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121 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back
When was the first Earth Day?
April 22, 1970
What is the Metropolitan Water District of Southern California?
The Metropolitan Water District of Southern California was created in 1927 in order to create the Colorado River Aqueduct. It was built between 1933 and 1941 and is owned and operated by the Metropolitan Water District of Southern California. It ran a water pipeline to Los Angeles.
Who is Rachel Carson?
Rachel Carson was the author of Silent Spring, which was published in 1962. In the book, Carson examined the dangers of chemical pesticides, such as DDT, on plants, animals, and humans. This book greatly influenced the way people think about the environment.
What are Effluent Standards?
Effluent Standards are set restrictions on the discharge of pollutants into the environment. Effluent guidelines reduce the discharge of pollutants that have serious environmental impacts. The EPA has effluent guidelines for more than 50 categories
What is Point Source Pollution?
Point Source Pollution is discharged directly from a specific site, such as a sewage treatment plant or an industrial pipe.
What is Non-point Source Pollution?
Non-point Source Pollution is contaminated runoff from many sources.
What is Potable Water?
Potable Water is water that is safe to drink.
What is an Aquifer?
Aquifer is one or more strata of rock or sediment that is saturated and sufficiently permeable to yield economically significant quantities of water to wells or springs. An aquifer includes any geologic material that is currently used or could be used as a source of water within the target distance limit.
What is an estuary?
Estuary is an area where fresh water meets salt water.
What is a marsh?
Marsh is a type of freshwater, brackish water or saltwater wetland found along rivers, ponds, lakes, and coasts. It does not accumulate appreciable peat deposits and is dominated by herbaceous vegetation.
What is a lagoon?
Lagoon is a shallow body of water that is located alongside a coast
What is a reservoir?
Reservoir is a pond, lake, tank, or basin that can be used for the storage and control of water, and can be either natural or man-made.
What is surface water?
Surface Water includes rivers, lakes, oceans, ocean-like water bodies, and coastal tidal waters.
What is a swamp?
Swamp is a freshwater wetland that has spongy, muddy land and a lot of water.
What is a watershed?
Watershed is a region drained by, or contributing water to, a surface water body
What is a wetlands?
Wetlands include swamps, marshes, bogs, and other similar areas. They are areas that are inundated or saturated by surface or ground water at a frequency and duration sufficient to support vegetation typically adapted for life in saturated soil conditions. Wetlands can be natural or constructed.
The Clean Water Act
The Clean Water Act was passed in 1977, as an amendment to the Federal Water Pollutant Control Act of 1972. This Act requires anyone wanting to discharge pollutants into a body of water to obtain a permit to do so. It also regulates the amount of water that may be discharged and the types of pollutants that may be released.
Point Source Discharge Permit
In order to discharge pollutants into the water, a Point Source Discharge Permit must be obtained from the National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System (NPDES). To learn more about NPDES, visit the River Network website.
The Clean Air Act
The Clean Air Act was passed in 1970 with major amendments in 1977 and 1990. The federal government sets ambient standards and the states must devise methods that enables these standards to be met. Air cannot be contained in one location, so Air Quality Control Regions (AQCR) were created to measure air quality in airsheds. Like the Clean Water Act, the law requires a permit to release pollutants into the air. The Act monitors six pollutants:
•Ozone
•Particulate Matter
•Carbon Monoxide
•Nitrogen Dioxide
•Sulfur Dioxide
•Lead
Prevention of Significant Deterioration (PSD
Prevention of Significant Deterioration (PSD) relates to air quality and requires that a project will not increase emissions above a specified PSD increment.
Ambient Air Quality Standards
Ambient Air Quality Standards are the maximum air contaminant concentrations allowed in the ambient air.
Attainment Areas
The Clean Air Act has provisions that cut off federal funding for metropolitan areas that are not in attainment. In non-attainment areas, new pollution sources are allowed only if there is a reduction in pollutants greater than the pollutants contributed by the source. As of September 2002, there were 124 non-attainment areas
How much has air pollutants been reduced since 1970?
According to the EPA, national emissions of the six most common air pollutants have been reduced 25 percent since 1970.
