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56 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back

Primary Motor Cortex (M1) is responsible for...

- Producing specific movements


- Conscious motion - e.g. mountain climbing (conscious) vs. walking (unconscious)

Motor Association Cortex (or Premotor Cortex) is responsible for...

- Organizing movement sequences


- Sequencing - e.g. dribbling a basketball in order to keep up with walking pace

Prefrontal Cortex is responsible for...

- Movement planning


- Higher cognition - e.g. will this movement accomplish current task properly?

4 Brain Regions/Steps for movement goal planning to execution:

1. Posterior Sensory Cortex - sends goals


2. Prefrontal Cortex - plans movement


3. Premotor Cortex - organizes sequencing


4. Motor Cortex - executes movement

Where does blood flow INCREASE when executing movement? (e.g. using finger to push a button)

- Primary motor cortex - movement execution


- Primary somatosensory cortex - sensory "hub"

Where does blood flow INCREASE during sequences of movements?

- Premotor cortex - organizes sequences of movement

Where does blood flow INCREASE during problem solving? (e.g. moving finger through a maze)

- Prefrontal cortex - movement planning


- Temporal Cortex -


- Parietal Cortex -

Mirror Neuron

- Neuron that fires while performing a specific action and while observing this same specific action when performed by another individual

A Mirror Neuron fires when...

1. Executing motor actions


2. Observing others executing actions


3. Internally visualizing those actions

Why is Prefrontal Cortex function difficult to define?

- No good etiology (set of causes) - e.g. tumors here often get very large before diagnosed

Prefrontal Cortex is highly interconnected with...

- Sensory Cortex & Motor Cortex bilaterally

Prefrontal Cortex's 3 subcortical connections

1. Limbic system


2. Hypothalamus


3. Reticular and other arousal systems

What system monitors intrinsic (internal) and extrinsic (external) stimuli, and uses info to control behavioral output?

Prefrontal cortex

General functions of the PFC

- Advanced planning and selection from multiple options


- Ignoring extraneous (or irrelevant) stimuli and focusing on task


- Keeping track of where you are in a task

Premotor Cortex involved functions & areas

- Selects behavior based on external cues


- Frontal Eye Fields - voluntary (or conscious) selection of gaze


- Broca's Area - selection of speed sequences

Prefrontal Cortex - Working Memory

a neural record of recent events (distributed; dorsolateral PFC) - e.g. representation of stimuli not currently present


- e.g. dorsolateral PFC remains active during retention interval of delayed response tasks

Prefrontal Cortex - External Cues

- Frontal patients become dependent on environmental cues - e.g. have difficulty inhibiting behaviors

Regarding external cues, what is orbitofrontal cortex important for?

- Learning associations between cues and rewards - e.g. seeing a red light + police car + driving through intersection = punishment (getting a ticket)

Prefrontal Cortex - Context

Different behavior for different situations (due to orbitofrontal cortex evaluating situation)

Prefrontal Cortex - Autonoetic Awareness

- Past & Future Self-Reflection ability


- Behavior based on experience (knowledge) and goals (orbitofrontal)

What are 7 symptoms of Frontal Lobe Dysfunctions?

1. Con & Divergent thinking deficits


2. Loss of behavioral spontaneity


3. Loss of environmental behavior control


4. Loss of self-regulation


5. Loss of associative learning


6. Poor working memory


7. Impaired social & sexual behavior

Convergent vs. Divergent Thinking

CONvergent - question only has one answer - e.g. word definitions


- Parietal or Temporal damage



DIvergent - questions that have multiple answers - e.g. all possible uses of a coat hanger


- Frontal damage

Loss of Behavioral Spontaneity deficits...

- Decreased verbal fluency


- Decreased design fluency


- Increased preservation (or self-protection)


- Inability to form a strategy (largest deficit during novel tasks)

Loss of Environmental Control of Behavior deficits...

- Impaired response inhibition & inflexible behavior - e.g. Wisconsin Card Sorting Test -- more preservation errors associated with frontal lobe damage


- Risk taking & Rule breaking - failure to comply with task instructions


- e.g. Chicago Word-Fluency Test - 'S' & 'C' word writing while timed


- e.g. Damasio's Gambling Task - OFC dysfunction patients show preservation errors with bad decks

Self-Regulation Loss deficits...

Loss of ability to access self-knowledge (or autobiographical memory)

Associative Learning deficits...

Unable to apply learned information to new situations

Poor Working Memory deficits...

Delayed response task errors

Impaired Social & Sexual Behavior deficits...

