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136 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
- 3rd side (hint)
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When was the Grand Alliance formed? |
1941
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Why was the Grand Alliance formed?
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To consolidate power and bring the downfall of Hitler.
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Who were The Big Three?
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Stalin (USSR), Roosevelt (US), Churchill (GB)
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When was the Tehran Conference?
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Nov-43
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What where the key features of Tehran?
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1) USSR Sphere of influence in East Europe
3) Poland's borders to be pushed East to protect the USSR (No decisions met) 2) British and American Sphere of Influence in West Europe 4) Stalin and Churchill did not Trust each other 5) US and GB to open Second Front to relieve pressure in USSR |
SPITS
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When was the Yalta Conference?
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Feb-45
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What was agreed at Yalta?
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1) Ban the Nazi Party and put them on trial
2) Set up the UN to solve issues peacefully 3) Germany and Berlin divided into 4 sectors 4) Soviets agreed to help US in Japan 3 months after the downfall of Hitler 5) Stalin wanted lots of reparations from Germany (Items) 6) Poland (And other countries liberated) would have free elections. |
BUGJIP
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Why was 'democracy' an issue at Yalta?
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Because the US and GB thought that meant free elections, the USSR thought it meant having a communist government.
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Opinions?
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When was the Potsdam Conference?
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July 1945
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What had changed at Potsdam?
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1) Roosevelt > Truman
2) Churchill > Atlee 3) War was over 4) US had tested a nuclear bomb |
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What was AGREED at Potsdam?
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1) Ban the Nazi Party and prosecute surviving war criminals
2) Reduce Germany's size by a quarter 3) Divide Germany and Berlin into 4 sectors > 4) Reparations would be taken from their sectors > 5) The USSR could have a quarter of machinery from the western German Zones |
Agreements about Germany?
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What were the disagreements at Potsdam?
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1) Stalin wanted lots of Reparations from Germany, to cripple it and protect the USSR from future attacks. Truman didn't want to repeat Versailles.
2) Disagreement over Stalin's policies in Europe. There was now a communist government in Poland. 3) Truman bossed the meeting because the US had tested the atomic bomb, which made Stalin more determined to protect the USSR's interests by creating a buffer zone. |
RAP
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What was the Iron Curtain Speech?
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Given by Churchill in 1946 warning of an 'Iron Curtain descending across the continent', dividing East and West. NOT a physical barrier.
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What was the reason for the 'telegrams'?
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Because both sides wanted to understand how the other was thinking.
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What were the 'Secret Telegrams'?
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Telegrams sent from the US ambassador to the USSR to Truman (Long) and from the USSR ambassador to the US (Novikov) to Stalin.
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What did the Long Telegram say?
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1) Stalin wanted to Destroy Communism
2) There could be no Peace with the USSR whilst it was against capitalism 3) The USSR was building it's Military power |
DPM (Donuts per mile)
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What did the Novikov Telegram say?
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1) America wanted to Dominate the world
2) US didn't want Co–operation with the USSR 3) The American public was being prepared for War |
DCW (Dogs cannot whistle)
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What was the Truman Doctrine?
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A statement by Truman that America would contain communism in 1947
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What did the Truman Doctrine contain? |
1) World had a Choice between democracy and communist tyranny |
CLHG (Children Like Helping Goats) |
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What was Marshall Aid?
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The Financial Part of the Truman Doctrine.
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What were the key features of Marshall Aid?
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1) Attempt to Weaken the appeal of communism
2) Used to Rebuild shattered economies of Europe 3) Included Britain and France 4) Countries had to Trade with the US 5) Formed an Economic alliance between the west 6) $13bn dollars set aside |
WRITE 13
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How did Stalin respond to Marshall Aid?
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1) It was America's attempt to split Europe into 'Two Camps'
2) Did not allow satellite states to accept any of it. 3) Set up Comecon (1949) |
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What did COMINFORM stand for and when was it set up?
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Communist Information Bureau
Set up in 1947 |
COM–INFORM
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What were the key features of COMINFORM?
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1) Extended USSR control over Satellite states
2) Investigated Governments and removed those not loyal. 3) Consolidated the power of the USSR 4) Stamped out opposition, Ensured Loyalty |
EICS (Eric ices cakes slowly)
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What did COMECON stand for and when was it set up?