The National Environmental Policy Act of 1969 (NEPA)
The National Environmental Policy Act of 1969 (NEPA) resulted in the creation of the Council on Environmental Quality. The Act requires that the environmental impacts of a project be considered. An Environmental Assessment is required to determine whether there is a significant environmental impact. One of the major requirements of the act was to require the preparation of an Environmental Impact Statement (EIS). An EIS is required for federal projects significantly affecting the quality of the human environment. If the environmental assessment determines that there is a significant impact then an Environmental Impact Statement is required.
The Rivers and Harbors Act of 1899
The Rivers and Harbors Act of 1899 prohibited the construction of any bridge, dam, dike, or causeway over any navigable waterway in the U.S. without Congressional approval. The Act also required Congressional approval for all wharfs, piers, or jetties, and the excavation or fill of navigable waters.
The Water Pollutant Control Act of 1948
The Water Pollutant Control Act of 1948 allowed the Surgeon General of the Public Health Service, in cooperation with other governmental entities, to prepare a comprehensive program for eliminating or reducing the pollution of interstate waters and tributaries and improving the sanitary condition of surface and underground waters. The Act allowed the Federal Works Administrator to assist government agencies in constructing treatment plants that could help to prevent discharges of inadequately treated sewage and other wastes into interstate waters or tributaries
The Water Quality Act of 1965
The Water Quality Act of 1965 established the Water Pollution Control Administration within the Department of the Interior. This was the first time water quality was treated as an environmental concern rather than a public health concern.
The Clean Water Act of 1966
The Clean Water Act of 1966 provided construction grants for wastewater treatment facilities.
The Coastal Zone Management Act of 1972
The Coastal Zone Management Act of 1972, later amended in 1990, focused efforts to reduce polluted runoff in 29 coastal states.
The Federal Water Pollutant Control Act of 1972
The Federal Water Pollutant Control Act of 1972 amended the Water Pollutant Act of 1948. The amendments broadened the government’s authority over water pollution and restructured the authority for water pollution under the Environmental Protection Agency. The Act changed the enforcement from water quality standards to regulating the amount of pollutants being discharged from particular point sources.
The Endangered Species Act of 1973
The Endangered Species Act of 1973 provided protection of animal and plant species that the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service designate as threatened or endangered. This act was later amended in 1988
The Public Utility Regulatory Policy Act (PURPA) of 1978
The Public Utility Regulatory Policy Act (PURPA) of 1978 promoted alternative energy sources, energy efficiency, and reduced dependence on foreign oil. It also created a market for non-utility power producers and requires competition in the utility industry.
The Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act of 1980
The Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act of 1980 created a $1.6 billion superfund to clean up abandoned hazardous waste sites and requires major industries to report annual releases of toxic wastes into the air, water, or ground.
Brownfields
According to the Environmental Protection Agency, Brownfields are “real property, the expansion, redevelopment, or reuse of which may be complicated by the presence or potential presence of a hazardous substance, pollutant, or contaminant. Cleaning up and reinvesting in these properties takes development pressures off of undeveloped, open land, and both improves and protects the environment.”
EPA's Environmental Indicators Initiative
EPA's Environmental Indicators Initiative improves the Agency's ability to report on the status of and trends in environmental conditions and their impacts on human health and the nation's natural resources. The Initiative's two key products are: (1) the Draft Report on the Environment, which is designed for general reading, highlights the progress the nation has made in protecting its air, water, and land resources; and describes the measures that can be used to track the status of the environment and human health, and (2) the Draft Technical Document, which provides the scientific foundation for the Draft Report on the Environment. The Draft Technical Document discusses in detail the indicators and data that are currently available, as well as their limitations.
Biomass
Biomass energy uses organic material which is burned to create energy.
Conventional sources of energy used to heat homes
Natural gas, coal, and oil are conventional sources of energy used to heat homes. However, there are also a number of renewable energy sources.
Methane
Methane is a naturally occurring byproduct of decaying plant and animal material. Methane gas is burned to produce electricity.
Hydroelectric power
Hydroelectric power is typically associated with large dams. It uses falling water to produce power, which is moved through a turbine, causing it to spin. The spinning turbine is coupled with a generator, which produces energy.
Solar Energy
Solar Energy can be used to heat homes through solar panels. Solar power uses photovoltaic panels to convert sunlight directly into electricity. The panels can be added together to create large systems.
