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338 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Present tense of -er verbs
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trover: to find
je trouve tu trouve tu trouves il (m), elle (f) trouves on trouve nous trouvons vous trouvez ils (m), elles, (f) trouvent |
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When the precede verbs, le, la, les are ______ not ______.
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pronouns; articles
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Du is the contraction of ___ + ___.
Des is the contraction of ____ + ____. |
de; le
de; les |
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dans
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in, into
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sur
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on
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par
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by, through
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parmi
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among
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entre
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between
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pendant
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during, for
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avec
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with
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Conjugation of etre, present tense
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je suis
tu es il est elle est on est nous sommes vous etes ils sont elles sont ce sont |
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c'est
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it is, she is, he is
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etre en train de
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to be in the process of
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etre au courant de
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to be aware of
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etre d'accord avec
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to be in aggreement with
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conjugation of avoir, present tense
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j'ai
tu as il a nous avons vous avez ils ont |
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il y a
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there is
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avoir faim
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to be hungry
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avoir soif
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to be thirsty
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avoir chaud
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to be warm
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avoir froid
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to be cold
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avoir sommeil
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to be sleepy
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avoir peur de
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to be afraid of
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avoir besoin de
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to be in need of
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avoir raison
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to be right
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avoir tort
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to be wrong
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ne...pas
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not
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tant
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so many, so much
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assez de clarte
vs. une idee assez claire |
enough clarity
vs. a quite clear idea |
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moins de theories
vs. moins d'eau vs. une etude moins theorique |
fewer theories
vs. less water vs. a less theoretical idea |
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beaucoup d'astronomes
vs. beaucoup d'energie vs. un livre beaucoup trop difficile |
many astronomers
vs. much energy vs. much too difficult a book |
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bien des hommes intelligents
vs. un homme bien intelligent |
many intelligent men
vs. a very intelligent man |
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plusieurs
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several
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quelques
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some (a few)
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la plupart du temps
vs. la plupart des hommes |
most of the time
vs. most of the men, most men |
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un peu (de)
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a little
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peu de
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little or few
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when peu is used alone before an adjective, the adjective is translated as...
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its opposite
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du, de la, de l', des, in addition to "of the" or "from the", means
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some, any, (or simply the plural)
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my (m, f)
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mon, ma
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your (m, f)
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ton, ta
tes (pl) |
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his, her, its
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son, sa
tes (pl) |
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our (m, f)
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notre, notre
nos (pl) |
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your (m, f)
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votre, votre
vos (pl) |
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their (m, f)
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leur, leur
leurs (pl) |
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Before feminine nouns beginning with a vowel or an h, we use son or sa? mon or ma? etc?
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Use the masculine form (mon, son, etc.)
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Nouns ending in -s, -x, or -z have what form for the plural?
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Same as singular
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Nouns ending in -au or -al have what as their plural?
Also the masculine adjective plural. |
end in -aux.
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Conjugation of -ir verbs, present tense
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finir
je finis tu finis il finit nous finissons vous finissez ils finissent |
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conjugation of -re verbs, present tense
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permettre
je permets tu permets il permet nous permettons vous permettez ils permettent |
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-ir verbs like partir, conjugate in the present tense
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partir
je pars tu pars il part nous partons vous partez ils partent |
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past participle of -er verbs
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-e
like donne (given) |
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past participle of -ir verbs
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-i
like fini (finished) |
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past participles of -re verbs
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-u
like descendu (descended) |
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past participle of etre
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ete
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past participle of avoir
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eu
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past participle of decouvrir
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decouvert
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past participle of connaitre
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connu
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past participle of produire
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produit
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past participle of ecrire
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ecrit
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How do you form the Past Indefinite Tense for avoir verbs
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combination of avoir or etre with the past participle
ex: nous avons agi, we have acted |
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Past indefinite tense indicates:
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1. Action at past moment neither specified or implied
2. Action which took place at a specified or implied moment |
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Make a past participle into a feminine singular adjective
use donne |
donnee
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Make a past participle into a feminine plural adjective
use donne |
donees
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Make a past participle into a masculine plural adjective
use donne |
donnes
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List of etre verbs
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arriver
partir aller venir entrer sortir monter descendre tomber mourir rester retourner naitre |
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When verbs are conjugated with etre, what happens to past participle
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gender and number of participle changes to agree with subject
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When are apparaitre and disparaitre (appear and disappear) conjugated with avoir vs. etre
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avoir: state
etre: action |
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conjugation of pouvoir, present tense and past participle
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je peux (puis)
tu peux il peut nous pouvons vous pouvez ils peuvent pu |
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conjugation of vouloir, present tense and past participle
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je veux
tu veux il veut nous voulons vous voulez ils veulent voulu |
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que
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direct object in relative clause
or "that" in 'indirect speech' |
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past participles in relative clauses agree in gender and number with
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preceding direct object
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qui
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subject of relative clause
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faire conjugated in the present tense and past participle
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je fais
tu fais il fait nous faisons vous faites ils font fait |
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faire attention a
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to pay attention to
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faire de son mieux
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to do one's best
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faire son possible
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to do one's best
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faire peur a
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to frighten
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faire plaisir a
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to please
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0
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zero
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1
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un, une
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2
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deux
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3
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trois
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4
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quatre
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5
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cinq
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6
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six
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7