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Council for Mutual Economic Assistance
1949 |
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What were the key features of COMECON?
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1) Stalin had to offer alternative to Marshall Aid
2) Aim to Encourage economic development 3) Prevented trade with the West 4) Minimised Us influence in East Europe 5) Economic recovery stayed in East Europe 6) No access to Prosperity of the West. |
EPMEP
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What were the causes of the Berlin Blockade?
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1) Creation of Bizonia (US and GB) and then Trizonia (US, GB, France)
2) New Currency in Trizonia, Deutschmark 3) Stalin was angry not to have been consulted, did not want West Germany to become strong, or US troops to stay in West Germany |
BTCS (Beetles try coconuts once)
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Why did Stalin blockade Berlin?
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1) Because he believed it would Force the Allies out of Berlin
2) If US Tanks rammed roadblocks it would be an act of War 3) Berlin would be Dependent on the USSR |
FTD (For the Disco)
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When was the Berlin Blockade?
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June 1948 – May 1949
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What were the key events of the Berlin Blockade?
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1) Stalin Blocked all supply to Berlin, the roads, the rail and canals.
2) Americans Airlifted supplies to Berlin to keep them alive 3) Stalin realised that the allies would not back down so Re–opened the supply paths |
BAR
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Why did the Americans do the Berlin Airlift?
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1) Truman wanted to show he was serious about containing Communism
2) He was concerned Stalin might attempt to control all West Germany |
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What were the key events of the Berlin Airlift?
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1) Airlifts carried food, clothing, coal etc
2) Stalin could not shoot down the planes as that would be an act of War 3) Despite all the airlifts, there were still large Shortages. |
CWS (Can we sleep?)
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What were the consequences of the Berlin Blockade?
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1) First Cold war confrontation
2) Propaganda success for USA and disaster for the USSR 3) West Germany (FDR) created in September 1949 4) East Germany (GDR) in October 1949 5) Western Allies form NATO |
CPWEN (Children Play When Easter is Near)
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What are the key features of NATO?
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1) Military Alliance between America and West European countries
2) Included Britain and France 3) If a member came under attack, all NATO would come to their Defense 4) Aimed to prevent West from Communism |
MIDA
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What was the Warsaw Pact?
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A Military alliance between soviet countries, set up in 1955 after West Germany joined NATO
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What was the 'Arms Race'?
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A race between both superpowers to develop a large amount of Nuclear weapons.
They attempted to outdo each other, but the US remained firmly in front. |
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What was the 'Space Race' and key events?
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Both sides competed to be the first at Space Development.
1961 – USSR put first man in space – Yuri Gregarin 1969 – US put first man on the moon |
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Why was the Arms Race significant?
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1) It prevented a War in Europe
2) The USSR would never Invade West Germany for fear of Nuclear retaliation 3) Neither side would Never declare war on the other |
EIN (Eggs in Newts)
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What were Khrushchev's two major changes in mentality?
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Co–Existence and De–Stalinisation
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What was 'Co–existence?'
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The Suggestion that capitalsm and communist could live together.
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What was 'De–Stalinisation?' and what were some of the changes that came with it?
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Khrushchev called Stalin an 'Wicked tyrant'. He also
– Released Political prisoners – Closed COMINFORM – Eastern Europe was granted greater freedom |
PCE (Please Cull Eels)
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What was the Secret Speech?
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A speech made by Khrushchev to the Kremlin, including harsh criticism of Stalin and an end to Stalinism. Gave hope to many East Europeans
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What were the causes of the Hungarian Uprising?
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1) Hungary was ran by hardliner 'Matyas Rakosi' (Bald butcher)
2) Hungarians resented lack of Freedom of speech: Lived in fear of Secret Police (AVOs), presence of thousands of troops 3) Resented Russian signs and Russian being taught. 4) Hungarians were angry at the low Standard of living |
MFRS (Male friends run shops)
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What were the key events of the Hungarian uprising?