Wind power
Wind power is growing in popularity in many parts of the U.S. Wind turbines are tall (100 feet plus) in order to catch the wind more efficiently. Wind farms made up of wind turbines built close together. They can be found in coastal, mountain, or other regions with a constant wind supply.
R-Value and minimum R-value for residential homes.
In order to make a building more energy efficient, builders use insulation. Insulation allows for more efficient heating of a building. Insulation is rated in terms of thermal resistance, called R-value. This indicates the resistance to heat flow. The higher the R-value, the greater the insulation. A minimum R-value of 20 is recommended for residential use.
Reducing a thermostat one degree will result in...
Reducing a thermostat one degree will result in money savings of between 1-3%, according to ENERGYguide.com.
Trip generation
Trip generation deals with the number of trips that a particular site is likely to generate. Thus, it is a byproduct of land use and intensity of use, factors which "induce" people to travel. The propensity to make trips is also dependent on the characteristics of the journey, trip purpose, and socioeconomic characteristics of the person making the trip (income, age, auto ownership).
Origin-Destination Survey and Cordon Line
Trip generation rates can be defined and determined in a number of ways. A special type of survey, known as an Origin-Destination Survey, is used. This survey requires that road blocks be set up along major routes. The imaginary line that denotes the boundary of the study area is known as the cordon line. Motorists within the cordon area can then be sampled and asked questions on where they are coming from (address or point of origin) and where they are going (destination). A more detailed survey with questions on socioeconomic characteristics can also be given to those sampled. That questionnaire is generally mailed back by the respondent
Cross tabulation models
Cross tabulation models can also be used to estimate trip generation. They allow for estimates of trip generation rates based on land use type, purpose, or socioeconomic characteristics. Needless to say, trip generation estimates based on current data becomes less and less valid with age. When local surveys are unavailable due to time or monetary constraints, published rates are used to derive estimates. One must keep in mind that trip generation models, tables, and surveys all have their own sources of error and are good for only providing estimates.
Typical trip generation rates
•11 daily trip ends for each 1,000 square feet of general office space
•9.6 daily trip ends per single family residential dwelling
•6.6 daily trip ends per apartment unit
•43 daily trip ends per 1,000 square feet of shopping center space
•7 daily trip ends per 1,000 square feet of light industrial development
Trip Distribution
Trip Distribution examines where people are going. A region or area is often divided into traffic zones. Trip distribution information generally provides information on how many trips are made between each zone and every other zone. The trip distribution component of the planning process also provides information on trip distances, time and cost, the nature of the trip, socioeconomic characteristics, and the nature of the transportation system.
Gravity model
The gravity model is a rather simple tool that attempts to quantify the rather complex trip generation relationships. It provides trip estimates based directly on the proportional attractiveness of the zone and inversely proportional to the trip length.
Modal Split
Modal Split deals with how people get to where they want to go, and the form of transportation that they use. By having information on the number of people using their cars, various forms of mass transit, bicycles, or walking, we are able to estimate how many vehicles need to get from one place to another
AADT (Average Annual Daily Traffic
•AADT (Average Annual Daily Traffic) is the amount of traffic on a roadway in a 24 hour period, averaged over a year;
AADT (Average Annual Daily Traffic
AADT (Average Annual Daily Traffic) is the amount of traffic on a roadway in a 24 hour period, averaged over a year
Design Hour Volume (DHV
Design Hour Volume (DHV) is the capacity of the roadway to handle traffic.
Traffic assignment
Traffic assignment, also known as trip assignment, allows us to use network models to predict the distribution of traffic for each roadway by the hour. It basically gives us the information on the routes that will be used. Peak volumes can then be compared with DHV to see which, if any, roadways are going to experience traffic over their design capacity; i.e., where the congestion is going to be.
Vehicle Miles Traveled (VMT)
Vehicle Miles Traveled (VMT) is a measure of vehicular mobility obtained from travel inventories. Vehicle miles of travel is a function of many factors, including topography, population density, travel distances between home and other daily destinations (such as work, shopping, and recreation), and the availability of mass transit. Communities vary in their mix and in the significance of these factors.
What does high VMT indicate?
High VMT indicates that more vehicles are on the road to meet growing employment, errand, and other travel demands. It can also mean that the trip origins and destinations are getting further apart and travel times are becoming longer.