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sept
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8
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huit
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9
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neuf
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10
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dix
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11
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onze
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12
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douze
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13
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treize
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14
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quatorze
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15
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quinze
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16
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seize
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17
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dix-sept
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18
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dix-huit
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19
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dix-neuf
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20
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vingt
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21
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vingt et un
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23
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vingt-trois
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30
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trente
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31
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trente et un
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34
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trente-quatre
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40
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quarante
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41
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quarante et un
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47
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quarante-sept
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50
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cinquante
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51
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cinquante et un
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52
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cinquante-deux
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60
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soixante
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61
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soixante et un
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70
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soixante-dix
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71
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soixante et onze
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75
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soixante-quinze
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77
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soixante-dix-sept
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80
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quatre-vingts
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81
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quatre-vingts-un
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88
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quatre-vingt-huit
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90
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quatre-vingt-dix
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91
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quatre-vingt-onze
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99
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quatre-vingt-dix-neuf
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100
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cent
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101
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cent un
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200
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deux cents
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316
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trois cent seize
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500
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cinq cents
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580
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cinq cent quatre-vingts
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1000
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mille
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1.001
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mille un
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3.000
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trois mille
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100.000
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cent mille
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1st
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premier, premiere
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2nd
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deuxieme
second, seconde |
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3rd
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troisieme
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4th
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quatrieme
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5th
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cinquieme
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6th
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sixieme
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7th
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septieme
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8th
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huitieme
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9th
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neuvieme
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10th
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dixieme
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11th
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onzieme
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16
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seizieme
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17th
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dix-septieme
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20th
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vingtieme
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21st
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vingt et unieme
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34th
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trente-quatrieme
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100th
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centieme
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ce, cette, cet (m sing), ces
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this, that or these, those
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what do you add to nouns with ce etc. to intensify
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-ci, -la
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What word refers to things previously mentioned (give m, f, sing, pl)
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celui (m)
celle (f) ceux (m, pl) celles (f, pl) |
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aussi...que
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as...as
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plus...que
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more (-re)...than
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(le, la, les) plus
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the most (-est)
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celui-ci
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the latter
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celui-la
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the former
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present passive is formed how?
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with etre + past participle for avoir verbs
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past passive is formed how?
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with avoir + ete + past participle
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savoir, conjugated in the present, and its past participle
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je sais
tu sais il sait nous savons vous savez ils savent su |
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uses of meme
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before noun: the same
after a noun: (particularizes) 'the very solution' Elsewhere: even |
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reflexive verbs us etre or avoir in the past indefinite?
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etre
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devant
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before, in front of
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derriere
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behind, in back of
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en arriere de
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behind, backward
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a droite de
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to the right of
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a gauche de
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to the left of
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au milieu de
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in the middle of
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au-dessus de
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above
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au-dessous de
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beneath
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en face de
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opposite, facing
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a cote de
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beside
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au fond de
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at the bottom of
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au bout de
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at the end of
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present conjugation of venir
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je viens
tu viens il vient nous venons vous venez ils viennent venu |
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words conjugated like venir
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contenir
obtenir retenir tenir convenir prevenir revenir parvenir devenir provenir |
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ne...guere
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hardly, scarcely
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ne...jamais
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never
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ne...point
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not at all
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ne...plus
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no more, no longer
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ne...rien
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nothing
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ne...personne
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nobody, no one
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ne...aucun (m), aucune (f)
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no, not any
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ne...nul, nulle (f)
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no, not any
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ne...ni...ni
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neither...nor...nor
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Words where second element of negation are often missing?
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pouvoir, savoir, cesser (to cease), oser (to dare)
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ne...que
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only
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ne faire que + infinitive
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nothing else to do but...
