

These types of glands are found everywhere in the body except for pales and soles

Back 82

sebaceous glands and follicles

Front 83

sweat glands are found everywhere in the body except for

Back 83

nipples and part of external genitalia

Front 84

The skeletal system lipids and minerals. What are some examples

Back 84

1. calcium makes up 98% in the skeleton and is important in normal concentrations of calcium,phosphorus, magnesium
2. yellow marrow- lipid storage (energy source)

Front 85

This process is where immature cells are responsible for the production of new bone

Back 85

osteogenesis

Front 86

What is the main function of an osteocyte

Back 86

secrete enzymes and maintain healthy bone and mineral content by regulating calcium release and deposition

Front 87

Spongy bone is aka...

Back 87

trabeculae

Front 88

Name and describe the two types of CT in bone

Back 88

endosteum- line layer of CT that lies the medullary cavity

perosteum- dense layer of CT that lines surface of bone

Front 89

During movement or exercise, ______________ and _____________ is largely dependent upon muscles ability to produce energy and force

Back 89

endurance....speed of motion

Front 90

what does axial skeleton consist of

Back 90

skull, 3 auditory ossicles, hyoid bone, vertebral column
rib cage
sternum

Front 91

Name the structural and functional organization levels of the human body

Back 91

chemical/molecular
cellular
tissue
organ
organ system
organism

*there is an absolute interdependence of the levels.

Front 92

What are the 4 imaginary planes that pass through the body in the anatomical position? Name and describe

Back 92

MEDIAN: separates body into equal right and left halves

SAGITTAL: separates body into left and right halves

CORONAL: aka frontal; separates body anteriorly/posteriorly

HOROZONTAL: aka transverse; separates body superiorly/inferiorly

OBLIQUE: any plane or section that is not at right angle

Front 93

The body is divided into 2 main categories. What are they

Back 93

Dorsal and Ventral

Front 94

Describe the dorsal cavity

Back 94

fluid filled space whose boundaries are determined by cranium and spinal canal.

divided into
cranial cavity- houses brain
spinal cavity- houses spinal cord

Front 95

describe ventral cavity

Back 95

surrounds respiratory, cardiovasculatory, digestive, urinary and reprod. systems

diaphragm further divies cavity into thoracic and abdomino-pelvic cavity

Front 96

the ventral cavity is divided itno the thoracic and abdomino-pelvic cavity. describe ea. cavity subdivision

Back 96

thoracic- superior to abdomino-pelvicl; contains mediastimum- region between two pleural cavities that contains thymus, esophogus, trachea, large arteries and veings, nerves and pericardial cavity


abdomino-pelvic- peritoneal cavity:
-abdominal: stomach, intestines
-pelvic: bladdar, repo organs, rectum

Front 97

this cavity can be described as a sac with its sides very close to one another with two layers made of a serous membrane and secretes serous fluid into space between 2 layers.

Name this cavity and its two layers

Back 97

Ventral cavity

layers:
visceral serosa: layer that is closest to or covers organs

visceral parietal: layer closest to or lines body wall

Front 98

what are the subcavities of ventral cavity

Back 98

pericardial
pleural
peritoneal

Front 99

how can an organ be located within abdomino-pelvic cavity but not in peritoneum?

Back 99

organ is divided my mesentery

Front 100

what is a mesentery

Back 100

provides support and sispension to hold viscera in place, but still allows movement..

anchors organs to body wall and provies a route for nerves and bl vessels

Front 101

what does the retroperitoneal organs consist of and do these organs have nteries?

Back 101

include: kidneys, part of colon, pancreas, adrenals

these organs do NOT have mesenteries, but are partially covered by parietal peritoneum

Front 102

Name and describe the primary tissue types on the human body

Back 102

epithelial: innervated by nerve fibers but is avascular
connective:
muscle:
nervous:

Front 103

functions of epithelial tissue

Back 103

protection
act as a barrier
permists passage of substance
secretion
absorption

Front 104

what are the two classifications of epithelia

Back 104

simple and stratefied.

simple: single layer of cells from basement membrane to apical surface (contact w/ bl cells)
types
-simple squamous
-simple cuboidal
-simple columnar
-pseudosatisfied columnar

stratefied
more than one layer of cells, only basal layer attaches to basement membrane
types:
-stratefied squamous
-stratified cuboidal
-stratified columnar
-transitional