Road design
Road design focuses on everything from the nature of street hierarchy to actual design guidelines for local streets. While local or residential streets are designed to serve only local land uses, collectors are designed to serve some land uses directly while collecting traffic from local streets and funneling it to major roads and arterials. The main purpose of major roads or arterials is to further move traffic and allow access to freeways or other streets. Freeways, which have limited access, are responsible for moving the largest volume of traffic at the fastest speed.
Cross Section
The cross section of an “ideal” road would have ten foot travel lanes, eight foot parking lanes, and a curb and planting strip. However, the resulting ROW of 56 feet is much wider than most local streets. The origin of most of our current roadway standards can be traced to Federal Highway Administration studies following World War II.
Typical local street standards
•500 feet maximum tangents;
•Use of stop signs or speed bumps to reduce vehicles' speed;
•150 feet between intersections;
•Clear site distances of 75 feet.
Disadvantages of grid pattern streets.
•Maximum number of 4-way intersections, which can create conflicts;
•Tangent standards can not always be met;
•Grids result in the maximum pavement and utility line costs;
•Streets can be used as parallel short-cuts during rush hours;
•Grids can be very monotonous and boring.
Street Gradients
minimum gradient in most areas is 0.5%. In areas with cold winters the maximum gradient is 5%; it is 8% for areas with mild winters.
Highway Capacity Manual
The Highway Capacity Manual, published by the Transportation Research Board, provides concepts, guidelines, and procedures for computing highway capacity and quality of service based on road type.
Levels of Service (LOS)
Levels of Service (LOS) range from A to F. A LOS of A means there is free flowing traffic and F means heavy traffic congestion with severely reduced traffic speeds.
Federal-Aid Highway Act
In 1944, the Federal-Aid Highway Act, of which designated a 65,000-km national system of interstate highways, was passed. These highways were to be selected by the state highway departments. While this act authorized the highway system, it did not provide any funding.
Public Roads Administration (PRA)
The Public Roads Administration (PRA) was responsible for implementing the highway system. In 1947, the PRA designated 60,640 km of interstate highways. In 1952, the Federal-Aid Highway Act authorized $25 million for the construction of interstate highways and another $175 million two years later. However, the major funding came under the Federal-Aid Highway Act of 1956, which authorized $25 billion between 1957 and 1969.
Federal-Aid Highway Act of 1962
The Federal-Aid Highway Act of 1962 created the federal mandate for urban transportation planning in the U.S. It was passed at a time when urban areas were beginning to plan Interstate highway routes. The Act required that transportation projects in urbanized areas with population of 50,000 or more be based on an urban transportation planning process. The Act called for a "continuing, comprehensive, and cooperative" (3 C's) planning process.
Series of acts focused on providing funding for highways, transit, pedestrian, and bicycle facilities
The Intermodal Surface Transportation Efficiency Act of 1991 (ISTEA) was the first of these acts.

This was followed by the Transportation Equity Act for the 21st Century (TEA-21), then the Transportation Equity Act 3 (TEA3). The Safe, Accountable, Flexible, and Efficient Transportation Equity Act (SAFETEA) is currently in place to provide funding for multimodal facilities.
Metropolitan Planning Organizations (MPOs)
Metropolitan Planning Organizations are created to meet federal requirements for urban transportation planning. The Federal-Aid Highway Act of 1962 required that urbanized areas with populations of 50,000 or more develop comprehensive urban transportation plans in order to receive federal financial assistance for road construction projects.
Why were MPOs established?
In 1965, the Bureau of Public Roads (the predecessor to the Federal Highway Administration) required the creation of planning agencies that would be responsible for carrying out the required transportation planning processes. As a result, MPOs were established. Initially, these organizations were primarily regional councils. Today, less than half are housed within regional councils. Instead, they are housed inside another governmental agency, according to the Association of Metropolitan Planning Organizations.
Transportation Improvement Program (TIP)
The Federal Highway Administration urban transportation planning regulations require a regional transportation plan, a Transportation Improvement Program (TIP), and a unified planning work program for areas with populations of 200,000 or more. These items are prepared by the MPOs. The TIP lists all projects for which federal funds are anticipated, along with non-federally funded projects that are regionally significant
What does a Transportation Improvement Program (TIP( represent?