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ne...plus que
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no longer
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ne...jamais que
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never (anything, anybody) except
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ne...rien que
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nothing but, nothing except
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ne...guere que
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scarcely (anything, anybody) except
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suivre conjugated in the present tense + past participle and present
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je suis
tu suis il suit nous suivons vous suivez ils suivent suivi suivant |
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tout + le
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all
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tout + noun
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any (each)
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tout as an adverb
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completely, very, quite
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Past definite tense (passe simple) for -er verbs
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je trouvai
tu trouvas il trouva nous trouvames vous trouvates ils trouverent |
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Past definite tense (passe simple) for -ir verbs
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je finis
tu finis il finit nous finimes vous finites ils finirent |
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Past definite tense (passe simple) for -re verbs
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je vendis
tu vendis il vendit nous vendimes vous vendites ils vendirent |
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Past definite tense (passe simple) for -ure verbs
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je conclus
tu conclus il conclut nous conclumes vous conclutes ils conclurent |
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present conjugation of -oir verbs
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je recois
tu recois il recoit nous recevons vous recevez ils recoivent |
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past definite conjugation of -oir verbs
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je recus
tu recus il recut nous recumes vous recutes ils recurent |
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past definite conjugation of pouvoir, savoir, connaitre, courir, croire, conclure
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je connus
il courut ils crurent elle conclut je pus vous sutes |
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past definite of -enir verbs
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venir
je vins tu vins il vint nous vinmes vous vintes ils vinrent |
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past definite of etre
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je fus
tu fus il fut nous fumes vous futes ils furent |
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past definite of avoir
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j'eus
tu eus il eut nous eumes vous eutes ils eurent |
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past definite of faire
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je fis
tu fis il fit nous fimes vous fites ils firent |
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how do you form the present participle
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add -ant to stem of verb
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what is the stem of the verb
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nous form in present tense
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stem of avoir
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ay-
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stem of etre
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et-
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stem of savoir
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sach-
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tout + en + present participl
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while, or although--emphasizes contrast
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voir, present conjugation+ past participle
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je vois
tu vois il voit nous voyons vous voyez ils voient vu |
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voir, past definite tense
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je vis
tu vis il vit nous vimes vous vites ils virent |
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Imperfect tense is formed
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stem +
ais ais ait ions iez ient |
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past perfect tense is formed
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with imperfect of avoir or etre + past participle
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past anterior tense is formed
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with the past definite of avoir or etre + past participle
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past anterior usually appears
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as a literary form after aussitot que (as soon as) des que (as soon as) and quand (when)
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pour can mean
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in order to
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afin de can mean
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in order to
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The present subjunctive is formed (except etre and avoir)
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with stem +
e es e ions iez ent |
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present subjunctive of avoir
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j'aie
tu aies il ait nous ayons vous ayez ils aient |
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present subjunctive of etre
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je sois
tu sois il soit nous soyons vous soyez ils soient |
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impersonal expressions in the il est ____ que + subjunctive
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temps
rare possible juste impossible faux essentiel bon heureux convenable |
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Il convient que
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it is proper (takes subjunctive)
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il faut que
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it is necessary (takes subjunctive)
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il importe que
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it is imporant (takes subjunctive)
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il semble que
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it seems (takes subjunctive)
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il se peut que
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it is possible (takes subjunctive)
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il est dommage que
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it is a shame (take subjunctive)
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il vaut mieux que
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it is better (takes subjunctive)
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quoique
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Although + subj
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pour que
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IN order that + subjunctive
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en attendant que
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Until + subjunctive
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sans que
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unless, without that +subj
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au cas que
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in case that +subj
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de sorte que
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so that, in such a way that + subjunctive
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nonobstant que
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in spite of the fact that + subj
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pourvu que
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provided that + subj
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suppose que
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supposing that + subj
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apres que
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after +indic
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parce que
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because + indic
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pendant que
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while + indic
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tandis que
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while, whereas + indic
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puisque
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since, because + indic
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ainsi que
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just as, in the same way + indic
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pleonastic ne is often found
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1. in clause following a comparison
2. with verbs of doubt used negatively or interogatively 3. in connection with a moins que (unless) or avant que (before) or de crainte que (for fear that) (all take subj) |
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stem of pouvoir
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puiss-
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stem of faire
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fass-
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Stem of aller in non vous, nous
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aill-
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stem of venir in non vous, nous
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vienn-
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mettre, present tense
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je mets
tu mets il met nous mettons vous mettez ils mettent |
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imperfect tense of mettre
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regular--je mettais, etec.