Front 105

SIMPLE SQUAMOUS EPITHELIUM: description/fxn/location

Back 105

description: flattened laterally with sparse cytoplasm; thin and permeable

fxn: filtration, diffusion, secretion

location: kidney, glomeruli, air sacs of lungs, bl vessels, lining of ventral cavity, lymphatic vessels

*anywhere you see transport of materials

Front 106

SIMPLE SQUAMOUS CUBOIDAL:
description/fxn/location

Back 106

description: single layer of cuboidal cells
fxn: secretion and absorption
loca: dicts and secretly portions of sm glands; kidney tubules

Front 107

simple columnar epithelium: description/fxn/location

Back 107

description: single later of tall cells with oval nuclei; some contain cilia and or mucous secreting unicellular cells

fxn: absorption, secretion of mucous, enzymes and other substances

loca:
nonciliated: digestive tract, gallbladdar and some glands;

ciliated: small bronchi in lungs, uterine tubes and some portions of uterus

Front 108

pseudostratified columnar: description/fxn/location

Back 108

description: single layer differing in heights

fxn: secretion of mucous especially,
location: ducts of large glands, some of male urethra, trachea

Front 109

stratified squamous: description/fxn/location

Back 109

description: specific keratinzed form contains surface cells full of keratin

fxn: underlying areas subjected to abrasion

location: nonkeratinized: moist lining of esoph. , mouth and vagina

keratinzed: forms epidermous of skin

Front 110

strat. cuboidal description/fxn/location

Back 110

des: several cell layers;

fxn: protection/secretion
loc: rare in body, sm amts in male uretha ands ome large glands

Front 111

transitional epith.
description/fxn/location

Back 111

description: resembles strat. squamous and strat. columnar

fxn: stretches readily and permits distention of urinary organ by contained urin

loca; lines ureters, urinary bladdar and aprt of uretha

Front 112

difference between endo and exocrine glands

Back 112

endo- ductless glands that produce hormones that release directly into bl or lymphastic fluid

exo: secrete subst through a duct onto body surgface or into a body cavity- sweat, saliva, liver, pancreas

Front 113

fxn of CT

Back 113

-binding and support
-protection
-insulation
-transportatio of subst. within body

Front 114

characteristics of ct

Back 114

all have living cells surrounded by matrix
differ by:
1. cell type
2. fiber type
3. distribution of fibers
-can be vascular (adipose), avascular (cartilage) or pporly vascular (ligamts and tendons)
-mostly composed of nonliving extracellular matrix which separates

Front 115

Extra Cellular Protein Fibers

Back 115

collagen
-most common
-flexible, NOT a lot of elasticity
reticular fibers
-mesh
aid CT to withstand multi-directional forces
elastic fibers
-elasticity to overal tissue
ground substance
-most common substance
-made of hallauronic acid
--lube of ground substance
--reduces friction
proteogycen
-draw h2O in to allow ground subst to be substantiable
--intervertebral disc in spine
-condrodane sulfur
--fluid most common in G.S.

Front 116

types of CT

Back 116

atypical
-bone
-blood

proper subtype
-loose
--areolar
--adipose
--reticular
-dense
--dense regular (tendons, ligamts)
--dense irreg (dermis of skin)

cartilage
-hyaline cartilage
-elastic
-fibrocartilage

Front 117

receptor for pain

Back 117

free nerve ending

Front 118

dense layer of CT that lines the surface of the bone

Back 118

periosteum

Front 119

process of adding layers of bone tissue and supporting vessels and innervation to the existing bone structures superficially

Back 119

appositional growth

Front 120

small,round, and flat bones

Back 120

sesamoid bones

Front 121

skeleton that consists of skull, 3 auditory bones, hyoid bone, vertebral column, sacrum, rib cage, and sternum

Back 121

axial skeleton

Front 122

the muscle's ability to respond to neural stimulation

Back 122

excitability

Front 123

covers the outside of the entire muscle

Back 123

epimysium

Front 124

type of myoblast that don't fuse, but exist between cells and function to aid in injury repair

Back 124

satellite cells

Front 125

myosin myofilaments are connected to the Z-discs by?

Back 125

Titin

Front 126

Calcium ions enter the pre-synaptic terminal and initiate the release of what?

Back 126

neurotransmitter acetylcholine (ACh)