From Dna To Protein

Front 1

DNA directs cells activiites by telling it what _______ to make and when.

Back 1

proteins

Front 2

These proteins form ________ elements in the cell and regulate the production of _____ ______ products.

Back 2

structural
other cell

Front 3

By controlling protein synthesis, DNA is hugely important in directing _____.

Back 3

life

Front 4

Protein synthesis is a ____-step process.

Back 4

two

Front 5

Proteins are made in the ______?

Back 5

cytoplasm

Front 6

The cell copies the information held in DNA onto RNA molecules ina process called ________?

Back 6

transcription

Front 7

Proteins are synthesized at the ribosomes from the codes in RNA in a process called?

Back 7

translation

Front 8

Cells needt o be able to produce ____(#) different amino acids in order to produce all the proteins necessary to function.

Back 8

20

Front 9

How many nitrogen bases does DNA have?

Back 9

4

Front 10

In order to code for 20 amino acids, it is necessary to use _____(#) bases, which means a total of ______(#) coding combinations.

Back 10

three
sixty four

Front 11

These triplets of nucelotides that make up a single coding group are called _____ or _____?

Back 11

codons or genes

Front 12

CAG codes for the amino acid?

Back 12

glutamine

Front 13

CGA codes for the amino acid?

Back 13

arginine

Front 14

Codons are always read in an overlapping sequence. T or F

Back 14

FALSE! It is non overlapping

Front 15

If there are 64 codons, but oly 20 amino acids, what happens to the other 44 coding possibilites?

Back 15

some of the codons call for the same amino acid

Front 16

The genetic code is ______ because of its redundancy.

Back 16

degenerate

Front 17

There are also three ____ codons, which signals when a protein is fully formed.

Back 17

stop

Front 18

There is also one ____ codon, to signal the beginning of an amino acid sequence.

Back 18

start

Front 19

Since the sequence of nucelotides in DNA determines the order of amino acids in proteins, a ___ or ______ in the DNA sequence can affect a proteins funtion.

Back 19

change
error

Front 20

The errors or changes in a DNA sequence

Back 20

mutations

Front 21

What are the two basic types of mutations?

Back 21

substitution mutations and frameshift mutations

Front 22

A single nucelotide is replaced by a different nucleotide is a ____ mutation.

Back 22

substitution

Front 23

Mutations that have no effect at all are called ___ mutations.

Back 23

silent

Front 24

GAA coding for GAG will change to a different amino acid. T or F?

Back 24

FALSE, it is still glutamate

Front 25

Sickle cell anemia cripples human _____ _______ cells.

Back 25

red blood

Front 26

If the amino acid ______ is in a hemogoblin rather than glutamic acid, it will cause sickle-cell anemia.

Back 26

valine

Front 27

valine is GUA or ____, while the codon for glutamic acid is GAA or GAG. Changing to A or U makies the disease.

Back 27

GUG

Front 28

When a nucelotide is wrongly inserted or deleted from a codon, it results in a ________ mutation.

Back 28

frameshift

Front 29

Frameshift mutations are harmless. T or F?

Back 29

FALSE! They are dehabilitating or lethal

Front 30

An insertion or deletion will effect ____ codon in a gene sequence by throwing the entrie 3x3 codon structure out of whack.

Back 30

every

Front 31

When might a frameshift mutation not be be devastating? Why?

Back 31

When an entire codon is deleted, because it will only result in one amino acid not being produced.

Front 32

With the aid of special proteins called ________, the meters of DNA in a cell are coiled into an entangled fibrous mass.

Back 32

histones

Front 33

This fibrous mass of DNA is called ___________?

Back 33

chromatin

Front 34

When the cell replicates, the masses of chromatin gather together to create dicrete compact structures called ___________?

Back 34

chromosomes

Front 35

In eukaryotes, where are chromosomes located?

Back 35

the nucleus

Front 36

Where is the DNA located in a prokaryote cell?

Back 36

a single chromosome that is joined in a ring in the cytoplasm

Front 37

How many chromosomes do humans have?

Back 37

46

Front 38

How many pairs of these 46 chromosomes are there?