Pseudodepression - indifference, loss of initiative, reduced sexual drive, reduced emotion, little verbal output



Pseudopsychopathy - immature behavior, lack of restraint, coarse language, promiscuous sexual behavior, increased motor activity, lack of social grace

Phineas Gage symptoms and damage

- American rail road worker


Symptoms - vulgarity, coarse language, profane, and gross


- Damage - spike went through frontal lobe

Temporal Lobe's 5 cognitive activities

1. Vision


2. Audition


3. Memory


4. Language


5. Emotion

Frontal Lobe's 8 cognitive-function overlaps

1. Visual cellular response


2. Auditory cellular response


3. Somatosensory cellular response


4. Olfaction (smell) cellular response


5. Taste cellular response


6. Memory


7. Language


8. Emotion

Disconnection Syndromes - Definition

Behavioral changes due to disruption (severing of connections) within networks (between brain regions)

Association Fibers - Definition

Bundles of axons within brain that unite different parts of same cerebral hemisphere

Association Fibers - What are 2 types?

1. Long Association Fibers - connect distant regions


2. Short Association Fibers (Subcortical) - connect adjacent neocortical areas

Projection Fibers - Definition

- Fibers that unite cerebral cortex (most outer layer of brain) with lower parts of brain and spinal cord


- Ascending and descending fibers

Commissural Fibers - Definition

Fibers that transmit impulses between left & right brain hemispheres

Commissural Fibers - What are 3 types?

1. Corpus Callosum


2. Anterior Commissure


3. Posterior Commissure

Corpus Callosum - What is relevant about its connections?

- Connections are topographic


- Not all of brain is equally connected - e.g. Frontal lobes have many corpus callosum connections vs. occipital lobes having almost no connections

Commissurotomy - Definition

The absence of commissure fibers due to birth defects (e.g. callosal agenesis) or surgical incision (e.g. to treat epilepsy)

Epilepsy - Negative surgical outcomes

- Aphasia - unable to communicate effectively


- Alexia - unable to understand written words


- Agnosia - unable to recognize objects, faces, etc


- Agraphia - inability to communicate w/ writing


- Acopia - inability to copy


- Apraxia - motor planning deficit

Olfaction Connection & Disconnection Effects

- Uncrossed connections


- Anterior commissurotomy - cannot name odor but can pick out odors with left hand (not right)

Vision Connection & Disconnection Effects

- Crossed connections


- R-visual field stimuli travels to L-hemisphere


- L-visual field stimuli travels to R-hemisphere


- Commissurotomy causes information to not be shared between hemispheres

Somatosensation Connection & Disconnection Effects (e.g. physical receptors in skin)

- Cross connections


- R-hand sensation travels to L-hemisphere


- L-hand sensation travels to R-hemisphere


- Commissurotomy will cause somatosensory functions to become independent

Audition Connection & Disconnection Effects

- Crossed AND Uncrossed connections


- Reduces effects of disconnection

Movement Connection & Disconnection Effects

- Crossed connections


- Deficits after disconnection decline overtime


- Complete split-brain patients have Alien Hand Syndrome, in which one hand acts independently - e.g. placing cigarette in mouth with right hand, while left hand knocks cigarette out

6 Universally Recognized Emotions

1. Anger


2. Fear


3. Disgust


4. Surprise


5. Happiness


6. Sadness

Emotion relies on what neurological system?

- Limbic system


- Limbic structures act on hypothalamus to produce emotional states

Kluver-Bucy Syndrome results from...

Removal of amygdala and inferior temporal cortex

Kluver-Bucy Syndrome 6 symptoms

1. Tameness (loss of fear)


2. Indiscriminate (unselective) eating


3. Inappropriate (hyper) sexual behavior


4. Hypermetamorphosis - attend/react to every visual stimulus


5. Oral examination of objects


6. Visual agnosia

Psychosurgery was developed by...

Egas Moniz


- Used frontal lobotomies to sever connections in order to treat behavioral problems


- Had severe effects on social and affective behavior

Limbic System consists of...

- Amygdala


- Hippocampus


- Mammillothalamic Tract


- Anterior Thalamus


- Cingulate Gyrus

Amygdala damage will produce...

Many deficits seen in Kluver-Bucy Syndrome


- Especially apparent in social situations

Amygdala is important for what 3 things?

1. Emotional responses in complex situations


2. Attaching "emotion" to memory


3. Storing simple emotional associations

2 Emotion Theories are...

Somatic Marker Hypothesis - direct attention towards advantageous options, simplifying decision process


Cognitive-Emotional Interactions - affective computations lead to behavioral, autonomic, & humoral responses

Somatic Marker Hypothesis

- Cognitive processes NEED emotion to anticipate outcomes


- Emotion is fundamental to survive


- Emotion necessary for rational decisions

Cognitive-Emotional Interactions

- Emotion enhances survival when associated with cognition


- Uses fear conditioning as a model system


- Amygdala interacts with cortical circuits to influence affective behavior