The TIP represents the transportation improvement priorities of the region and is required by federal law, the most recent of which is the Transportation Equity Act for the 21st Century, or TEA-21. The list is multi-modal; in addition to the more traditional highway and public transit projects, it includes bicycle, pedestrian, and freight related projects.
In addition to listing specific projects, what else does a TIP include?
The TIP not only lists the specific projects, but also documents the anticipated schedules and costs for each project phase (preliminary engineering, final design, right-of-way acquisition, and construction). Inclusion of a project phase in the TIP means that it is seriously expected to be implemented during the TIP time period.
What is Transportation Demand Management (TDM)?
Transportation Demand Management (TDM) is a general term used to describe strategies for the efficient use of transportation. TDM includes a wide variety of strategies designed to reduce the strain on a transportation system
Examples of TDM strategies
•Car Sharing
•Flextime
•Guaranteed Ride Home
•Public Transit
•Park-and-Ride
•HOV Lanes
•Telecommuting
•Commute Trip Reduction
•Transit Oriented Development
First model tenement
In 1855, the first model tenement was built in New York City.
Dumbbell tenement
In 1879, the first dumbbell tenement was built. This form of housing was built throughout New York City but often had poor lighting, little air, and little space
Tenement House Act of 1867
New York City passed the Tenement House Act of 1867. This ordinance required new tenement buildings to provide a narrow air shaft between adjacent structures, windows that open into the shaft, two toilets on each floor, and a one square yard window in each room. This represented the first major housing code in the United States.
How the Other Half Lives.
In 1890, Jacob Riis published How the Other Half Lives, which highlighted the plight of the poor in New York.
Tenement House Law of 1901
New York State passed the Tenement House Law of 1901, which outlawed dumbbell tenements. The new housing code was vigorously enforced by the City. The City required inspection and permits for construction and alterations. It also required wide light and air areas between buildings and toilets and running water in each apartment unit.
Neighborhood Unit Concept
Clarence Perry in 1920 defined the Neighborhood Unit Concept as part of the New York Regional Plan. The Neighborhood Unit Concept defines a neighborhood based on a five minute walking radius. At the center is a school. Each neighborhood is approximately 160 acres.
Public Works Administration (PWA)
The Great Depression was combated through the Public Works Administration (PWA), created in 1934. The PWA provided 85 percent of the cost of public housing projects. This represented the first federally supported public housing program.
National Housing Act
In 1934, the National Housing Act was passed by Congress. It established the Federal Housing Administration with the purpose of insuring home mortgages.
Resettlement Administration
In 1935, the Resettlement Administration used New Deal funds to develop new towns. Greendale, WI, Greenhills, OH, and Greenbelt, MD, are all in existence today. In addition, 99 other communities were planned.
U.S. Housing Act
In 1937, the U.S. Housing Act provided $500 million in home loans for the development of low-cost housing. This Act tied slum clearance to public housing.
Serviceman's Readjustment Act,
In 1944, the Serviceman's Readjustment Act, commonly known as the GI Bill, guaranteed home loans to veterans. The result was the rapid development of suburbs.
Housing Act of 1949
The Housing Act of 1949 was the first comprehensive housing legislation passed. The Act called for the construction of 800,000 new housing units and emphasized slum clearance.
Housing Act of 1954
The Housing Act of 1954 called for slum prevention and urban renewal. Additionally, the Act provided funding for planning for cities under 25,000 population. The 701 funds were later expanded to allow for statewide, interstate, and regional planning.
Housing Act of 1959
The Housing Act of 1959 made federal matching funds available for comprehensive planning at the metropolitan, regional, state, and interstate levels.
Housing Act of 1961
The Housing Act of 1961 provided interest subsidies to nonprofit organizations, limited-dividend corporations, cooperatives, and public agencies for the construction of public housing projects for low and moderate income families to rent.
U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD)
In 1965, the U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD) was formed through the Housing and Urban Development Act of 1965. The act also put into place rent subsidies for the poor, home loans at reduced interest rates, and subsidies for public housing projects.