Back 38

23

Front 39

How many chromosomes do dogs have and in how many pairs?

Back 39

78 in 39

Front 40

Is a larger number of chromosomes a sign of biological sophistication?

Back 40

no

Front 41

The total number of distinct chromosomes in a cell is that cell's _______ number.

Back 41

diploid

Front 42

What are the cells in the human body that are not passed down to offspring called?

Back 42

somatic cells

Front 43

What do somatic cells contain?

Back 43

chromosomes in 2 closely related sets, one set of 23 from a persons mother and father, a total of 46

Front 44

The pairs of 23 that group together are known as ________ chromosomes

Back 44

homologous

Front 45

The ____ number of a cell refers to half of the total number of chromosomes in a cell (half the diploid number), or the number of homologoud pairs in somatic cells.

Back 45

haploid

Front 46

In humans and other higher animals, only the sex cells that are passed on to offspring have the haploid number of chromosomes. These sex cells are also called _____.

Back 46

gametes

Front 47

_____ helps DNA turn stored genetic messages into proteins.

Back 47

RNA

Front 48

What are the three crucial differences between DNA and RNA?

Back 48

1)DNA's five-carbon sugar us deoxyribose, RNA nucelotidea contain a slightly different sugar called ribose.
2)RNA uses the nitrogenous base uracil instead of DNA's thymine
3)The RNA molecule takes the form of a single helix-half a spiral ladder-as compared with the double helix structure of DNA

Front 49

during transcription, DNA is copied to make _______ _____ _______, which then leaves the nucleus to bring its still encoded information to the ribosomes in the cytoplasm.

Back 49

messenger RNA (mRNA)

Front 50

_____ ______ ______ moves amino acids to the site of protein synthesis at the ribosome according to the code specified by the mRNA strand

Back 50

Transfer RNA (tRNA)

Front 51

T or F, there are many different tRNAs, each of which bond to a different amino acid and the mRNA sequence corresponding to that amino acid.

Back 51

true

Front 52

DNA --transcription--> RNA --translation--> __________

Back 52

protein

Front 53

What is the first step in transcription?

Back 53

partial unwinding of the DNA molecule so that the protion of DNA that codes for the needed protein can be transcribed

Front 54

The enzyme called RNA polymerase helps line up nucelotides to create a ________ ________ of mRNA

Back 54

complementary strand

Front 55

Since mRNA is a single stranded molecule, ___ of the two strands of DNA is/are used as a template for the new RNA strand

Back 55

one

Front 56

The new strand of RNA is made according to the rules of base pairing: which are?

Back 56

DNA cytosine pairs w/RNA (CG)guannine
DNA guanine pairs with RNA cytosine (GC)
DNA thymine pairs with RNA adenine (TA)
DNA adenine pairs with RNA uracil (AU)

Front 57

The mRNA complement to the DNA sequence TTGCAC is?

Back 57

AACGUG

Front 58

After transcription, the new RNA strand is released and the two unzipped DNA strands bind together again to form the ________ _______.

Back 58

double helix

Front 59

The DNA template changes after transcription. T or F?

Back 59

FALSE, it remains the same

Front 60

Is it possible to tanscribe another identicle colecule of RNA immediately after the first one is complete?

Back 60

yes

Front 61

In translation, mRNA is sent to the _______ where is bonds with ribosomes, the sites of ______ synthesis.

Back 61

cytoplasm
protein

Front 62

How many important binding sites do the ribosomes have?

Back 62

three

Front 63

What are the ribosomes three important binding sites for?

Back 63

one for mRNA and two or tRNA

Front 64

What are the two tRNA sites labeled?

Back 64

A site and P site

Front 65

Once the mRNA is in place, tRNA molecules, each associated with specific ___ _____, bind to the ribosome in a sequence defined by the _______ code.

Back 65

amino acids
mRNA

Front 66

tRNA is made up of many nucelotides that bend into the shape of a ________?

Back 66

cloverleaf

Front 67

At its tail end, tRNA has an acceptor stem that attached to a specific ___ ____.

Back 67

amino acid