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136 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is beer?
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an alcoholic beverage usually made from malted cereal grain (as barley), flavored with hops, and brewed by slow fermentation
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What are the 4 things a brewer hopes to achieve when producing beer?
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Efficiency (high yield, low cost)
Quality (foam, clarity,color, flavor, shelf life) Safe and wholesome Meeting the customer's drinking convenience (location, package) |
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What is the chemical equation for alcohol fermentation?
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C6H12O6---> 2C2H5OH + 2CO2
sugar makes ethanol (ethyl alcohol) and carbon dioxide |
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Sugars from ____ are fermented to produce wine.
sugars from ____ are fermented to produce beer. |
grapes; grain
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What are the basic 4 ingredients of most brewing processes?
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Malted barley
Hops Yeast Water |
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According to Reinheitsgebot of 1516 (a german law) what are the only ingredients allowed in beer? Why?
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Malted barley
Hops Yeast Water Introduced when strange ingredients used. |
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What is an adjunct? What are the most popular adjuncts?
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alternative sources of sugar
Rice and corn are most popular |
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What is the path that barley takes to become beer
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barley is trapped starch which then becomes malt when the starch is freed. you get the wort when the starch is turned into sugars. When combined with yeast you get alcohol----> Beer!
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Where in the process is wort added?
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added to the hops
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What flavor does barley have? Malt? Wort? Beer? (after yeast and hops is added)
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lousy
nice raw beery |
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What is know as the soul of beer?
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barley
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A barley kernel can be described as?
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hard
unpleasant flavor few enzymes |
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What does the husk (or hull) do?
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forms filter bed
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What does the Aleurone do? What layer precedes the aleurone?
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enzymes synthesized
Pericarp/Testa |
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Where does water enter into the kernel?
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micropyle
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What is the starchy endosperm?
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middle of kernel (food reserve)
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In the starchy endosperm, what is housed within one endosperm cell?
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Wall, one small starch granule, one large starch granule and protein
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How do you kick the barley into life?
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just add water
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When water enters the kernel via the micropyle, what happens in the embryo? What is the rest of the process?
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The embryo begins to make hormones
hormones migrate to the aleurone hormones switch on enzyme synthesis Enzymes diffuse through endosperm, now that it has been wetted, it breaks down the endosperm small molecules produced diffuse back to the embryo to feed it. |
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What is the above process called?
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Modification
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After the embryo has been fed, what begins to form?
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shoots and rootlets form
also acrospire? |
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after the shoots form, what is necessary to stop the process? What is important to keep "alive" during this process?
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drive off the water.
enzymes, especially those that will break down the starch |
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What 3 things must you do to turn barley into malt? (involves moisturizing and de-moisturizing)
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steep at 14-18 degrees C (57-64 F) to 43-46% moisture for 2 days
Germinate 16-20 degrees C (61-68 F) for 4-6 days Kiln 50-110 degrees C (122-230 F) for 18-36 hours. |
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What does germination produce? what does kilning produce?
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sugars and amino acids
Melanoidins which add color and flavor |
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What does kilning at a higher temperature do?
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gives more color and flavor
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What are the differences between the process of making ales vs. making lagers? What is the end result?
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Ale malts are more extensively germinated (modified) than lager malts
Ale malts are more strongly kilned than are lager malts Result: ale malts have more color and more complex flavor |
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After malt is made, what is the first step in the brewhouse?
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Grist to the mill to create:
Flour Grits Hull |
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What is the main purpose of the mashing stage?
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turn starch into sugars by contacting the milled grist
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What is doen with spent grains?
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they are given to cows
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What two important things do hops add to beer?
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Bitterness and Aroma
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What is added to the wort in a cooler to create alcohol and carbon dioxide?
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yeas and oxygen because the yeased uses the oxygen in an H fermenter
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after fermentation what 3 things happen to the beer? How many bottles per minute in the packaging stage?
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chiller, cold storage (maturation) and packaging
1200 |
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How long do you store malt?