Demonstration Cities and Metropolitan Development Act
In 1966, the Demonstration Cities and Metropolitan Development Act was the launch of the model cities program. The Act provided financial incentives for coordinated metro area planning for open spaces, water supply, sewage disposal, and mass transit. It also established a loan guarantee program to encourage the development of "new communities
Civil Rights Act of 1968
The Civil Rights Act of 1968 made racial discrimination in the sale or rental of housing illegal.
Housing and Urban Development Act of 1968
The Housing and Urban Development Act of 1968 provided for the construction of six million subsidized housing units. The Act also authorized monthly subsidies for private houses for low income families.
Miami Valley Regional Planning Commission
In 1970, the Miami Valley Regional Planning Commission in Ohio adopted a housing plan that called for low and moderate income housing to be allocated on a fair share basis.
Pruitt-Igoe Project
In 1972, the Pruitt-Igoe Project was demolished in Saint Louis. The demolition of this public housing project marked a shift away from high-rise concentrated public housing.
Community Development Block Grant Program (CDBG)
In 1974, the Community Development Block Grant Program (CDBG) was created under the Housing and Community Development Act. This grant program provides great flexibility for communities to use these federal funds for the improvement of blighted areas. The CDBG program consolidated six categorical urban programs into one. Additionally, the Act created the Section 8 program that provides rent subsidies for low-income housing.
National Manufactured Housing Construction and Safety Act of 1974
The National Manufactured Housing Construction and Safety Act of 1974 regulated manufactured housing units and prohibited municipalities from regulating manufactured homes through the building code. The homes could be regulated in terms of location, size, and appearance. This act applied to all manufactured homes built in 1976 or later.
Urban Development Action Grant Program (UDAG
The Urban Development Action Grant Program (UDAG) was authorized under the 1977 amendments to the 1974 Housing and Community Development Act. The UDAG program promoted public-private partnerships for redevelopment of urban areas. It also required intergovernmental cooperation in the placement of projects. Finally, it cut funding for the Section 701 comprehensive planning program.
National Affordable Housing Act of 1990
The National Affordable Housing Act of 1990 created the HOME program, which provides funds for housing rehabilitation.
HOPE VI
In 1992, HOPE VI was passed by Congress. The HOPE VI grant program provided funds for the redevelopment of severely distressed public housing. It also allowed for the demolition of public housing as well as the construction of new public housing. The result has been a deconcentration of public housing.
Consolidated Plan
Beginning in 1995, the HUD required local communities to prepare a Consolidated Plan in order to receive funding from a number of HUD programs. The Consolidated Plan is a collaborative process whereby a community establishes a unified vision for community development actions. It is a means to analyze the entire community and explore the linkages to the larger region. It builds on local assets and coordinates a response to the needs of the community. It integrates economic, physical, and human development in a comprehensive and coordinated fashion so that individuals, families, neighborhoods, and communities can work together and thrive. Is it a process and a document.
The consolidated planning process replaces the planning and application requirements for which programs/grants?
•Community Development Block Grant (CDBG)
•HOME Investment Partnership Program (HOME)
•Emergency Shelter Grant (ESG)
•Housing Opportunities for Persons with AIDS (HOPWA)
What is the purpose of subdivision regulations?
•To regulate subdivision development and implement planning policies;
•To implement plans for orderly growth and development within the city’s boundaries and ETJ;
•To ensure adequate provision for streets, alleys, parks, and other facilities indispensable to the community;
•To protect future purchasers from inadequate police and fire protection;
•To ensure sanitary conditions and other governmental services;
•To require compliance with certain standards as conditions and other governmental services;
•To officially register land.
To plat a property, what steps must be taken?
•Applicant submits a preliminary plat;
•Preliminary plat is reviewed by staff for compliance with subdivision regulations;
•Plat is then reviewed by the planning commission;
•Once the preliminary plat is approved by the planning commission, the property owner prepares the final plat;
•Final plat then repeats the process above until it is approved by the planning commission.
Types of Plats.
A plat is a map of a tract or parcel of land.

A replat allows for lots to be subdivided further or added back together.

An amending plat corrects errors or adds additional information to a plat.

A vacating plat allows for a plat to be terminated prior to the selling of any lots.

A preliminary plat is a to-scale mechanical drawing with precise topography and prescribed intervals showing the calculated location of all lots, streets, drainage patterns, facilities, and proposed dedications.