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present participle of mettre
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regular--mettant
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past participle of mettre
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mis
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past definite of mettre
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je mis
tu mis il mit nous mimes vous mites ils mirent |
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in imperatives tu, it drops-
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the s after e or a, except before a y or en
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Third person imperatives are formed
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que + present subjunctive
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imperatives of avoir
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aie have
ayons let's have aiez have |
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imperatives of etre
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sois be
soyons let's be soyez be |
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imperatives of savoir
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sache know
sachons let us know sachez know |
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en as preposition is placed ___
and stands in for |
before verb; expression starting with de
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pronoun y replaces
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expressions starting with a
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present conjugation of aller
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je vais
tu vas il va nous allons vous allez ils vont |
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aller + infinitive
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expresses future
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dont
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relative pronoun replacing de
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lequel
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either signals a question (which, who, whom) or relative
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forms of lequel
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m sing, m pl, f sing, f pl.
lequel, lesquels, laquelle, lesquelles auquel, auxquels, a laquelle, auxquelles duquel, desquels, de laquelle, desquelles |
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ce qui
ce que |
ce qui--a subject
ce que--object means--what, that which, which, or the fact that |
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soit...soit
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subjunctive form of est--
indicates alternatives "either/or" |
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venir+de+infinitive
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"Has just/had just"
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venir+a
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"happen to" (i.e. if you happen to be in Rome)
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en venir a+inf.
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"to be reduced to" + gerund
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Questions are often introduced just by
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inverting the subject and the verb
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Est-ce que...
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Introduces a question (just like inversion)
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Ou + est ce or inversion
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Where
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Quand
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when
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Pourquoi
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Why
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Comment
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How
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Combien de + partitive
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How many
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Qui...?
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Who
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Que...?
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What
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Qu'est-ce que c'est?
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What is it?
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Qu'est-ce que c'est que cela?
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What is that?
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When a question begins with a question you use ____ for things?
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quoi
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Quel
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means what or which,
or can mark an exclamation |
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Forms of quel
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m sing, m pl, f sing, f pl
quel, quels, quelle, quelles |
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A sentence can have inverted word order when
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1. It is a question
2. begins with aussi, ainsi, peut-etre, or sans doute 3. A clause following an object relative pronoun |
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Aussi
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therefore
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ainsi
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thus
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N'est-ce pas
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translates as a "tag question" i.e. It was a terrible storm _wasn't it_?
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Future tense
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add endings:
-ai, -as, -a, -ons, -ez, -ont to the infinitive (with -re verbs the e is dropped) |
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Conditional
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stem just like future (infinitive, but -re verbs without final e)
-ais, ais, ait, ions, iez, ient |
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future stem of avoir
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aur-
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future stem of etre
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ser-
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future stem of aller
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ir-
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future stem of faire
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fer-
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future stem of pouvoir
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pourr-
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future stem of vouloir
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voudr-
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future stem of falloir
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il faudr-
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future stem of voir
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verr-
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future stem of recevoir
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recevr-
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future stem of mourir
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mourr-
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future stem of savoir
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saur-
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future stem of tenir
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tiendr-
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future stem of venir
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viendr-
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Supposition can be represented with the
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subjunctive in the main clause
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Conditions will be in both clauses when it means
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even if (i.e. Quand (bien)... or Il y...
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present forms of devoir
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je dois
tu dois il doit nous devons vous devez ils doivent |
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imperfect forms of devoir
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je devais
tu devais il devait nous devions vous deviez ils devaient |
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present subjunctive forms of devoir
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je doive
tu doives il doive nous devions vous deviez ils doivent |
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past participle of devoir
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du
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present participle of devoir
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devant
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future stem of devoir
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devr-
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past definite forms of devoir
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je dus
tu dus il dut nous dumes vous dutes ils durent |
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future perfect and conditional perfect are formed with
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future or conditional + past participle
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present subjunctive of avoir or etre + past participle are translated like
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regular past indefinite
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Imperfect of the subjunctive (aimer)
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j'aimasse
tu aimasses il aimat nous aimassions vous aimassiez ils aimassent |
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imperfect of the subjunctive (rendre)
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je rendisse
tu rendisses il rendit nous rendissiez ils rendissent |
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imperfect of the subjunctive (croire)
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je crusse
tu crusses il crut nous crussions vous crussiez ils crussent |
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imperfect of the subjunctive (irregular)
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think past definite
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imperfect subjunctive is often translated just like the indicative, but it can also have
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conditional meanings-as in "if only" or "even if" (fut-elle, fut-ce)
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s'en pendre a
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to find fault with, to blame
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s'y pendre
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to go about something
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en pendre son parti
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to resign oneself to
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pendre un parti
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to come to a decision
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tenir a
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to desire
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tenir de
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to take after, resemble
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se tenir debout
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stand up
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se tenir a
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to keep at, remain
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tenir pour
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to be in favor of, to consider as
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s'en tenir a
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to be satisfied with, to confine oneself to
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Il y a
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ago+time (Five years ago)
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voila
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for+time (for three years)
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voici
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for+time (for three years)
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depuis
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with quantity of time "for"
without "since" |