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less then or equal to 2 weeks
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Process starting with malt---> packaging with temp and time ranges
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mash 45-72 degrees C (113-162 F) and collect wort (2-4 hours).
Boil with hops (1-2 hours), clarify and cool Wort- Fermentation at 6-25 degrees C (43-77 degrees F) for 3-14 days) Storage (maturation) as low as -1 degrees C (30 F) for 3-40 days Stabilize, filter and package is less than 1 day |
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What percent of beer uses barley malt as the key grist component? What percent of beer uses wheat malt as the key grist component? What is the other 1% of beer made from?
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90%
9% Sorghum malt |
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In every basic type of malt there may be supporting adjuncts, but malt is always __% of the grist
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>50%
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What family is barley a part of?
What are the two main varieties? Which is better? |
Part of the grass family
Hordeum vulgare- 6 row Hordeum distichon- 2 row 2 row is better because the grain is fatter. I.e., more starch |
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Inside a starchy endosperm cell, what breaks down the contents?
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enzymes break down the cell wall polymers, the protein amino acids and the starch. There is a separate enzyme for each
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What is the result of enzymes breaking down starch endosperm?
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the cell walls are largely gone
the protein is 50% gone the starch is exposed |
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What happens when the malt is later milled into particles and extracted with hot water?
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The starch-breaking enzymes produced in germination break down the starch to make a syrupy solution of sugars with ahigh specific gravity
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What is the specific gravity? What is the benefit of having a high specific gravity?
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The weight of a solution compared to an equal quantity of pure water.
The higher the specific gravity, they more sugars- more EXTRACT |
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What is a hydrometer used for?
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measuring sugar
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What states produce the most barley?
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North Dakota, Montana, Idaho, Minnesota
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What constitutes a good barley for malting and brewing?
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Low N- (low protein)
High Yield Infection and infestation resistant High extract potential Trouble-free processing (brewhouse, downstream) |
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What are the different grades of barley?
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malting grade and feed grade
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How can barley physically vary?
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Long hair or short hair
Crease differences Aleurone color Hull wrinkling |
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How can different varieties be identified
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using a "fingerprinting method", protein bands can be separated by an electrical current to identify similar breeds
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What is the worst disease that infects barley
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fusarium. spread by rood contact, infects grain
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Mildew
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spread by wind from infected plants, infects grain
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Take-all
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spread by root contact, infects roots and base of stem
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eyespot
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spread by splashing with rain, infects stem
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Rust
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spread by wind, infects grain
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Aphids
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cause grain to be shriveled and discolored, carries the barley yellow dwarf virus
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Leatherjackets
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plants eaten away at ground level
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nematodes
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attack roots
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rabbits
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nibble seedlings
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birds
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enjoy grain
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Stages barley goes through to become malt
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Barley----> Water added in batches separated by air rests for 2 days
Barley at cast---->germination for 4-6 days Green Malt (Raw)----> Kiln for up to 36 hours on increasing temperature program Malt Transportation and storage (2 weeks minimum) |
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What is the aim of steeping? What does it depend on? How do you know if a barley is good for malting?
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even uptake of water
depends on variety, kernel size, protein content, physiological condition, and temperature good for malting if it uptakes easily |
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During germination, What is the rate of modification influenced by?
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evenness/ extent of moisture distribution
rate of hormone production by embryo rate of enzyme synthesis and release by aleurone digestibility of endosperm components |
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What are the 6 purposes of kilning?
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arrest modification
retain enzymes (rising temperature regime) remove undesirable flavors develop desirable flavors develop color (high color = high curing avoid food safety problems |
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What do passionate brewers prefer in their beer? Pragmatic? Presumptuous?
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all malt grists
malt and adjuncts any source of alcohol |
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What are the reasons for sticking with malt?
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there are both real and perceived effects on quality
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What is the most expensive part of beer brewing?
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tax
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What is the main type of hop (latin name)
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Humulus lupulus
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Hops comprises less than __% of beer but has an enormous effect on quality
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1
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What is the source of the key components from hops? What does this add to the beer?