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1) Thousands of Hungarians Demonstrated and pulled down a Stalin statue
2) Rakosi was replaced by Imre Nagy (less hardline) 3) Nagy asked for tanks and troops to be Removed and they were 4) Nagy made sweeping changes and ATTEMPTED TO LEAVE THE WARSAW PACT. 5) Khrushchev sent the Red Army back 6) Nagy was arrested, executed and replaced by Kadar |
DIRLRK (Dinner In Rio Literally Ruins Knees)
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What were Nagy's reforms?
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1) Withdraw Red Army
2) Hold democratic elections 3) Abolish AVOs 4) Restore Land ownership to private 5) LEAVE WARSAW PACT |
REAL–W
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What was the Soviet response to Nagy's reforms?
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1) Sent in the Red Army
2) 2 Weeks of Bitter Fighting 3) Imprison Nagy and execute him 4) Replace Nagy with Kadar |
RFIK (Real flies injest Kerosene)
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Why would Khrushchev NOT allow Hungary to leave the Warsaw Pact?
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1) It would Undermine Communist Rule
2) It would Weaken the Warsaw Pact 3) Other countries may follow suit 4) Suggests that Communism is unpopular to the West |
UWOS (Undertaking work on stairs)
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How did the Americans react to the Hungarian Uprising?
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1) They sent money to aid Nagy
2) No military assistance 3) Condemned the attack |
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What were the consequences of the Hungarian uprising?
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1) East Europeans learnt they could not leave Soviet Control
2) The West would not help them if they tried |
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When was the Berlin Crisis?
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1961
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Why was Germany an issue in the cold war?
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Both sides controlled parts, but neither were willing to budge
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Why was East Germany an issue for the USSR?
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1) East German Government was unpopular
2) Many fled to the West because of high Standard of living, more freedom, wealth etc 3) Between 1949 & 1961, 2.7m East Germans, many highly skilled, Escaped to the West |
GSE
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Why was East Germany a disaster for the USSR?
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It was a propaganda disaster
– Showed Communism as unpopular – They could not afford to lose the skilled workers |
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How did Khrushchev respond to the 'Refugee Crisis?'
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He declared that Berlin belonged to East Germany and gave america six months to withdraw their troops (ultimatum)
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What and When were the four summits/Conferences?
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Geneva – May 1959
Camp David – September 1959 Paris – May 1960 Vienna – June 1961 |
GCPV (Guys cannot play Violin)
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What happened at Geneva?
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Representatives met, no agreements made, Khrushchev was to visit the USA
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What happened at Camp David?
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Eisenhower and Khrushchev did not reach an agreement, but Khrushchev remove the ultimatum
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What happened at Paris?
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The USSR had shot down a US Spy plane (U2) over Moscow prior, capturing the pilot.
Khrushchev stormed out when Eisenhower didn't apolgise |
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What happened at Vienna?
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1) Kennedy had become president
2) Khrushchev saw Kennedy as weak and exploitable, would back down under pressure 3) Khrushchev reissues the Ultimatum 4) Kennedy refused and increased military spending by $3.2m |
KEUM (Keep eating ur meal)
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When was the Berlin Wall Built?
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13th August 1961
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What were the key events of the building of the Berlin Wall?
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1) Khruhchev knew the USSR could not beat the US
2) US had 20x More weapons and US missiles could reach the USSR, The USSR's couldn't. 3) Kennedy called Khrushchev's Bluff so he had to back down 4) On the 13th August 1961, East German troops secretly erected a barbed wire fence around all West Berlin 5) The wall was then reinforced into concrete 6) In october, there was a stand off at Checkpoint Charlie, between US and USSR tanks. After 16 hours, they backed down 7) Kennedy remarked 'It's not a very nice solution, but it's better than a war' |
MBBCSK (My big brother can't see knees)
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What was the consequence of the Berlin Wall?
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1) It was a symbol of the division until 1989
2) East Germans could no longer escape 3) Khrushchev avoid war but still appeared strong 4) Many people died trying to escape – Shot by troops |
SEAM
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When did Kennedy visit Berlin and what did he say?
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1963 – Ich bin ein Berliner (I am a Berliner)
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When was the Cuban Revolution?
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1959
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What were the key events of the Cuban Revolution?
