Functional Anatomy

Front 1

why are muscles important

Back 1

responsible for movement of the body and all its joints,
protection
postural maintenance
produce a major portion of body heat

Front 2

how many pairs of skeletal muscle

Back 2

215 pairs
make up 40 to 50 percent

Front 3

Shape and fiber arrangement help determine

Back 3

the abilty of the muscle to exert force and the range of motion over which it can exert that force

Front 4

larger cross-sectional area=

Back 4

greater force production

Front 5

longer muscles=

Back 5

greater range of motion (increased ability to shorten)

Front 6

Parallel muscle

Back 6

long muscles, with increased ability to shorten and greater ROM

Front 7

Pennate Muscles

Back 7

Shorter muscle fibers with oblique orientation to tendons
increased cross sectional area resulting increased force produced

Front 8

Parallel ROM shapes and arrangements

Back 8

flat (rectus abdominis)
fusiform (bicep brachii)
strap (sartorius)
radiate (pectoralis major)
sphincteral (orbicularis oculi)

Front 9

pennate power shapes and arrangements

Back 9

unipennate - biceps femoris
bipennate - rectus femoris
multipennate - deltoid

Front 10

intrinsic uscle

Back 10

within or belonging to body part acting (hand/foot muscles)

Front 11

extrinsic muscle

Back 11

originate ouside body part acting
usually proximal to body part

Front 12

action muscle

Back 12

specific movement of joint from contraction

Front 13

innervation

Back 13

portion of the nervous system responsible for muscle movement

Front 14

origin

Back 14

prosimal, closest to midline, least movable part

Front 15

insertion

Back 15

distal, farthest from midline, most movable

Front 16

isometric contraction

Back 16

tension with constant joint angle (static, stable position)

Front 17

isotonic contraction

Back 17

tension with joint movement
dynamic, varying degrees of tension through movement

Front 18

two types of isotonic contraction

Back 18

concentric and eccentric

Front 19

concentric

Back 19

tension with muscle shorteing

Front 20

eccentric

Back 20

tension lessens causing muscle lengthening

Front 21

Agonist

Back 21

causes joint movement (primary movers)

Front 22

antagonist

Back 22

opposite side of joint from agonist (work with agonist by relaxing)

Front 23

stabilizer

Back 23

surround joint, contract to fixate joint

Front 24

synergist

Back 24

assist with agonist but not prime mover,
refined movement, no undesired action

Front 25

lines of pull

Back 25

resultant movement produced at a joint contraction

Front 26

to determine muscle action via line of pull

Back 26

must know origin and insertion of muscle
plane of movement for specific joint
position of muscle relative to axis of joint
muscles relative length through ROM

Front 27

cerebral cortex creates

Back 27

voluntary movement

Front 28

basal ganglia

Back 28

postures and equilibirum

Front 29

cerebellum

Back 29

feedback relative to motion

Front 30

brain stem

Back 30

arousal/wakeful state

Front 31

spinal cord

Back 31

pathway between peripheral nervous system and cns
specific control an integrates spinal reflexes

Front 32

skeletal muscle has four properties related to its ability to produce force and movement about joints
what are they?

Back 32

irritability
contractility
extensibility
elasticity

Front 33

irritability

Back 33

property of muscle being sensitive or responsive to chemical, electrical, or mechanical stimuli

Front 34

contractility

Back 34

ability of muscle to contract and develop tension or internal force against resistance when stimulated

Front 35

extensibility

Back 35

bility of muscle to be passively stretched beyond its normal resting length

Front 36

elasticity

Back 36

ability of muscle to return to its original length following stretching

Front 37

epimysium
perimysium
vasciculus
endomysium
muscle fiber (cell)

Back 37

j

Front 38

sarcomere is composed of

Back 38

zline
actin filaments
myosin heads
myosin filaments

Front 39

motor unit

Back 39

each motor neuron together with the muscle fibers it innervates

Front 40

number of muscle fibers contracting within the muscle may vary significantly from relatively few to virtually all depending on the

Back 40

number of muscle fibers within each activated motor unit and the number of motor units activated

Front 41

difference between lifting a minimal vs. maximal resistance is

Back 41

the number of muscle fibers recruited

Front 42

muscle fibers recruitment increased by

Back 42

activating motor units with a greater number of muscle fibers
activating more motor units
increasing the frequency of motor unit activation

Front 43

greatest amount of tension can be developed when a muscle is stretched between

Back 43

100 to 130 percent of its resting length
beyond wich the force exerts decreases significantly

Front 44

proportional decrease in ability to develop tension occur as a muscle is shortend around

Back 44

50 to 60 percent of resting length ability

Front 45

active insufficiency

Back 45

muscle becomes shortened to the point that it can not generate or maintain active tension

Front 46

passively insufficiency

Back 46

muscle becomes stretched to the point where it can no longer lengthen and allow movement

Front 47

concentric velocity and force production has a ....relationship

Back 47

inverse relationship
as force needed to cause movement of object increases the velocity of concentric contraction decreases
Heavy stuff takes a while to lift

Front 48

eccentric velocy has a somewhat proportional relationship with force needed

Back 48

force needed to control objects movement increases, the velocity of eccentric lengtheing increases

Front 49

reciprocal inhibition or innervation

Back 49

antagonist gotta chill while agonist does its work yo

...activation of the motor units of te agonists causes a reciprocal neural inhibition of the motor unnits of the antagonists

Front 50

proprioceptors

Back 50

gather info about position and movements of body
located in muscle, tendons, joints

Front 51

muscle spindles

Back 51

responsive to length- tonic response
rate of change in length- phasic response

Front 52

golgi tendon organs

Back 52

embedded in muscle tendon
responsive to tesnsion in muscle
-inhibition of contraction

Front 53

joint and skin proprioceptors

Back 53

pacinian corpuscles
ruffini corpuscles

Front 54

pacinian

Back 54

in skin, joint capsules, ligaments, tendon sheaths

detect rapid changes in pressure
heavy touch

Front 55

ruffini corpuscles

Back 55

located in skin and joint capsule

contiuous states of pressure, joint position, changes in joint angle, detect touch, pressure

Front 56

tendon reflex

Back 56

golgi tendon organ overrides muscle spindle,
extreme tension causes lengtheing reaction to protect muscles, tendons

Front 57

reciprocal inhibition and coactivation

Back 57

provide for economical, coordinated movement (occurs automatically with stretch reflex
muscle coactivation with uncertain movements, maintains joint stiffness until skill increases leading to reciprocal inhibition

Front 58

dermatome

Back 58

defined area of skin supplied by a specific spinal nerve
afferent pathway
senses cold/hot, pin prick, soft

Front 59

myotome

Back 59

muscle or group of muscles motor function supplied by a spcific spinal nerve
innervation of movements
efferent pathway
used to assess motor spinal nerve involvement