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the lupulin glands (from the female)
the resin adds bitterness the oil adds aroma |
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What is the bitterness precursor in the resin?
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alpha-acid (amino acid?)
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What is the biggest hops grower in the world? How about in the US?
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Germany (Hallertau)
Washington (Yakima) Oregon (Willamette Valley, Grant's Pass) Idaho (Codwell, Boner's Ferry) Formerly Sacramento |
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What are the 3 categories of hops?
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Bitter Hops
Aroma Hops Dual Purpose Hops |
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When you boil sweet wort with hops, aroma is driven off by a process called______
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volatilization
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What is isomerization and what does it cause
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alpha-acid-----> iso-alpha-acid (bitterness)
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What is late hopping?
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some hops are put in at the end of the boil
used in some lagers |
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What is dry hopping?
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handful of hops put in after the beer is made
more hops= more aroma |
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What percentage of water is beer?
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90% +
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As far as water usage, a good brewery will use ____x more than ends in beer, while a bad brewery uses ____x more
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3-4
15-20 |
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How does water get from river to tap??
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River
pumping station impounding resevour primary filters, secondary filters, chlorination pumping station service resevoir (water tower) Tap:) |
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What is potable water?
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water that follows water standerds and is free of chemicals and microbes
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What are the 3 types of water used by a brewery?
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Brewing water (must be clean)
Cleaning water Service water (must be soft)- steam used to heat things |
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What is temporary hardness (water)? How can you get rid of it?
Permanent? |
Temporary caused by bicarbonates of calcium
Permanent caused by sulfates of calcium Get rid of temporary by boiling |
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Does it matter how hard or soft your water is?
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not really, you can create water as soft or hard as you want it.
Burton has very hard watter and Pilsen has very soft water |
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What is water with high permanent hardness associated with? how about more temporary hardness?
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bitter burton beers
sweeter darker beers |
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Bicarbonate has a high pH, therefore it is_____
Calcium and _______ have lower pH so they are more _____ |
alkaline
Phosphate; acidic |
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How is water treated? (3 ways)
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Charcoal filtration
Ion exchange Sterilization |
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What are two ways that waste water is cleaned? (digestion)
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Aerobic digestion
- Bacteria cleans water using oxygen to produce CO2 an H2O Anaerobic digestion - Bacteria doesn't use O2 and makes methane |
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What is a popular type of Brewing Yeast? What is yeast?
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Godesgoode
single celled fungus |
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What is a bud scar?
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a scar that forms on yeast after it divides.
Way to tell how old it is |
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What are the two types of yeast? What types of beer are they used for?
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Saccharomyces cerevisiae
- ale yeast -floats Saccharomyces pastorianus - lager yeast - sinks - aka bottom fermented yeast |
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___% of beer in Germany is from 1 strain of yeast, ___% is from 4
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65
100 |
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Yeast cells have a negative charge, how can they stick together?
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Ca2+ causes yeast cells to Flocculate (stick together)
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The nucleus of yeast contains 16 polyploid chromosomes. What does that mean? Because of this, it is stable and hard to _____
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Each chromosome has several copies
modify |
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the membrane of yeast contains sterols, and proteins. How are sterols made?
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made using O2
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What strains use melibiose?
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Lager strains
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What strains like higher temperatures?
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Ale strains (they can grow at 37 C, whereas Lager strains cannot
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What sources of nutrition does yeast need?
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Needs energy from sugar
Calcium Nitrogen Sulfur Oxygen vitamins minerals (primarily zinc, which forms part of the enzymes that make alcohol) |
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Definition of Ale....historically
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top fermenters, with fermentation at 18-22 C of worts from well-modified malts, relatively highly kilned; dry hopping
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Definition of Lager....historically
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bottom fermenters, with fermentation at 6-15 C of worts from relatively less well modified malts, lightly kilned; late hopping
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What are the ways in which strains are selected?
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Serendipity (go to supply companies and try them)
theft mutation (not easy because of polyploid breeding genetic modification |
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What was the worlds first beer made using genetically modified yeast?