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1) Corrupt Batista was the leader
2) America owned lots of business in Cuba 3) He was overthrown by Fidel Castro 4) Castro quickly got rid of any opposition |
BAFO (Baths are fairly okay)
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What was the USA's reaction to the Cuban Revolution?
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1) Banned Cuban Sugar imports (biggest export)
2) CIA instructed to investigate overthrowing Castro 3) CIA funded Cuban Exiles 4) Originally accepted Castro as leader 5) Thousands of Cuban Exiles fled to the USA |
SO FAT
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What did Khrushchev offer Castro in 1959?
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Economic aid, to help them (and turn them communist)
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When was the bay of pigs fiasco?
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Apr-61
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What were the causes of the Bay of Pigs fiasco?
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1) Cuban Revolution
2) Cuba's alliance with the USSR |
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What were the key events of the Bay of pigs fiasco? |
1) 1400 Cuban exiles planned to invade Cuba and overthrow Castro |
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What were the results of the Bay of Pigs fiasco?
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1) It was a propaganda and military Disaster for Kennedy
2) Khrushchev saw Kennedy as Weak 3) Castro and Khrushchev became suspicious of US policy 4) Castro asked the USSR to help Defend them in case of another attack. 5) Khrushchev planned to put Nuclear weapons in Cuba. |
DWDN (Dave won't dive now)
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What were the events before the Cuban missile crisis? |
May 1961 – USSR supplies Cuba with Weapons |
WENB |
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What was Kennedy's reaction to seeing Nuclear bases in Cuba?
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16th October 1962, he set up a special team of Advisors called ExComm made of Hawks and Doves
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What were the short term results of the Cuban Missile Crisis?
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1) All Soviet bases removed from Cuba
2) America promised not to invade Cuba 3) America (secretly) removed their bases from Turkey 4) Cuba remained a USSR ally 5) Khrushchev was seen to back down: He was removed as leader in 1964 |
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What were the intermediate results of the Cuban Missile Crisis?
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1) A Hotline was introduces in June 1963 between the White House and the Kremlin
2) Both sides agreed to ban the testing of Nuclear weapons except underground in June 1963 |
HotTest
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What was détente and when was it between? |
An 'easing of tensions' between both sides. 1962 – 1979 |
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What were the long term results of the Cuban Missile Crisis?
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1) Soviet leaders determined never to be pushed around by the USA.
2) The USSR caught up in the arms race, leading to MAD, meaning both sides would not engage in War |
PUSH–MAD
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When and what was the Prague spring?
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1968 – A series of reforms made by Dubcek from April 1968 in Czechoslovakia
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Why did Dubcek become leader?
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Czechs not happy with
– Secret Police – Low standard of Living – Political opposition from Novotny |
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What did Dubcek aim to create with his reforms?
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'SOCIALISM WITH A HUMAN FACE' – Getting rid of the harshest aspects of Communism allowing more freedom
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What were some of Dubcek's reforms?
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1) Relaxation of press censorship
2) Allowed political opposition 3) Introduced Capitalism 4) Allowed governmental criticism |
COCG (Cleethorps opens clean gardens)
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How did Brezhnev respond to the Prague Spring?
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1) Reforms were going too far
2) Ideas weakened soviet control 3) Could lead to the breakup of Eastern Bloc 4) April to July constant communication, Dubcek doesn't get the hint. 5) August – Red army and warsaw pact invade Chz... |
RIB–CI (Rib – cola invasion)
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What was the Brezhnev Doctrine?
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The Soviet Union had the right to invade any country that threatened the Eastern Bloc
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How did Brezhnev justify the invasion of Chezchoslovakia?
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Dubcek's actions undermined the Warsaw Pact, so the soviets had to react.
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What happened when the Red army invaded Chz?
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1) Invaded 20th August 1968
2) Dubcek order people NOT to respond violently 3) Students stood in front of tanks, non violence 4) Dubcek arrested and forced to sign Moscow Protocol |
NSA
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What was the Moscow protocol?
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Signed by Dubcek committing Czech government to protect socialism
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How did America react to the Prague invasion?
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1) America (and other wet countries) condemned attack publically
2) America provided no help 3) America involved in War in Vietnam |
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What were the consequences of the Prague Spring?
