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56 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Primary Motor Cortex (M1) is responsible for... |
- Producing specific movements - Conscious motion - e.g. mountain climbing (conscious) vs. walking (unconscious) |
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Motor Association Cortex (or Premotor Cortex) is responsible for... |
- Organizing movement sequences - Sequencing - e.g. dribbling a basketball in order to keep up with walking pace |
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Prefrontal Cortex is responsible for... |
- Movement planning - Higher cognition - e.g. will this movement accomplish current task properly? |
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4 Brain Regions/Steps for movement goal planning to execution: |
1. Posterior Sensory Cortex - sends goals 2. Prefrontal Cortex - plans movement 3. Premotor Cortex - organizes sequencing 4. Motor Cortex - executes movement |
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Where does blood flow INCREASE when executing movement? (e.g. using finger to push a button) |
- Primary motor cortex - movement execution - Primary somatosensory cortex - sensory "hub" |
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Where does blood flow INCREASE during sequences of movements? |
- Premotor cortex - organizes sequences of movement |
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Where does blood flow INCREASE during problem solving? (e.g. moving finger through a maze) |
- Prefrontal cortex - movement planning - Temporal Cortex - - Parietal Cortex - |
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Mirror Neuron |
- Neuron that fires while performing a specific action and while observing this same specific action when performed by another individual |
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A Mirror Neuron fires when... |
1. Executing motor actions 2. Observing others executing actions 3. Internally visualizing those actions |
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Why is Prefrontal Cortex function difficult to define? |
- No good etiology (set of causes) - e.g. tumors here often get very large before diagnosed |
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Prefrontal Cortex is highly interconnected with... |
- Sensory Cortex & Motor Cortex bilaterally |
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Prefrontal Cortex's 3 subcortical connections |
1. Limbic system 2. Hypothalamus 3. Reticular and other arousal systems |
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What system monitors intrinsic (internal) and extrinsic (external) stimuli, and uses info to control behavioral output? |
Prefrontal cortex |
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General functions of the PFC |
- Advanced planning and selection from multiple options - Ignoring extraneous (or irrelevant) stimuli and focusing on task - Keeping track of where you are in a task |
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Premotor Cortex involved functions & areas |
- Selects behavior based on external cues - Frontal Eye Fields - voluntary (or conscious) selection of gaze - Broca's Area - selection of speed sequences |
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Prefrontal Cortex - Working Memory |
a neural record of recent events (distributed; dorsolateral PFC) - e.g. representation of stimuli not currently present - e.g. dorsolateral PFC remains active during retention interval of delayed response tasks |
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Prefrontal Cortex - External Cues |
- Frontal patients become dependent on environmental cues - e.g. have difficulty inhibiting behaviors |
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Regarding external cues, what is orbitofrontal cortex important for? |
- Learning associations between cues and rewards - e.g. seeing a red light + police car + driving through intersection = punishment (getting a ticket) |
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Prefrontal Cortex - Context |
Different behavior for different situations (due to orbitofrontal cortex evaluating situation) |
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Prefrontal Cortex - Autonoetic Awareness |
- Past & Future Self-Reflection ability - Behavior based on experience (knowledge) and goals (orbitofrontal) |
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What are 7 symptoms of Frontal Lobe Dysfunctions? |
1. Con & Divergent thinking deficits 2. Loss of behavioral spontaneity 3. Loss of environmental behavior control 4. Loss of self-regulation 5. Loss of associative learning 6. Poor working memory 7. Impaired social & sexual behavior |
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Convergent vs. Divergent Thinking |
CONvergent - question only has one answer - e.g. word definitions - Parietal or Temporal damage
DIvergent - questions that have multiple answers - e.g. all possible uses of a coat hanger - Frontal damage |
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Loss of Behavioral Spontaneity deficits... |
- Decreased verbal fluency - Decreased design fluency - Increased preservation (or self-protection) - Inability to form a strategy (largest deficit during novel tasks) |
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Loss of Environmental Control of Behavior deficits... |
- Impaired response inhibition & inflexible behavior - e.g. Wisconsin Card Sorting Test -- more preservation errors associated with frontal lobe damage - Risk taking & Rule breaking - failure to comply with task instructions - e.g. Chicago Word-Fluency Test - 'S' & 'C' word writing while timed - e.g. Damasio's Gambling Task - OFC dysfunction patients show preservation errors with bad decks |
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Self-Regulation Loss deficits... |
Loss of ability to access self-knowledge (or autobiographical memory) |
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Associative Learning deficits... |
Unable to apply learned information to new situations |
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Poor Working Memory deficits... |
Delayed response task errors |
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Impaired Social & Sexual Behavior deficits... |
Pseudodepression - indifference, loss of initiative, reduced sexual drive, reduced emotion, little verbal output