A final plat is the approved preliminary plat with all bearing, monuments, curves, and notations, together with all dedications, easement, and approvals.
extraterritorial jurisdiction (ETJ).
Subdivision regulations apply within the city limits, but they may also apply in the extraterritorial jurisdiction (ETJ). The ETJ is a distance outside of the city limits where the subdivision regulations apply. The distance is specified under state law.
Performance bonds
A performance bond is an agreement between the property owner and the community to ensure that the final plat is built as shown on the drawings within a certain time period. If the developer fails to meet the requirements, the government may use the bond to cover the cost of constructing the improvements. The bond is released once the improvements are in place and have been inspected by the local government
Dedications
Dedications are gifts of land for public purposes, such as roads, parks, and utilities.

A form or exaction.
Impact fees
Impact fees are typically charged for off-site infrastructure that is needed to provide service to a development, such as a water or sewer main.

A form of exaction.
Subdivision bonuses
A subdivision bonus is the extension of development benefits beyond those normally offered in exchange for enhancements such as affordable housing, cluster housing, and open space preservation. The developer may receive assistance with infrastructure, impact fees may be waived, or the ability to construct at a higher density may be granted.
Zoning
Zoning, in its simplest form, is the separation of land uses. Many communities use zoning to control land uses. Zoning is implemented through locally enacted legislation that regulates and controls the use of private property.
Purpose of Zoning
•Protect and maintain property values;
•Promote public health and safety;
•Protect the environment;
•Promote the aesthetic of a community;
•Manage traffic;
•Manage density;
•Encourage a variety of housing;
•Attract businesses and industries.
Board of Zoning Appeals
The Board of Zoning Appeals, aka the Board of Zoning Adjustment or Zoning Board of Adjustment, is a quasi-judicial board that hears cases for variances, special exceptions to the zoning ordinance, and appeals of staff's administration of the zoning ordinance.
Standard Zoning Map colors by landuse.
Single family - Yellow
Multi family - orange-brown
Red - Retail/Commercial
Green - Open space and parks
Purple- Industrial
Blue - Institutional
Grey - Industrial Facilities
Euclidean Zoning
Euclidean zoning is named after the City of Euclid, Ohio. It places the most protective restrictions on residential land uses, less on commercial uses, and virtually none on industrial uses. This concept places the most restrictive zoning category, single family residential, at the top of the pyramid.
Cumulative Zoning
Cumulative zoning is less protective of various land uses than Euclidean zoning. Single-family residential districts are the most exclusive. However, in cumulative zoning, each successive zoning district allows all the uses from the previous zones:
•Single-Family District allows single-family homes
•Multi-Family District allows apartments and all uses allowed in the Single-Family District
•Commercial District allows retail and commercial uses and all uses allowed in the Multi-family District
•Industrial District allows industrial uses and all uses allowed in the Commercial District
Modified Cumulative Zoning
A modified version of cumulative zoning has been developed to allow cities to provide a greater degree of protection than they could with cumulative zoning. In this type of zoning, districts are typically cumulative by type of land use. For example, a multi-family district would allow both single-family homes and multi-family housing. However, the industrial district would not allow residential uses
Amortization
Amortization sets a definite period of time within which the use must come into compliance with the zoning ordinance. Amortization is often quite controversial because it requires that the administrators of the ordinance determine a fair period of time during which the use will be allowed to continue before it must come into full compliance. This time period is based on the property owner's original investment, the use of the property, and other factors that affect the owner's potential income.
Accessory use
An accessory use is one that is incidental to the main use of a property. It is typically located on the same lot as the main use and smaller in size than the main use. Some examples of accessory uses include outside sales, outside storage, a telecommunications tower, home occupations, and a garage apartment.
Planned Unit Developments (PUDs)
Planned Unit Developments (PUDs) are a unique zoning tool that can offer an alternative to strict zoning regulations. An advantage of PUDs is that they are planned in their entirety, up front, with careful attention to a site plan. PUDs can also allow for more innovative development design
In order for the community to issue a variance the property must meet specific requirements
•Unique to the surrounding property;
•Must have a physical or economic hardship;
•The variance will not result in a reduction in property values;
•The property owner did not cause the need for the variance;
•The variance is not contrary to the spirit of the zoning ordinance.