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1) Highlighted the unpopularity of Communist rule
2) Weakened Communist rule (Some of Dubcek's policies remained) 3) Showed America would not help countries wanting to escape |
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Why did relations get worse in the mid 60's?
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1) Brezhnev built long range weapons and the USSR had more ICBMs and SLBMs
2) KGB crushed opposition 3) USA invaded Vietnam 4) Warsaw Pact invades czh |
LKVW (Liam killes voles wildly)
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Why did relations improve in the mid 60's?
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1) The Nuclear Non–proliferation treaty signed, promising not to share nuclear secrets
2) Brezhnev WANTED to cut down military spending in 1969 (Nixon) |
NW
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Why did SALT 1 start?
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Brezhnev wanted to cut military spending to cure the USSR's economy, so he agreed to starts Strategic Arms Limitation Talks (SALT)
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What did SALT 1 do?
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Limited INCREASE in nuclear weapons and froze weapons building for 5 years.
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What were the limits on production of ICBMs and SLBMs at SALT 1?
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ICBMs – USA = 1000 USSR = 1600
SLBMs – USA = 650 USSR = 700 |
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When were the MBFR talks and what was agreed?
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1970s – 1980s
Little was agreed except either side could use spy satellites to monitor the other's Nuclear weapons program |
2 reasons
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What did MBFR stand for?
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Mutual and Balanced Force Reduction talks
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Why was SALT 1 not too effective?
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1) Didn't limit multiple warhead missiles
2) Didn't limit battlefield weapons (tactical nuclear weapons) |
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What other deal was signed in 1970s?
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Trade deal that the USA would export wheat to the USSR and they would work together in artistic and sporting fields
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THT
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What were the Helsinki agreements?
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33 countries including the USA and the USSR agreeing on a variety of issues
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What was agreed at Helsinki?
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1) Trade co–operation
2) All countries wold respect human rights and freedoms, i.e of religion, of thought etc 3) All countries would respect borders and combat terorism |
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When were the Helsinki agreements?
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1975
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What did SALT II agree?
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A reduction in strategic weapons to last until 1985
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When did SALT II last between?
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1974 – 1979
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What were the limits on weapons in SALT II?
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ICBMs – USA = 1054 USSR = 1398
SLBMs – USA = 656 USSR = 950 |
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What were the differences between SALT 1 and SALT 2?
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1) SALT 1 limited production of new arms, SALT 2 limited arms
2) SALT 2 was signed but NEVER ratified |
RIN–RENA
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Why did relations grow worse in the late 70's?
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In 1977, Carter criticsed the USSRs human rights at a Belgrade conference and wanted to link Human rights to arms reduction. USSR would not.
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Why did relations breakdown in 1979?
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1) Revolutions in Iran an Nicaragua – Western governments removed. In Iran hostages were seized from the embassy
2) Cuba sent armed forces to help rebels in Angola 3) Soviets put SS–20 missiles in Europe along with conventional forces 4) NATO puts Cruise and Pershing Missiles into Europe 5) Christmas Day 1979 – soviets invade Afghanistan |
RIN–RENA
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Why did the Soviets invade Afghanistan?
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1) In 1978, a Marxist government had taken over, and they signed a 20 year friendship agreement with the USSR
2) In September '79 the president, Taraki, was deposed then murdered, taken over by Amin 3) They feared that the government could collapse, so intervened under the Brezhnev Doctrine |
MTB (My Turtle block)
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Why was the Afghan situation more complicated than first thought?
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Muslim resistance groups had been set up to oppose land and education reforms, known as the Mujahidin, who continued to resist after the invasion
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Why did the Soviets lose the Afghanistan war?
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1) Initially they were winning, but lost to the guerilla tactics of the Mujahideen in the mountains
2) Many Soviet soldiers were conscripts and unfit/unprepared for war 3) The Red Army didn't want to fight, it seemed like a waste of effort, but the enemy were spurred on by religion |
ICR (Inter continental roads)
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What effect did the invasion of Afghanistan have on the Soviet Union?
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1) They were Mocked, after losing to Geurilla fighters
2) Opposition grew as casualties mounted 3) Colossal cost of war (mainly) caused Bankruptcy in the 1980s |
MOB
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What effects did the Afghanistan invasion have on Superpower relations?