Pseudopsychopathy - immature behavior, lack of restraint, coarse language, promiscuous sexual behavior, increased motor activity, lack of social grace |
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Phineas Gage symptoms and damage |
- American rail road worker Symptoms - vulgarity, coarse language, profane, and gross - Damage - spike went through frontal lobe |
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Temporal Lobe's 5 cognitive activities |
1. Vision 2. Audition 3. Memory 4. Language 5. Emotion |
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Frontal Lobe's 8 cognitive-function overlaps |
1. Visual cellular response 2. Auditory cellular response 3. Somatosensory cellular response 4. Olfaction (smell) cellular response 5. Taste cellular response 6. Memory 7. Language 8. Emotion |
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Disconnection Syndromes - Definition |
Behavioral changes due to disruption (severing of connections) within networks (between brain regions) |
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Association Fibers - Definition |
Bundles of axons within brain that unite different parts of same cerebral hemisphere |
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Association Fibers - What are 2 types? |
1. Long Association Fibers - connect distant regions 2. Short Association Fibers (Subcortical) - connect adjacent neocortical areas |
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Projection Fibers - Definition |
- Fibers that unite cerebral cortex (most outer layer of brain) with lower parts of brain and spinal cord - Ascending and descending fibers |
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Commissural Fibers - Definition |
Fibers that transmit impulses between left & right brain hemispheres |
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Commissural Fibers - What are 3 types? |
1. Corpus Callosum 2. Anterior Commissure 3. Posterior Commissure |
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Corpus Callosum - What is relevant about its connections? |
- Connections are topographic - Not all of brain is equally connected - e.g. Frontal lobes have many corpus callosum connections vs. occipital lobes having almost no connections |
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Commissurotomy - Definition |
The absence of commissure fibers due to birth defects (e.g. callosal agenesis) or surgical incision (e.g. to treat epilepsy) |
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Epilepsy - Negative surgical outcomes |
- Aphasia - unable to communicate effectively - Alexia - unable to understand written words - Agnosia - unable to recognize objects, faces, etc - Agraphia - inability to communicate w/ writing - Acopia - inability to copy - Apraxia - motor planning deficit |
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Olfaction Connection & Disconnection Effects |
- Uncrossed connections - Anterior commissurotomy - cannot name odor but can pick out odors with left hand (not right) |
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Vision Connection & Disconnection Effects |
- Crossed connections - R-visual field stimuli travels to L-hemisphere - L-visual field stimuli travels to R-hemisphere - Commissurotomy causes information to not be shared between hemispheres |
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Somatosensation Connection & Disconnection Effects (e.g. physical receptors in skin) |
- Cross connections - R-hand sensation travels to L-hemisphere - L-hand sensation travels to R-hemisphere - Commissurotomy will cause somatosensory functions to become independent |
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Audition Connection & Disconnection Effects |
- Crossed AND Uncrossed connections - Reduces effects of disconnection |
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Movement Connection & Disconnection Effects |
- Crossed connections - Deficits after disconnection decline overtime - Complete split-brain patients have Alien Hand Syndrome, in which one hand acts independently - e.g. placing cigarette in mouth with right hand, while left hand knocks cigarette out |
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6 Universally Recognized Emotions |
1. Anger 2. Fear 3. Disgust 4. Surprise 5. Happiness 6. Sadness |
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Emotion relies on what neurological system? |
- Limbic system - Limbic structures act on hypothalamus to produce emotional states |
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Kluver-Bucy Syndrome results from... |
Removal of amygdala and inferior temporal cortex |
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Kluver-Bucy Syndrome 6 symptoms |
1. Tameness (loss of fear) 2. Indiscriminate (unselective) eating 3. Inappropriate (hyper) sexual behavior 4. Hypermetamorphosis - attend/react to every visual stimulus 5. Oral examination of objects 6. Visual agnosia |
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Psychosurgery was developed by... |
Egas Moniz - Used frontal lobotomies to sever connections in order to treat behavioral problems - Had severe effects on social and affective behavior |
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Limbic System consists of... |
- Amygdala - Hippocampus - Mammillothalamic Tract - Anterior Thalamus - Cingulate Gyrus |
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Amygdala damage will produce... |
Many deficits seen in Kluver-Bucy Syndrome - Especially apparent in social situations |
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Amygdala is important for what 3 things? |
1. Emotional responses in complex situations 2. Attaching "emotion" to memory 3. Storing simple emotional associations |
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2 Emotion Theories are... |
Somatic Marker Hypothesis - direct attention towards advantageous options, simplifying decision process Cognitive-Emotional Interactions - affective computations lead to behavioral, autonomic, & humoral responses |
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Somatic Marker Hypothesis |
- Cognitive processes NEED emotion to anticipate outcomes - Emotion is fundamental to survive - Emotion necessary for rational decisions |
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Cognitive-Emotional Interactions |
- Emotion enhances survival when associated with cognition - Uses fear conditioning as a model system - Amygdala interacts with cortical circuits to influence affective behavior |