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Nugfield Lyte
but people perceive it as a risk in the brewing community |
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What is meant by viability and vitality of yeast cells?
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viability- are they alive? test with methylene blue
vitality- one may be more fit than another |
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How do you measure cell number? How many number of cells is ideal?
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using a hemocytometer
1,000,000 cells/ 1 mL wort/ every degree Plato |
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What is produced during fermentation?
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Alcohol
CO2 Flavorsome substances more yeast! |
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Per capita we drink the most carbonated soft drinks, followed by what 3 other things?
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coffee (24.6)
bottled water(23.2) Beer (21.6) |
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Who is the number 1 producer of beer?
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China
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Who is the number 1 consumer?
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Czech Republic
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In the US the most beer is sold....
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Bars, restaurants, hotels (26%)
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_____ brewing companies control 50% of the worlds beer!
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four
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What is the world's biggest brewing company?
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Anheuser-Busch/Inbev (365 million hectoliters)
followed by: SAB-Miller Heineken Carlsberg |
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What kind of breweries is Germany characterized by?
What is the biggest brewer in germany? |
relatively small brewing companies, over 1200 of them. They produce mostly individual beers for relatively local consumption.
Radeberger |
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Who has had the largest growth in beer volume? Who has remained relatively stable?
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China has biggest growth
US has remained stable |
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What characterizes a craft brewery?
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Annual production of 6 million barrels of beer or less
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Where does a pub brewery sell their beer?
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Sells a majority of beer on site
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WHat characterizes a microbrewery?
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produces less than 15,000 barrels of beer a year
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What characterizes a regional brewery?
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produces 15,000- 6mill bls/yr
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In 1960 how many breweries were in the US? How many are there today?
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less than 50
over 2000 |
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What made breweries explode thereafter?
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President Jimmy Carter signed a legislation making home-brewing legal on the federal level
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Craft breweries comprise how much of the beer sold?
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6%
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What are the top 3 US brewing companies?
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AB/Inbev
MillerCoors Pabst |
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What are the top 2 craft brewing companies?
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Boston Beer Co. Boston MA
Sierra Nevada Brewing Co. Chico CA |
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What is the top beer brand in the world?
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snow
followed by bud light and budweiser |
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Top beer brand in the US
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Bud light
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Top US craft and Regional Beer brand
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Sierra Nevada Pale Ale
Samuel Adams Boston Lager |
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Top imported beer brands
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Corona Extra
Heineken |
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What is the average beer strength range?
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5.2% ABV in Spain to a low of 4.0% in New Zealand and Sweden
In the US it is 4.6% |
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Where is tax highest on beer?
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Finland and the UK
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What is Happoshu?
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A category of Japanese beer that has less than 25% malted barley and therefore has much less tax
Third category has no malted barley at all and is taxed at an even lower level |
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When did beer begin to be taxed?
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1862
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What is the excise tax rate per barrel for the large brewers?
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18$ since it was doubled in '90 following strong lobbying by anti-alcohol advocates
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What is the averate state excise tax? Where is it least and where is it most?
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18.5 per gallon
2 in Wyoming 107 in Alaska |
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Federal, state and local taxes on the brewing industry amount to how much?
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36 billion dollars
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What are some ways in which brewing has a major economic impact on the US?
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190 billion each year to the economy
1.7 million people involved supplies to the Brewers such as farming malting packaging materials, etc. e.g., over 60 billion beer bottles and cans each year |
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With the exception of ______, it is illegal for a brewer in the US to sell directly to the consumer.
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brewpubs
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Control of beer is at a _____ level
Individual differences? |
state
Utah only allows beer that is 4% or less to be sold in stores, unless state-owned Other states prohibit just the sale of very strong beers |
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What is the 3 tier arrangement implemented by all states?
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The brewer (supplier)
The distributer (wholesaler) The retailer |
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Top beer drinking states
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New hampshire
North Dakota |
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Bottom beer drinking states
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Utah
connecticut New York New Jersey |