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1) Good relations since the 1960s broke down
2) US grain Exports stopped 3) US refused to ratify SALT 2 4) USA boycotted Moscow 1980 Olympics, USSR boycotted 1984 Los Angeles Olympics |
RERO
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Who replaced Brezhnev?
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Andropov (1 year)
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Who replaced Andropov?
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Chernenko (1 year)
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Who was elected in 1980 in the USA, and on what basis?
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Ronald Reagan, because he promised to 'get tough' on Communism
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What did Reagan famously call the Soviet Union?
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An 'Evil Empire'
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What were Reagan's thoughts about arms limitation?
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1) He was prepared to discuss arms limitations
2) He would only negotiate from a position of strength 3)If thing's didn't work out, there would be no comprimise |
PSI
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How did Reagan become governor of California? How did this apply?
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By cutting taxes... He knew to remain popular he must also lower taxes so must cut military spending
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What did Reagan wish to achieve from the 'Intermediate Range Missiles' talks? + Quote?
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Reagen wanted 'Zero option' on them, for them all to be dismantled and removed from Europe. Brezhnev refused
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When were the Intermediate Range Missiles talks? |
1981 |
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How did Reagen respond to the events in Poland?
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Reagan stopped ALL technology exports to the Soviet union.
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What key events happened in Poland and when?
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December 1981 – Solidarity (Trade union) was banned, Martial Law was enforced and Lech Walesa was arrested
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When were the START talks, what did it stand for, and what happened?
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1982 – Strategic Arms Reduction Talks – Nothing, it all became deadlocked
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What key events happened between 1983 and 1984?
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1) Reagan orders US troops to crush communist uprising in Grenada – 1983
2) Reagan announces 'Star Wars' 3) Soviet Union and other Communist countries boycotted 1984 Los Angeles Olympics 4) Brezhnev dies (1982), Andropov dies (1983), Chernenko dies (1984) – No progress in these years |
GSBD (Great Southern baking dates)
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What were the key features of Star Wars?
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1) Series of Lasers to shoot down Soviet Missiles in Space – Made Soviet Union Powerless
2) Didn't really work, but Reagan used it as a bargaining chip 3) Soviets knew they could never catch up with that |
SWC (Sweets will curl)
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When did Gorbachev come to Power?
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1985
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What were the names of Gorbachev's two major policy changes?
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Glasnost and Perestrokia
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What was Glasnost?
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1) A new sense of Openess, both in the Soviet Union and with the West
2) KGB powers were restricted 3) Free Elections were held in 1990 4) Government criticism was allowed |
OKEC (Only kiss eager coconuts)
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Why did Gorbachev introduce Glasnost?
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He realised that the Soviet union relied on the West, new technology, investment, but most importantly arms agreements to reduce Soviet Union's military spending
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What was Perestroika?
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An 'Economic restructuring' of the Soviet Union
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Why did Gorbachev introduce Perestroika?
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He believed the Soviet union could only survive if the economy was completely rebuilt, removing the command economy
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Why was the Soviet bankrupt? (By the mid 1980s)
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1) It had supported COMECON for 40 years, including Cuba.
2) Prices were heavily subsidised 3) Military expenditure continued to grow – ARMS RACE – Couldn't offend the military 4) Soviet Union relied on the west for food and technology, to be paid with foreign currency – So was desperate for it 5) Soviet exports were low quality as there was little incentive to work hard, as everyone was guaranteed a job and serivces 6) There was a large black market in West Goods and Currency – undermining the government. |
CSMFEB (Carl smiled at my feast, eyes blown)
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How much did the USA spend on the Military in 1983?
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$300,000,000,000 – 300 Billion dollars
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When was the INF treaty and when was it signed?
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1986 – Agreement to remove SS–20 and Cruise missiles from Europe.
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Why were no further agreements made on arms after the INF treaty?
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The Eastern Bloc countries simply disintegrated and the Soviet Union did nothing to respond
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Why did the Red Army not respond to keep Eastern European countries leaving in the late 1980s?
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1) Gorbachev didn't order them to |
GUP
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How did the East collapse?
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1) Soviet troops withdrawn from Baltic states |
Just learn it
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